9.5 南亚宗教(2天)
章节大纲
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Chapter Challenges
::章次 挑战-
Outline the basic religions of the realm. Name the largest minority religion.
::描述王国的基本宗教。 列出最大的少数宗教名称 。 -
Understand the basic structure and concepts of Hinduism, including the caste system.
::了解印度教的基本结构和概念,包括种姓制度。 -
Describe how Buddhism differs from Hinduism.
::描述佛教与印度教有何不同。 -
Summarize religions other than Buddhism and Hinduism that are prominent in India.
::除了佛教和印度教之外,还总结了在印度十分突出的其他宗教。
Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标TEKS Regional Unit 09 South India: Chapter 9.5 Religions of South Asia
::TERS 区域单位 09 南印度:南亚宗教第9.5章WG.16B Describe elements of culture, including language, religion, beliefs and customs, institutions, and technologies.
::WG.16B 描述文化要素,包括语言、宗教、信仰和习俗、机构和技术。WG.17A Describe and compare patterns of culture such as language, religion, land use, education, and customs that make specific regions of the world distinctive. make specific regions of the world distinctive.
::WG.17A 描述和比较使世界特定区域与众不同的语言、宗教、土地使用、教育和习俗等文化模式,使世界特定区域与众不同。WG.17B Describe major world religions, including animism, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and Sikhism, and their spatial distribution.
::WG.17B 描述世界主要宗教,包括邪教、佛教、基督教、印度教、伊斯兰教、犹太教和锡克教及其空间分布。WG.22C Use geographic terminology correctly.
::WG.22C 正确使用地理术语。WG.22D Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
::WG.22D 使用标准语法、拼写、句子结构和标点。Religions of South Asia
::南亚各宗教The realm of India and its surrounding countries is the native land for more than a few ancient religions. There are people in the realm who continue to adhere to animist beliefs who are not followers of any of the main world religions. The oldest world religions of India are Hinduism and Buddhism. Other important religions in the realm include Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, Jainism, and the Baha’i faith.
::印度及其周边国家的领地是少数古代宗教的故土。 仍然有信奉动因主义信仰的人不是世界任何主要宗教的信徒。 印度最古老的世界宗教是印度教和佛教。 印度的其他重要宗教包括伊斯兰教、基督教、锡克教、琐罗亚斯德教、贾尼教和巴哈教。India is at times labeled a Hindu state, but the accuracy of the label is dubious. A more suitable way to describe India is to say that it is a secular country where approximately 80 percent of the population follows Hindu traditions. Islam is the second-most popular religion, practiced by about 13 percent of the population. Christianity is India’s third-largest religion, practiced by about 3 percent of the population. Sikhism accounts for about 2 percent of the population of India. Buddhism and Jainism are two other minority religions that have their origins in South Asia. And finally, there are still Indians who practice animist religions that predate all the other religions listed, especially in remote areas.
::印度有时被贴上印度邦的标签,但标签的准确性是值得怀疑的。 描述印度的更合适方式是说印度是一个世俗国家,大约80%的人口信奉印度教传统。 伊斯兰教是第二流行的宗教,约有13%的人口信奉伊斯兰教。 基督教是印度第三大宗教,约有3%的人口信奉。 锡克教占印度人口的2%左右。 佛教和贾因教是另外两个少数宗教,它们起源于南亚。 最后,在其它所有宗教之前,印度人仍然信奉反动宗教,特别是在偏远地区。Hinduism
::印度教Hinduism is one of the world’s oldest major religions still practiced. Its origins can be traced to ancient Vedic civilizations in India approximately 3,000 years ago. The religion is found mainly in India, and it has the third highest number of believers of religions in the world. Hinduism does not originate from a single teacher but from many traditions. The Hindu belief system consists of a number of schools of thought, with a wide variety of rituals and practices.
::印度教是世界上最古老的主要宗教之一,其起源可以追溯到大约3000年前印度古老的西方文明。 印度教主要在印度,其信徒人数居世界第三位。 印度教并非来自一位教师,而是来自许多传统。 印度教信仰体系由一系列思想学校组成,有多种多样的仪式和做法。 印度教是印度的宗教。Hinduism has a vast body of written scripture that discusses theology, mythology, and philosophy as well as providing important guidance on the practice of dharma, religious or right living. These texts include the Vedas and the Upanishads . Other important scripts include the Tantras , the Agamas , the Purānas , and the epics of the Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyana . The Bhagavad Gitā is a small part of the Mahābhārata that is a conversation between one of the Pandava brothers and the god Krishna, concerning the meaning of life and worthiness. This is often thought to be a summary of the spiritual teachings of the Vedas.
::印度教有一大批经文,讨论神学、神话和哲学,并就达摩、宗教和权利生活实践提供重要指导,包括维达和乌帕尼沙,其他重要的文字包括坦特拉、阿加马、普罗尼亚、马哈巴拉塔和拉马亚尼亚的史诗,巴加瓦德吉塔是马哈巴的一小部分,这是潘达瓦兄弟之一和克利须那神关于生命和价值含义的谈话,经常被认为是维达斯精神教义的概要。Predominantly, Hinduism follows the teachings of many gods or goddesses, frequently including a Supreme Being. While there are hundreds, if not thousands, of gods and goddesses, many are thought to represent different aspects of the same individual or Supreme Being. These individuals can be recognized by items that they are holding as well as by the vehicle or avatar that carries them.
