10.3 中国的周边(2天)
Section outline
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Chapter Challenges
::章次 挑战-
Outline Hong Kong’s progression from a British colony through the transformation into a special autonomous region of China.
::概述香港从英国殖民地走向中国特别自治区的过程。 -
Describe why Hong Kong and Shenzhen have been important to the development of the Chinese economy.
::说明为什么香港和深圳对中国经济发展很重要。 -
Understand the development of and reasons for a government for Taiwan that is separate from the government of mainland China.
::了解台湾政府与中国大陆政府分开的政府的发展和理由。 -
Describe the current relationship between Taiwan and mainland China.
::描述台湾与中国大陆目前的关系。 -
Explain the challenges that Tibet has experienced in becoming an autonomous region of China.
::解释西藏在成为中国自治区时遇到的挑战。 -
Understand who the Dalai Lama is and describe his traditional position within Tibet.
::了解达赖喇嘛是谁,并描述他在西藏的传统地位。 -
Summarize the role Mongolia played during the Cold War and learn how that role is changing as Mongolia becomes more involved in the global economy.
::总结蒙古在冷战期间发挥的作用,并了解随着蒙古更多地参与全球经济,这一作用正在如何改变。 -
Explain why the peripheral regions of Tibet, Hong Kong, and Taiwan are important to the Chinese government and the vitality of the country.
::解释为什么西藏、香港、台湾等周边地区对中国政府及中国的活力很重要。
Student Learning Objectives
::学生学习目标TEKS Regional Unit 10 East and Southeast Asia: Chapter 10.3 China's Periphery
::TEKS 东亚和东南亚10区域股:第10.3章WG.2A Describe the human and physical characteristics of the same regions at different periods of time to evaluate relationships between past events and current conditions.
::WG.2A 描述不同时期同一区域的人的和自然的特征,以评估过去事件与当前状况之间的关系。WG.4C Explain the influence of climate on the distribution of biomes in different regions.
::WG.4C 解释气候对不同区域生物群落分布的影响。WG.5A Analyze how the character of a place is related to its political, economic, social, and cultural elements.
::WG.5A 分析一个地方的特性如何与其政治、经济、社会和文化因素相关。WG.6A Locate and describe human and physical features that influence the size and distribution of settlements.
::WG.6A 确定并描述影响定居点规模和分布的人文和物理特征。WG.8A Compare ways that humans depend on, adapt to, and modify the physical environment, including the influences of culture and technology.
::WG.8A 比较人类依赖、适应和改变自然环境的方式,包括文化和技术的影响。WG.10C Compare the ways people satisfy their basic needs through the production of goods and services such as subsistence agriculture versus commercial agriculture or cottage industries versus commercial industries.
::WG.10C 比较人们通过生产商品和服务满足其基本需要的方式,如自给农业,而不是商业农业或家庭手工业,而不是商业工业。WG.16B Describe elements of culture, including language, religion, beliefs and customs, institutions, and technologies.
::WG.16B 描述文化要素,包括语言、宗教、信仰和习俗、机构和技术。WG.16C Explain ways various groups of people perceive the characteristics of their own and other cultures, places, and regions differently. regions differently.
::WG.16C 解释不同群体对自身和其他文化、地点和区域特征的不同看法。WG.16D Compare life in a variety of urban and rural areas in the world to evaluate political, economic, social, and environmental changes.
::WG.16D 比较世界不同城市和农村地区的生活,以评价政治、经济、社会和环境变化。WG.17A Describe and compare patterns of culture such as language, religion, land use, education, and customs that make specific regions of the world distinctive. make specific regions of the world distinctive.
::WG.17A 描述和比较使世界特定区域与众不同的语言、宗教、土地使用、教育和习俗等文化模式,使世界特定区域与众不同。WG.17B Describe major world religions, including animism, Buddhism and their spatial distribution.
::WG.17B 描述世界主要宗教,包括邪教、佛教及其空间分布。WG.22E Create original work using proper citations and understanding and avoiding plagiarism.
::WG.22E 利用适当的引证和理解并避免损害,创建原创工作。WG.22C Use geographic terminology correctly.
::WG.22C 正确使用地理术语。WG.22D Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
::WG.22D 使用标准语法、拼写、句子结构和标点。China's Periphery
::中国的周边The heartland of China has always been part of China Proper. Surrounding China Proper are a number of autonomous regions, associated territories, and independent countries. These peripheral areas buffer China Proper from the rest of the world. They also provide China with either access to trade relationships or access to raw materials needed for development. Each peripheral political unit has its own unique physical and cultural characteristics and, in many cases, a minority population that is other than Han Chinese.