::以印度教为主,印度教遵循许多神女的教义,经常包括一个神女;虽然有数百个神女,甚至数千个神女,但许多神女被认为代表了同一个人或最高人的不同方面;这些人可以用他们持有的物品以及携带这些物品的车辆或渡轮来识别。The three main deities and most widely venerated of the Hindu faith are Shiva the Destroyer, Vishnu the Preserver, and Brahma the Creator. There is a continuous cycle in which the original creation was accomplished by Brahma, Shiva destroys the universe, and Vishnu will recreate or preserve that universe from destruction. Different Hindu traditions have venerated each of the three main deities as the all-encompassing Supreme Being.
::印度教三大神灵和最受尊敬的印度教信仰是毁灭者什瓦(Shiva ) 、 保护者维什努(Vishnu)和创造者布拉马(Brahma ) 。 最初创造者是布拉马(Brahma ) , 什瓦摧毁了宇宙,维什努(Vishnu)将重建或保护宇宙免遭毁灭。 印度教传统将三大神灵中的每一个都尊崇为包罗万象的神灵。Statue of Shiva at Murudeshwar, a town in Bhatkal Taluk of Uttara Kannada district in the state of Karnataka, India.
::印度卡纳塔克邦Uttara Kannada区Bhatkal Taluk镇Murudeshwar的Shiva神像。
The polytheistic traditions of Hinduism consider a large number of deities or spiritual entities. Since there is no one creed or unified systems of beliefs, Hinduism has been referred to as more of a religious tradition than a religion. There is freedom for the individual as to the form of worship or individual beliefs. The religion, in general, is more of a tradition and lifestyle with different avenues of practice. This allows for the diversity of spiritual deities or their manifestations within one Hindu faith.
::印度教的多神教传统考虑到许多神灵或精神实体,由于没有一种教义或统一的信仰体系,印度教被称为宗教传统而不是宗教,个人在礼拜或个人信仰的形式方面享有自由,一般来说,该宗教是一种传统和生活方式,有不同的实践途径,允许一种印度教信仰内的精神神灵或其表现形式的多样性。Hinduism is a diverse religion, making it difficult to define set doctrines that are accepted by all denominations. Within the wide spectrum of religious traditions are general concepts that are common to Hindu beliefs. Hindus believe in Dharma (code of conduct or duty), Samsara (reincarnation/rebirth) , Karma (personal actions and choices), and Moksha (salvation) by belief in God and through an individual path of faith.
::印度教是一个不同的宗教,难以界定所有教派都接受的既定教义,在各种宗教传统中,印度教是印度教信仰所共有的一般概念,印度教信仰达摩(行为准则或义务)、萨姆萨拉(再生/再生)、卡尔马(个人行动和选择)和莫克沙(解救),信仰上帝和信仰个人。Reincarnation is a cycle of death and rebirth for a soul until it reaches Moksha. Karma governs how the soul is reincarnated. Actions in this life determine the soul’s life cycle for the next life. Positive and upright works will draw one closer to God and a rebirth through reincarnation into a life with a wider consciousness or higher caste level. Evil or bad actions take the soul farther from God and into a lower form of worldly life or caste level. In the Hindu faith, the eternal natural law applies to all life forms. The cycle of death and rebirth for the soul is necessary to reach the ultimate goal of reaching the universal divine spirit. Yoga is often used as a practice or path for following the traditions.
::一个人的再生是死亡和再生的循环,直到它到达莫克沙。卡玛主宰着灵魂的转世。生命中的行为决定着灵魂的下半生的周期。积极而正直的工作将使一个人更接近上帝,并通过更广大的意识或更高等级的转世而重生。邪恶或坏的行动使灵魂离上帝更远,进入更低的世界生活或种姓层次。在印度教信仰中,永恒的自然法则适用于所有生命形式。灵魂的死亡和再生循环是达到普遍神圣精神最终目标所必须的。瑜伽经常被用作遵循传统的做法或道路。Pilgrimages are common in Hindu practice. Holy sites are located throughout India and are regular destinations for the Hindu faithful. Pilgrimage is not required but is routinely conducted by many Hindus. A variety of cities and other holy places are pilgrimage destinations for Hindus. Varanasi, one such city, is considered by many as the holiest city of Hinduism. Located on the Ganges River, Varanasi is home to a large number of temples and shrines. The most visited shrine in Varanasi is one in honor of a manifestation of Shiva. Hindu festivals are held in Varanasi throughout the year, many along the banks of the Ganges. More than one million Hindu pilgrims visit Varanasi annually.
::印度教徒的朝圣活动在印度教徒的宗教活动中十分普遍,圣址遍布印度各地,是印度教徒的固定目的地,不需要朝圣,但许多印度教徒经常进行朝圣,各种城市和其他圣地都是印度教徒朝圣的朝圣地点,Varanasi是印度教徒最神圣的城市之一,Varanasi被许多人认为是印度教徒最神圣的城市,Varanasi位于恒河,是许多寺庙和圣迹的所在地,Varanasi最受访的神殿和神殿是什瓦的祭,印度教徒的节日全年在瓦拉纳西举行,许多是沿恒河岸的,每年有100多万印度教徒访问Varanasi。Varanasi contains 88 ghats (a set of steps leading to the water) that provide access to the Ganges River. Some ghats are used for bathing, some for religious rituals, and others for the cremation of the dead. Mother Ganga, as the river is referred to in Hinduism, is considered holy by many Hindu followers. Devotees ritually bathe in the river or take the water, which they believe to be holy, home to ill family members. Some Hindus believe that water can cure illnesses. Others believe that bathing in the Ganges will wash away sins.
::瓦拉纳西岛有88条(通往水的一套步骤),可以进入恒河。有些长袍用于洗澡,有些长袍用于宗教仪式,另一些长袍用于火化死者。印度教称该河为圣河,许多印度教信徒认为该河是神圣的。在河中例行洗浴或取水,他们认为这些水是神圣的,是生病的家庭成员的家。有些印度教徒认为水可以治愈疾病。另一些人则认为在恒河中洗澡会洗去罪孽。Ghats in Varanasi are riverfront steps leading to the banks of the River Ganges.
::瓦拉纳西的Ghats是通往恒河河岸的河滨步骤。Hindu Marriage Act
::《印度教婚姻法》India’s 1955 Hindu Marriage Act addresses the issues of marrying outside of one’s religion or caste. The act proclaims that all Jains, Buddhists, Sikhs, and Hindus of any sect, creed, or caste level are considered as Hindus and can intermarry. A non-Hindu is allowed to marry a Hindu, with the provision that specific legal stipulations must be followed, regardless of the ceremony. Every Hindu marriage has to be witnessed by the Sacred Fire, in deference to Agni, the fire deity. To complete the marriage, the bride and groom must together encircle the Sacred Fire seven times.
::1955年印度印度印度教《印度教婚姻法案 》 ( Indian’s 1955) , 《印度教婚姻法案》解决了在宗教或种姓之外结婚的问题。 该法案宣布,所有信奉任何教派、信仰或种姓的斋英教徒、佛教徒、锡克教徒和印度教徒都被视为印度教教徒,可以进行婚内活动。 允许非印度教教徒与印度教通婚,规定无论仪式如何,都必须遵守具体法律规定。 每一个印度教婚姻都必须由圣火见证,服从Agni的火神。 要完成婚姻,新娘和新郎必须一起七次包围圣火。The Hindu Caste System
::印度教种姓制度The exact origins of Hinduism and the caste system are unknown, but powerful nomadic Aryan warriors appeared in northern India about 1500 BCE. The Aryans conquered most of India at the time, including the Dravidian groups of central and southern India. They organized society into separate groups or castes. Every person was born into an unchanging group or caste that remained his or her status for the rest of his or her life.
::印度教和种姓制度的确切起源尚不得而知,但印度北部大约1500年出现强大的游牧雅利安武士,当时雅利安人征服了印度大部分地区,包括印度中部和南部的德拉维迪亚人群体,他们将社会分为不同的群体或种姓,每个人都生来就属于一个不变的团体或种姓,在他或她的余生中保持他或她的地位。All lifetime activities were conducted within one’s own caste. The caste a person was born into was considered to be based on what they had done in a past life. The caste system has evolved differently in different parts of Asia. Each Hindu branch has its own levels of castes, and thousands of sublevels have been established over time. In Hinduism, the basic system originated around five main caste levels:
::所有终生活动都是在自己的种姓内进行的,一个人所生的种姓被认为是基于他们过去在生活中的所作所为。 种姓制度在亚洲不同地区的演变不同。 印度教的每个分支都有自己的种姓水平,并随着时间推移建立了数千个子等级。 印度教的基本制度围绕五个主要种姓层次:-
Brahmin:
priests, teachers, and judges
::布拉明:牧师、教师和法官 -
Kshatriya:
warrior, ruler, or landowner
::Kshatriya:战士、统治者或土地所有者 -
Vaishya:
merchants, artisans, and farmers
::Vaishya:商人、工匠和农民 -
Shudra:
workers and laborers
::Shudra:工人和工人 -
Dalits (Untouchables or Harijan):
outcasts or tribal groups
::贱民(不可接触的贱民或Harijan):被驱逐者或部落群体
The Dalits (Untouchables or Harijan) traditionally worked in jobs relating to “polluting activities,” including anything unclean or dead. Dalits have been restricted from entering Hindu places of worship or drinking water from the same sources as members of higher castes. They often had to work at night and sleep during the day. In many areas, Dalits needed to take their shoes off while passing by upper-caste neighbors. Dalits could leave their Hindu caste by converting to Christianity, Buddhism, or Islam.