::中国的心脏地带始终是中国的一部分,周围是中国的一些自治区、联系领土和独立国家,这些地区是中国与世界其他地区的缓冲地带,也为中国提供了贸易关系或发展所需原材料,每个边缘政治单位都有其独特的物质和文化特点,在许多情况下,还有汉族以外的少数人口。Hong Kong and Shenzhen
::香港和深圳
Map of Hong Kong
::香港地图
Hong Kong is a former British colony and includes a number of islands on the southern coast of China. Hong Kong includes an excellent port, Victoria—one of the best in Asia. Victoria’s deep water port is on the interior side of Hong Kong Island and is protected from the sea, allowing ship access to an extensive sheltered harbor area. To the north of Hong Kong Island is a peninsula called New Territories, which the British agreed to lease from China in 1897 for a period of 99 years. Bordering the New Territories on the mainland is the rapidly growing industrial city of Shenzhen.
::香港是前英国殖民地,包括中国南岸的一些岛屿。香港包括一个优秀的港口,维多利亚是亚洲最好的港口之一。 维多利亚的深水港位于香港岛的内侧,不受海洋保护,允许船只进入一个广阔的避难港区。 香港岛以北是一个称为新领土的半岛,英国同意于1897年从中国租借它99年。 大陆上的新领土是迅速增长的深圳工业城市。Hong Kong was a major entry point into China for Britain during the colonial era. The colony was a British outpost that created a doorway for British expansion into China. The port allowed for an early trade relationship to become established. The trade relationship was broken during the Korean War in the 1950s. Britain and China found themselves on opposite sides of the war. China was a newly created Communist country and sided with North Korea. Great Britain was a capitalist country and sided with South Korea.
::香港是殖民时代英国进入中国的主要切入点。 殖民地是英国的前哨,为英国向中国扩张开辟了大门。 港口允许建立早期贸易关系。 1950年代朝鲜战争期间,贸易关系破裂。 英国和中国处于战争的对立面。 中国是一个新成立的共产主义国家,与北朝鲜为邻。 英国是一个资本主义国家,与韩国为邻。The boundary between the busy port of Hong Kong and China was closed. This left Hong Kong with a world-class port but no access to its main markets in China. Instead of closing the port and shutting down shipping, the business community of Hong Kong took advantage of its unique situation and first-rate port to create a world trade center. Ships would import raw materials, which would be processed or manufactured into finished products. The products would then be shipped back out at a profit.
::香港和中国的繁忙港口之间的边界已经关闭,这让香港有一个世界级的港口,但却无法进入其中国的主要市场。 香港商业界非但没有关闭港口和停运,反而利用其独特的状况和第一流港口建立一个世界贸易中心。 船舶将进口原材料,这些原材料将加工或制造成制成品。 然后,这些产品将利润丰厚地运回。The Special Administrative Region (SAR) of Hong Kong, with Shenzhen across the Border from the New Territories.
::香港特别行政区(特区),深圳跨越新界边界。
From the theory of how countries gain wealth, recall that manufacturing was traditionally the method with the highest value-added profits. Hong Kong is a good example of this in action. That is, manufacturing was a successful method of gaining wealth for Hong Kong. First, low-level goods such as clothing and textiles were produced with Hong Kong’s cheap labor and low costs. As business increased, higher-level technical goods were produced, such as radios and other electronic products, and incomes increased.
::从各国如何获得财富的理论看,回顾制造业传统上是增值利润最高的方法。 香港是这方面的一个范例。 也就是说,制造业是香港获得财富的成功方法。 首先,服装和纺织品等低水平商品是用香港廉价劳动力和低成本生产的。 随着商业增长,无线电和其他电子产品等高水平技术产品也随之生产,收入也随之增加。Soon, Hong Kong was a business and banking center trading with all global markets. International trade attracted a strong financial network that enhanced the free market system in Hong Kong. Business in Hong Kong attracted attention in Beijing. Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping, who had begun China’s open door policy in the 1980s, viewed Hong Kong as a major access point to establish trade and commerce with. In the 1990s, the special economic zone of Shenzhen became an important development area for Chinese industries and multinational corporations. China once again used Hong Kong as a major trade corridor so that about one-fourth of all the country’s imports and exports were being shipped through the port of Hong Kong.