::达利特人(不可接触者或Harijan)传统上从事与“污染活动”相关的工作,包括任何不干净或死亡的工作。 达利特人被禁止进入印度礼拜场所或从与较高种姓成员相同的来源获得饮用水。 他们常常不得不在夜间工作和白天睡觉。 在许多地区,达利特人在经过高种姓邻居时需要脱鞋。 达利特人可以通过皈依基督教、佛教或伊斯兰教而离开印度种姓。The Indian government has implemented a positive affirmative action plan and provided the Dalits with representation in public offices and certain employment privileges. This policy has received harsh opposition by upper-caste groups. Technically, the caste system is illegal under current Indian law. Nevertheless, the opportunities that are available to the upper castes remain out of reach to many of the lowest castes. In some areas, education and industrialization have diminished the caste system’s influence. In other areas, Hindu fundamentalists have pushed for a stronger Hindu-based social structure and opposed any reforms.
::印度政府实施了一项积极的平权行动计划,并为达利特人提供了担任公职的代表和某些就业特权。这一政策受到了高种姓群体的严厉反对。技术上,根据印度现行法律,种姓制度是非法的。然而,上种姓者仍然得不到许多最低种姓的机会。 在一些地区,教育和工业化削弱了种姓制度的影响。 在其他地区,印度教原教旨主义者推崇更强大的印度教社会结构,反对任何改革。Traditional socioeconomic status tends to be more important in rural areas, where the caste system is more formally adhered to. If you live in a community of millions of people, caste affiliations tend not to be important. However, in a smaller, more rural community, these relationships and the status they hold can be very important, especially as many of the castes are associated with traditional village tasks, such as religious leaders, politicians, farmers, leather workers, or other activities.
::传统社会经济地位在农村地区往往更为重要,因为在农村地区,种姓制度更正式地得到遵守,如果生活在数百万人组成的社区中,种姓归属往往并不重要,然而,在一个较小、更农村社区,这种关系和他们所持有的地位可能非常重要,特别是因为许多种姓与传统的乡村任务有关,例如宗教领袖、政治家、农民、皮革工人或其他活动。Buddhism
::佛教佛教Around 535 BCE in northern India, a prince by the name of Siddhartha Gautama broke from the local traditions that shaped Hinduism and taught religious salvation through meditation, the rejection of earthly desires, and reverence for all life forms. Siddhartha is recognized as the first Buddha. He taught that through many cycles of rebirth a person can attain enlightenment and no longer have a need for desire or selfish interests.
::在印度北部约535年,以Siddhartha Gautama为名的王子BCE打破了当地传统,这些传统塑造了印度教,通过冥想教宗教拯救宗教,摒弃了世间欲望,尊重了各种生命形式。 Siddhartha被公认为第一位佛教徒。 他教导说,通过许多复兴周期,一个人可以获得启蒙,不再需要欲望或自私利益。Enlightenment is being free from suffering and is reaching a state of liberation often referred to as Nirvana. Buddhism is considered a “dharmic” faith that concerns following a path of duty for a proper life. According to Buddhism, life is dictated by karma, which connects our actions with future experiences. Buddhism spread across the Indian Subcontinent after the 6th century B.C.E. and became the region’s dominant religion within 1,500 years. However, since that time, the religion has diminished in the Indian Subcontinent, although it has seen some revival under the influence of Buddhist scholars. Buddhism predominates in the northernmost areas of India.
::启蒙正在摆脱痛苦,并正在进入一个常常被称为Nirvana的解放状态。 佛教被认为是一种 " 和谐的 " 信仰,它涉及追求正常生活的责任道路。 根据佛教,生命受因果决定,它把我们的行动与未来的经验联系在一起。 佛教在公元前6世纪后遍布印度次大陆,在1500年内成为该地区的主要宗教。 然而,从那时以来,印度次大陆的宗教已经衰落,尽管在佛教学者的影响下,佛教在印度最北部地区占统治地位。Various branches of Buddhism have developed, with many schools established within each branch. Buddhism can be divided geographically into southern, northern, and eastern Buddhism. Scholars and Buddhists practitioners may arrive at various methods of classification of the various schools of thought within the Buddhist faith. One feature common throughout all branches of the faith is that Buddhism does not have caste levels.
::佛教发展了各种分支,每一分支内有许多学校,佛教可以按地理划分为南方、北方和东方佛教,学者和佛教徒可以对佛教内各种思想学校采用不同分类方法,佛教所有分支的一个共同特点是佛教没有种姓。The southern branch of Buddhism is known as Theravada Buddhism ( the Teaching of the Elders ), most prominent in Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka. This branch, referred to as the oldest branch of Buddhism attempts to follow the original Buddha’s teachings. Meditation and concentration are seen as keys to enlightenment. Spiritual forces do exist but it is up to the individual to attain his or her own path toward awakening.
::佛教的南部分支被称为Theravada佛教(古代教),在东南亚和斯里兰卡最为突出。 这个分支被称为佛教最古老的分支,试图遵循佛祖的教义。 冥想和集中被视为启蒙的关键。 精神力量确实存在,但个人必须走上自己的觉醒之路。The northern variety of Buddhism is associated with the Vajrayana Buddhist tradition and is often called Tibetan Buddhism. It has its strongest allegiance in Tibet, Western China, Bhutan, Nepal, and parts of Mongolia. Rooted in the Buddha’s original teaching, Northern Buddhism seeks to break out of the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Spiritual techniques are often used, along with the main principle of meditation. Vajrayana Buddhism is considered by some to be a branch of Mahayana Buddhism.
::北佛教与瓦杰拉亚纳佛教传统息息相关,并常常被称为西藏佛教,在西藏、中国西部、不丹、尼泊尔和蒙古部分地区有着最强烈的忠诚。 北佛教根植于佛祖的原始教义,试图打破出生、死亡和重生的循环。 灵学经常与主要冥想原则一起被使用。 瓦杰拉亚纳佛教被一些人视为马哈亚纳佛教的分支。In the east, the main form of Buddhism is the Mahayana tradition, which is most common in Japan, Taiwan, Korea, parts of Vietnam, and eastern China. There are various forms of eastern traditions, including Zen Buddhism. Meditative in nature, there is a strong emphasis on universal compassion, altruism, and selflessness. Considered by many to be compatible with other religions, it is often touted as more a lifestyle than a religion. The meditative activities are often said to focus on calming the body and mind, which can provide a positive outcome for anyone seeking inner direction, even those following other religions.
::在东方,佛教的主要形式是马哈亚纳传统,这种传统在日本、台湾、韩国、越南和中国东部最为常见,有多种形式的东方传统,包括Zen佛教。冥想的性质是强调普世同情、利他主义和无私。许多人认为它与其他宗教相容,往往认为它比宗教更是一种生活方式。人们常说,冥想活动的重点是安抚身体和思想,这可以为寻求内向的任何人,甚至追随其他宗教的人,带来积极的结果。For Buddhists, Bodh Gaya is the most important of the main four pilgrimage sites related to the life of Gautama Buddha, the other three being Kushinagar, Lumbini, and Sarnath. In 2002, Mahabodhi Temple, located in Bodh Gaya, became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
::对于佛教徒来说,博德加亚是与高塔马佛祖生命相关的四个主要朝圣场所中最重要的,其他三个是库希纳加尔、伦比尼和萨尔纳特。 2002年,位于博德加亚的马哈博迪寺成为教科文组织的世界遗产遗址。
All branches of Buddhism teach nonviolence, honesty, selflessness, tolerance, and moral living. Buddhism holds to the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path (The Middle Way) to enlightenment. Suffering is a standard component of humanity. Only through the Eightfold Path to enlightenment is freedom from suffering possible. Enlightenment comes through wisdom, ethical conduct, and meditation. Buddhism has become the world’s fourth main religion, with most of its followers in Asia.
::佛教的所有分支都教导非暴力、诚实、无私、宽容和道德生活。 佛教坚持四大神圣真理和八大启蒙之路(中途 ) 。 苦难是人类的标准组成部分。 只有通过八大启蒙之路才能摆脱痛苦。 启蒙是通过智慧、道德行为和冥想而来的。 佛教已成为世界第四大宗教,大部分信徒在亚洲。The Four Noble Truths
::四个神圣的真理The Four Noble Truths
::四个神圣的真理1. Suffering exists.
::1. 存在痛苦。2. Suffering arises from attachment to desires.
::2. 受苦源于对欲望的依恋。3. Suffering ceases when desire ceases.
::3. 当欲望停止时,痛苦就会停止。4. Freedom from suffering is possible by practicing the Eightfold Path.
::4. 通过实践八重道路,可以免于痛苦。The Middle Way or Eightfold Path
::中路或八道Attainable through wisdom
::凭智慧才能达到1. Right view
::1. 正确观点2. Right intention
::2. 正确意图Attainable through ethical conduct
::可通过道德行为实现3. Right speech
::3. 言论权4. Right action
::4. 权利诉讼5. Right livelihood
::5. 正当生计Attainable through meditation
::可通过默念实现6. Right effort
::6. 正确努力7. Right mindfulness
::7. 正确注意8. Right concentration
::8. 右集中Islam
::伊斯兰伊斯兰伊斯兰伊斯兰伊斯兰Islam diffused to South Asia from the Middle East through traders and merchants shortly after its creation. The Mogul Empire dominated northern India for centuries and is an example of the Islamic presence in the region. India has the largest Muslim minority in the world. In 2010, India had an estimated population of 140 million Muslims, which made up about 14 percent of the population.
::伊斯兰从中东通过贸易商和商人传播到南亚。 莫古尔帝国在几个世纪以来统治着印度北部,是该地区伊斯兰存在的一个例子。 印度是世界上穆斯林少数民族最多的国家。 2010年,印度估计有1.4亿穆斯林,约占人口的14%。The Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.
::1983年,Taj Mahal被指定为教科文组织的世界遗产所在地。
India has the third-largest Muslim population in the world, after Indonesia and Pakistan. Most Muslims in India live in the north along the Ganges River Basin and in Nepal. There is also a large Muslim population in eastern India near the border with Bangladesh. Kashmir, in northern India, also continues to hold a significant Muslim population.