::不久,香港便成为全球市场的商业和银行中心贸易。 国际贸易吸引了强大的金融网络,加强了香港的自由市场体系。 香港的商务在北京引起了关注。 中国领导人邓小平在1980年代开始实行开放政策,将香港视为与中国建立贸易和商业的主要通道。 20世纪90年代,深圳特别经济区成为中国工业和多国公司的重要发展区。 中国再次将香港作为主要贸易走廊,因此,中国大约四分之一的进出口都通过香港港运输。Shenzhen is a major city in Guangdong Province, China.
::深圳是中国广东省的主要城市。
During the 1990s, as China actively invested in its industrial sector, it sought ways to attract the business generated by Taiwan and Hong Kong, two economic tigers. Opportunity came knocking in 1997 when the 99-year lease of the New Territories to Britain expired. China did not want to renew the lease. A deal covering all of Hong Kong was made between China and Great Britain. Britain would relinquish all its claims to Victoria, the port, and all of Hong Kong if China would allow the area to remain non-Communist and under its own autonomy for 50 years. China agreed, and Britain left Hong Kong in 1997.
::20世纪90年代,中国在工业部门积极投资,寻求吸引台湾和香港这两个经济老虎企业经营的方式。 1997年,新领土与英国的99年租约到期时,机会大打折扣。中国不想续租。中国与英国之间达成了覆盖全香港的协议。如果中国允许该地区在50年内保持非共产党和自治状态,英国将放弃对维多利亚、港口和全香港的所有权利主张。中国同意,英国于1997年离开香港。Hong Kong became associated with mainland China as a special autonomous region but remained capitalist and democratic in its operations. This opened the door for Taiwan and other trading partners to increase trade with China through Hong Kong. Shenzhen, a special economic zone (SEZ) across the border from Hong Kong in China, was ready to capitalize on its accessibility to the port and the enormous trade that had been established by Hong Kong.
::香港作为一个特别自治区与中国大陆建立了联系,但其运作仍然是资本主义和民主的,这为台湾和其他贸易伙伴通过香港增加与中国的贸易打开了大门。 深圳是中国香港边境另一边的一个特别经济区,随时准备利用它进入港口的便利条件和香港建立的巨大贸易。Shenzhen became one of the fastest growing cities in the world and has become a center of manufacturing and trade for the global economy. It grew from a moderately sized city of about 350,000 in the early 1980s to a city of 10 and a half million by 2010 and is still growing. One of Shenzhen’s largest trading partners is the Walmart Corporation, as factories in the city produce goods for export to the United States and sale in Walmarts around the country. Shenzhen has established a port of its own and is a magnet for international trade.
::深圳成为世界上增长最快的城市之一,并已成为全球经济的制造和贸易中心。 深圳从1980年代初的35万个中等规模城市增长到2010年的1 050万个城市,目前仍在增长。 深圳最大的贸易伙伴之一是沃尔玛公司,作为该市的工厂生产出口到美国的货物,并在国内的沃尔玛销售。 深圳建立了自己的港口,是国际贸易的磁铁。More than 95 percent of the seven million people living in Hong Kong are ethnically Chinese. The people have strong ties to mainland China but value their separate and independent economic and political status. Hong Kong is a major financial and banking center for Asia and has been working with the Chinese government to provide private banking services for Chinese citizens.
::香港七百多万人中有95%以上是华裔。 香港人民与中国大陆有着牢固的联系,但重视其独立独立的经济和政治地位。 香港是亚洲的主要金融和银行中心,一直与中国政府合作,为中国公民提供私人银行服务。The small land size of Hong Kong makes it a high-priced real estate destination. The cost of living is high, and space is at a premium and expensive. Nevertheless, Hong Kong attracts millions of visitors per year and has established itself as a tourism hub for people desiring to visit southern China. Tens of millions of tourists each year use Hong Kong as a base or stopover point to enter China’s southern provinces. Hong Kong offers visitors immense shopping possibilities in a safe and modern environment that is attractive to people from all over the world. Cantonese is the official language, but English is widely spoken in Hong Kong because of Britain’s influence and because of world trade relationships.
::香港国土面积狭小,成为地产高价目的地。 生活费用高昂,空间昂贵,价格昂贵。 然而,香港每年吸引数百万游客,并成为希望访问中国南部的人的旅游中心。 每年有数以百万计的游客利用香港作为基地或中转站进入中国南部省份。 香港在安全和现代的环境下为游客提供巨大的购物机会,这种环境对全世界人民都具有吸引力。 广东语是官方语言,但由于英国的影响力和世界贸易关系,英语在香港被广泛使用。This picture shows Victoria Harbor in Hong Kong.