::印度的穆斯林人口位居世界第三,仅次于印度尼西亚和巴基斯坦;印度的穆斯林多数居住在沿恒河流域北部和尼泊尔;印度东部与孟加拉国接壤的边境附近也有大量穆斯林人口;印度北部的克什米尔也继续有大量穆斯林人口。Christianity
::基督教基督教Christianity is India’s third-largest religion, practiced by about three percent of the population. Christianity is a monotheistic religion following the teachings of Jesus Christ that originated in the Middle East. Tradition has it that Christianity first came to India through first century C.E. missionary activity linked to the Apostle Thomas, and later arrived in other parts of India through the activities of western missionaries from 1500 C.E. onward.
::基督教是印度第三大宗教,由大约3%的人口信奉。 基督教是一神论宗教,它遵循源自中东的耶稣基督教义。 传统是基督教从第一世纪开始到印度的C.E.传教活动,与传教士Thomas有关,后来从1500年到1500年,通过西方传教士的活动来到印度其他地区。The renovated Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Kodungaloor, built 52 B.C.E.
::翻修后的KodungaloorMar Thoma Syro-Malabar天主教会建造了公元前52年。
A major Christian stronghold is the state and city of Goa on the southwest coast, a colony of Portugal from the 1500s to the mid 1900s. There is also a strong Christian presence in eastern India, in the region bordering Myanmar.
::基督教的一个主要据点是西南海岸的果阿州和城市,葡萄牙从1500年代到1900年代中期是一个殖民地,印度东部与缅甸接壤的地区也有强大的基督教存在。Jainism
::贾伊主义Jainism or Jain Dharma is a spiritual, religious, and philosophical tradition in India that dates back to about the 9th century BCE. Jains believe that their religion’s origins extend to the distant past. A Jain is a follower of Jinas (the saints), who are humans who have rediscovered the dharma (or the way) and have become fully liberated. These Jinas can then teach this spiritual path to other people. A major characteristic of Jainism is the emphasis on the consequences of physical and mental behavior. There are about five million Jains in India, and others around the world.
::Jainism 或 Jain Dharma 是印度的一种精神、宗教和哲学传统,可追溯到大约九世纪的BCE。 Jains认为他们的宗教起源可以追溯到遥远的过去。 A Jain是Jinas(圣徒)的追随者,他们是人类,重新发现dharma(或道路)并获得完全解放。 这些Jinas随后可以教人这条精神道路给其他人。 Jainsis的一个主要特征是强调身体和精神行为的后果。 印度和全世界约有五百万Jains人。Great care must be taken while going about one’s daily life, as Jains believe that everything is alive and that all beings possess a soul. All life is considered worthy of respect and all life is equal and deserves protection, especially the life of the world’s smallest creatures. While in India, you can recognize Jains, because many of the strictest adherents will wear masks to prevent themselves from inhaling insects and thus destroying the insects’ souls. Jains are a religious minority, with around six million followers in modern-day India.
::在日常生活中,必须小心谨慎,因为Jains认为一切都是活的,所有人都拥有灵魂。 所有生命都被认为是值得尊重的,所有生命都是平等的,应该得到保护,特别是世界上最小生物的生命。 在印度,你可以认出Jains,因为许多最严格的追随者会佩戴面具,防止自己吸入昆虫,从而摧毁昆虫的灵魂。 Jains是宗教少数,在现代印度约有600万追随者。All followers of Jainism are vegetarians. Their diet is part of the practice of nonviolence at the heart of their religion. They will eat only food items such as fresh fruit, vegetables, cereals, and legumes. Most root vegetables such as potatoes and onions are avoided by the more devout because of the harm that would be done to the plants themselves or other organisms in the soil when the roots are pulled. Additionally, Jainists will not eat honey, consume any food that may have fermented overnight, or drink water that has not been filtered.
::Jainism所有追随者都是素食者,他们的饮食是其宗教核心非暴力做法的一部分,他们只吃新鲜水果、蔬菜、谷物和豆类等食品,多数根蔬菜,如土豆和洋葱,都是由更虔诚的人避免的,因为根茎拔出时植物本身或其他土壤生物会受到伤害。此外,Jainists不吃蜂蜜,不吃一夜之间发酵的食物,也不喝未经过滤的水。Sikhism
::锡克教Sikhism is a monotheistic religion centered on justice and faith. In Sikhism, salvation can be obtained through devotion to God and through disciplined meditation. There is a high importance placed on the principle of equality between all people in the Sikh religion. There should be no discrimination on the basis of gender, creed, caste, or ethnicity. Every person is equal. The writings of former Sikh gurus are the basis for the religion.
::锡克教是一个以正义和信仰为核心的一神论宗教,在锡克教中,通过对上帝的奉献和有纪律的冥想可以获得救赎,对锡克教中所有人平等的原则给予高度重视,不得基于性别、信仰、种姓或族裔进行歧视,人人平等,前锡克教长的著作是宗教的基础。The center of the Sikh religion is found in the Golden Temple, in the city of Amritsar, in Punjab. This is where Sikhs gather to unite in the faith and associate with each other. There are about 26 million Sikhs in the world, and about three-fourths of them live in the Punjab state of India.
::锡克教的中心位于金殿、阿姆里察尔市、旁遮普邦。 锡克教聚集在这里,团结在信仰中,彼此结盟。 世界上约有2 600万锡克教教徒,其中四分之三生活在旁遮普邦印度。Baha’i Faith
::巴哈教信徒组织The Baha’i Faith is found in many large urban areas of the Indian subcontinent, particularly New Delhi, where a large temple complex is found. This temple is commonly known as the “Lotus Temple” based on its shape, which looks like a large lotus flower. Two million Baha’is live within India, which has the largest population of Baha’is in the world.
::巴哈教在印度次大陆的许多大城市地区,特别是新德里,在那里发现了一个巨大的寺庙综合体。 这座寺庙的形状通常被称为“洛图斯寺 ” , 其形状看起来像一朵巨大的莲花。 两百万巴哈教徒生活在印度,印度是世界上拥有最多巴哈教徒的人口。Iran has the second-highest Baha’i population in the world. There is also a major Baha’i temple and center in Haifa, Israel. The Baha’i Faith was founded by Bahá’u’lláah Bahá’u’lláh in Persia (Iran) during the 19th century C.E. This religion focuses on the spiritual oneness of humanity and the unity of the other major world religions.
::伊朗拥有世界上第二高的巴哈教徒人口,在以色列海法也有一个主要的巴哈教寺庙和中心。 巴哈教信仰是19世纪C.E.在波斯(伊朗)由巴哈教创建的。 该宗教侧重于人类的精神统一和世界其他主要宗教的团结。India has the largest population of Baha’i in the world.
::印度是世界上巴哈教徒最多的国家。Zoroastrianism
::琐罗亚斯德主义Zoroastrianism originated in Iran (or Persia). In fact, it was once the dominant religion of Greater Iran, but it has now dwindled to about 200,000 Zoroastrians around the world, with concentrations in Iran, India (primarily Mumbai), and Pakistan (primarily Karachi and Lahore). Zoroastrianism follows the teachings of the prophet Zoroaster (also known as Zarathustra or Zarthosht).
::索罗亚斯特里教起源于伊朗(或波斯 ) , 事实上,它曾经是大伊朗的主要宗教,但现在已经缩小到全世界约20万索罗亚斯里教,集中在伊朗、印度(主要是孟买)和巴基斯坦(主要是卡拉奇和拉合尔 ) 。 索罗亚斯里教遵循先知佐罗阿斯特(又称扎拉图斯特或扎托什特)的教义。This philosophy acknowledges the divine authority of Ahura Mazda (Mazdaism) as proclaimed by Zoroaster. One of the tangible forms of this religion is the use of fire as a purifying agent in ceremonies. The temples are commonly known as “fire temples.” Additionally, because of a prohibition of burials of bodies in the ground, Zoroastrians allow natural exposure of bodies to the elements in structures known as “Towers of Silence.” The greatest numbers of followers of Zoroastrianism can be found in India, with additional numbers in southern Pakistan.
::这一哲学承认Zoroaster所宣称的Ahura Mazda(Mazdaism)的神圣权威,这一宗教的有形形式之一是在仪式中使用火作为净化剂,寺庙通常被称为“火寺 ” 。 此外,由于禁止在地面埋葬尸体,Zoroastrian人允许人体自然接触称为“沉默之门”的结构中的元素。 在印度可以找到最多的信奉Zoroastrian主义的人,在巴基斯坦南部也有更多的人。
Key Takeaways
::密钥外出-
Hinduism is one of the world’s oldest still-practiced religions. There is no one specific path in the religion. Hinduism is more of a religious tradition based on core concepts than it is a formal religion.
::印度教是世界上最古老、仍然信奉的宗教之一。 印度教在宗教上没有一条具体的道路。 印度教是一个基于核心概念的宗教传统,而不是正式宗教。 -
The caste system is a Hindu practice of placing people in social layers with similar occupations, privileges, and status. The untouchables are the lowest caste.
::种姓制度是一种印度教的做法,将人们置于社会阶层,具有类似的职业、特权和地位,贱民是最低的种姓。 -
Buddhism was created around 535 B.C.E. from the traditions that shaped Hinduism by Siddhartha Gautama, who taught religious salvation through meditation, the rejection of earthly desires, and reverence for all life forms. There is no caste system in Buddhism, which has a number of branches that vary throughout Asia.
::佛教于公元前535年左右由Siddhartha Gautama(Siddhartha Gautama)根据形成印度教的传统创造了佛教,他通过冥想、拒绝世间欲望和尊重所有生命形式传授宗教拯救。 佛教没有种姓制度,它有许多分支在亚洲各地有所不同。 -
Islam and Christianity are the second and third largest religions in India but did not originate in South Asia. Jainism and Sikhism got their start in South Asia and are still practiced by millions of people. The Baha’i Faith and Zoroastrianism are also active in India.