::照片显示香港维多利亚港。Macau
::澳门 澳门
Map of Macau
::澳门地图
Across the Pearl River Estuary to the west is the former Portuguese colony of Macau. The arrangement between China and the British government over Hong Kong provided a pattern that was also applied to Macau. At the end of 1999, Portugal relinquished its claim to Macau and the colony was turned over to the Chinese government under an agreement similar to the agreement between Britain and China regarding Hong Kong. Macau was enabled to retain its autonomy and free-market economy for 50 years as it becomes a special administrative region (SAR) of China. Macau is a much smaller territory than Hong Kong, and home to only about one-half of a million residents.
::在西面的珍珠河流域另一端是前葡萄牙的澳门殖民地,中国和英国政府对香港的安排也提供了澳门也适用的模式。 1999年底,葡萄牙放弃对澳门的主张,该殖民地根据与英国和中国关于香港的协定类似的协定移交给中国政府。随着澳门成为中国的一个特别行政区,澳门得以保留其自治和自由市场经济50年。澳门比香港小得多,只有大约一半的居民居住。Macao is 37 miles southwest of Hong Kong and 90 miles from Guangzhou of Mainland China.
::澳门位于香港西南37英里处,距中国大陆广州90英里。Taiwan
::台台
Map of Taiwan
::台湾地图
Taiwan is separated from the Chinese mainland by the Taiwan Strait. In 2017, the population of the island, which is about the size of the US state of Maryland, was approximately 23 million. The island is mountainous and has rugged national parks in its interior, while most of the people in Taiwan live in bustling cities along the coast. Taiwan’s push for good education and technical skills for its citizens has paid off in the form of high incomes and an industrialized economy.
::台湾被台湾海峡与中国大陆隔绝。 2017年,与美国马里兰州面积相近的台湾人口约为2,300万。 该岛是山地,内地的国家公园崎岖不平,而台湾大多数人则生活在沿海繁忙的城市中。 台湾为公民争取良好教育和技术技能的呼声以高收入和工业化经济的形式得到了回报。After World War II, when China raised its Bamboo Curtain, the United States cut its trade relations with the Communist mainland. However, the United States did trade a great deal with the Nationalists in Taiwan. The deep tensions that exist between China and Taiwan are easy to understand given the history that led to Taiwan’s current existence. One of the flashpoints in China-Taiwan relations has been the “One China” policy. Originally asserted by Beijing, the principle contends that there is only one indivisible China, which encompasses all of China, including Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet.
::第二次世界大战后,当中国升起竹竹幕时,美国断绝了与共产主义大陆的贸易关系。 然而,美国确实与台湾的民族主义者进行了大量贸易。 考虑到导致台湾目前存在的历史,中国与台湾之间的深刻紧张局势很容易理解。 中国与台湾关系中的热点之一是“一个中国 ” 。 最初由北京主张的原则是只有一个不可分割的中国,它包括了包括台湾、香港、澳门和西藏在内的所有中国。During the Cold War, the sizeable population of mainland China was attractive to US corporations that sought trade with China. In 1972, for the benefit of the United States and to counter the influence of the Soviet Union, US president Richard Nixon organized a visit to Beijing that opened the door to US-China diplomatic relations. There were conditions placed on the open door agreement that followed. One condition that mainland China imposed was for the US government to recognize the Communist government in Beijing as the official China.
::冷战期间,中国大陆大量人口对寻求与中国贸易的美国公司具有吸引力。 1972年,为了美国的利益和对抗苏联的影响,美国总统尼克松安排了对北京的访问,为中美外交关系打开了大门。 随后,中国大陆在开放性协议上设置了条件。 中国大陆强加的一个条件是美国政府承认北京共产主义政府为官方中国。To do this, the United States had to move their US embassy from Taipei, the capital city of Taiwan, to Beijing, and recognize only the Beijing government as the official China. The United States agreed to this policy. As a result, no government official in the US State Department, cabinet level or higher, can officially visit Taiwan. At the same time, no equal-level diplomat from Taiwan can officially visit the United States. This policy placed Taiwan in an ambiguous position: Is Taiwan an independent country or is it a part of mainland China?