::伊斯兰教和基督教是印度第二大和第三大宗教,但并非源于南亚。 贾尼主义和锡克教从南亚开始,仍然为数百万人所信奉。 巴哈教和琐罗亚斯德教在印度也很活跃。
Vocabulary Terms
::词汇术语术语Chapter 9.5 Religions of South Asia
::第9.5章 南亚宗教Brahman
::布拉曼divine force or supreme power
::或最高权力机关或最高权力机关Brahmin
::布拉明the top of the caste system- priests, teachers
::祭司 师傅 师傅 教士 教士 教士 教士 教士 教士 教士 教士 教士 教士 教士 教士 师 教士 教士 教士 师 师士 师士 师士 师士 师傅 师士 师士 师士 师士 师士 师士 师 师士 师士 师士 师士 师士 师 师士 师 师 师 师士 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师 师Caste System
::种姓制度1. Brahmin 2. Kshatriyas 3. Vaishya 4. Sudra 5. Untouchables (Dalitas): a social class that a person belongs to by birth.
::4. Sudra 5. 贱民(Dalitas):一个人因出生而属于社会阶层。dharma
::达摩law, obligation, duty
::法律、义务、义务、义务Eight –fold Path
::八 - 双路径A practice used in Buddhism that helps lead ones will lead their life by.
::佛教中用来帮助领头人的一种做法将使他们过上自己的生活。Harijans
::哈里扬人Gandhi's term for the "children of God" who were formerly known as "untouchables"
::甘地的名词是"上帝之子" 以前被称为"不可接触者"的"上帝之子"Hindu
::印度印度印度教徒first major religion in India
::印度第一主要宗教Islam
::伊斯兰伊斯兰伊斯兰伊斯兰伊斯兰a religion whose followers believe there is one god and that Muhammad is his prophet
::一个宗教,其信徒相信只有一个神,穆罕默德是先知karma
::因果报应(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next life
:印度教和佛教) 一个人决定其下世命运的行动的影响
Kshatriyas
::克沙特里亚斯second level of the varnas in the Hindu caste system; WARRIORS
::印度印度教种姓制度中的二等华尔纳;polytheism
::多神主义belief in multiple Gods
::相信多重神灵reincarnation
::转回the rebirth of a soul in another living being most often another human being
::一个人在另一个人中重生 活在另一个人中 经常是另一个人samsara
::萨马萨拉the endless cycle of birth and suffering and death and rebirth
::永无止境的出生与痛苦 死亡与再生的循环Siddhartha
::Siddhartha(锡达尔塔)founder of Buddhism
::佛教创始人Sudras
::苏德拉斯语Nameunskilled workers
::非非技术工人Sikhism
::锡克教monotheistic religion centered on justice and faith. salvation can be obtained through devotion to God and through disciplined meditation.
::一神论宗教以正义和信仰为中心,通过献身于上帝和有纪律的冥想,可以实现救赎。untouchables
::贱 贱 贱lowest class of people in the caste system of Hinduism, do all the dirty work of society
::印度教种姓制度下最低阶层的人 做社会上所有肮脏的工作Vaisyas
::瓦西亚斯third level of the varnas in the Hindu caste system; identifies merchants who engaged in commerce; commoners
::印度印度教种姓制度中第三级华尔纳;确定从事商业的商人;普通人Vedas
::维达sacred texts, Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism.
::古代梵文的圣物 是印度教最早的圣物Applying Knowledge
::应用知识Discussion and Study Questions
::讨论和研究问题-
What are the major religions in India in terms of population percentage?
::就人口百分比而言,印度的主要宗教是什么? -
What are four of the main concepts of Hinduism? How is yoga related to Hinduism?
::印度教的四个主要概念是什么?瑜伽与印度教有什么关系? -
Who are the three main deities in the Hindu tradition? What are each of these three associated with?
::印度教传统中三大神灵是谁?这三大神灵中每一神灵都与什么有关? -
Is the caste system a centripetal force or a centrifugal force? In other words, does it divide or unite India?
::种姓制度是子宫骨还是离心力? 换句话说,它是分裂还是团结印度? -
What is the relationship between Hinduism and the Ganges River? What are ghats used for?
::印度教和恒河之间的关系是什么? -
What is the caste system based on? How does one become a member of a caste level?
::种姓制度基于什么?一个人如何成为种姓一级成员? -
Does the United States have a caste system? What other countries or groups have caste-type levels?
::美国是否有种性制度?有哪些其他国家或群体具有种性等级? -
What is the difference between Hinduism and Buddhism? Who started Buddhism, and when?
::印度教和佛教有什么区别?谁开始佛教,何时开始? -
What are the three main branches of Buddhism, based on geographic location?
::根据地理位置,佛教的三个主要分支是什么? -
What are the general aspects of Jainism? How is this religion different from Islam?
::Jainism的一般方面是什么?这个宗教与伊斯兰教有何不同?
Current Events
::当前事件Videos for Geography Enrichment
::地理丰富视频Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
::地理研究有用网站is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge. Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.
::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states.
::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more.
::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。 -
Outline the basic religions of the realm. Name the largest minority religion.