::为此,美国不得不将其美国大使馆从首都台湾的首都台北迁到北京,并且只承认北京政府为官方中国。 美国同意这一政策。 结果,美国国务院的政府官员,内阁或更高级别的政府官员都无法正式访问台湾。 与此同时,台湾的同等级别外交官也无法正式访问美国。 这一政策使台湾处于模棱两可的地位:台湾是一个独立的国家还是中国大陆的一部分?Mainland China has always demanded that in order for countries to have good relations with the People’s Republic of China (PRC), they must not recognize Taiwan (the Republic of China, or ROC). This has caused intermittent problems for the United States and other countries. The termination of diplomatic relations between the United States and the ROC was a huge blow for Taiwan, even though the United States continued to conduct trade with the island.
::中国大陆一直要求,为了让各国与中华人民共和国保持良好关系,它们决不能承认台湾(中华民国或中华民国 ) 。 这给美国和其他国家造成了时断时续的问题。 终止美国和中华民国之间的外交关系对台湾来说是一个巨大的打击,尽管美国继续与该岛进行贸易。The United States has always supported Taiwan’s economic independence. In 2007, the United States sold military arms to Taiwan. As a result, China began to deny routine access to its ports for US ships. Taiwan’s status on the world stage has fluctuated. For about 20 years after the Nationalists set up a government in Taiwan, the ROC held a seat in the United Nations (UN), and the UN recognized Taiwan’s claim as the legitimate government of China. In 1971, the UN changed its position and gave the seat to Beijing. The UN indicated it could not give a seat to Taiwan because Taiwan is not recognized as a legal nation.
::美国一贯支持台湾的经济独立。 2007年,美国向台湾出售军用武器。 结果,中国开始拒绝美国船只进入其港口。 台湾在世界舞台上的地位一直在波动。 在民族主义者在台湾建立政府20年来,中华民国在联合国占有一席之地,联合国承认台湾的主张是中国的合法政府。 1971年,联合国改变了立场,将席位给了北京。 联合国表示它不能给台湾一个席位,因为台湾不被承认为一个合法国家。In 2000, Taiwan renewed its efforts to be internationally recognized as a sovereign nation and announced tentative plans to formally secede from China. China responded with many threats and conducted military exercises across the strait from Taiwan. The military exercises were seen as another threat, essentially a show of military might meant to intimidate Taiwan into retreating from its secessionist position. The United States supported Taiwan by parking a naval fleet nearby, which incensed the mainland government. In 2005, China passed a law authorizing the use of military force to stop any secessionist actions by Taiwan.
::2000年,台湾重新努力成为国际公认主权国家,并宣布了正式脱离中国的暂定计划。 中国以多次威胁做出回应,并在海峡两岸进行军事演习。 军事演习被视为另一种威胁,主要是军事实力的显示,意在恐吓台湾,使其退出分裂立场。 美国通过在附近停泊海军舰队支持台湾,这激怒了大陆政府。 2005年,中国通过了一项法律,授权使用武力阻止台湾的任何分裂行动。Taiwan’s economy continues to use its skilled labor base. In years past, Taiwan’s factories produced textiles and light clothing. As incomes and skills advanced, production shifted to electronics and high-end goods, which it has since been exporting around the world. Taiwan has achieved a high standard of living for its people. When trade opened up through Hong Kong with mainland China, many Taiwanese industries shifted production to the SEZs along China’s coast. Labor in SEZs is less expensive, leading to a corresponding rise in profits. Unfortunately, this has resulted in higher unemployment levels in Taiwan.
::台湾经济继续利用其熟练劳动力基础。 在过去的几年中,台湾工厂生产纺织品和轻服装。 随着收入和技能的提高,生产转向电子和高端产品,此后它一直在向全世界出口。 台湾已经实现了人民的高生活水平。 当贸易通过香港与中国大陆开放时,许多台湾产业将生产转向中国沿岸的SEZ。 东南欧的劳动成本较低,导致利润相应增加。 不幸的是,这导致了台湾失业率的上升。Street in Taiwan, ROC, illustrating modern businesses and use of scooters for transportation.
::展示现代商业以及使用摩托车进行运输。
In the past few years, Taiwan’s focus has turned from secession to trade. In 2008, Taiwan elected a government that, though nationalist in its ideology, is committed to strengthening trade and investment with China. Taiwan entered the in 2001 using the name Chinese Taipei. That move started a cascade of actions that improved “cross-strait” trading conditions, and within just a few years, direct trade between China and Taiwan has become extensive.
::在过去几年中,台湾的重点已经从分裂转向贸易。 2008年,台湾选出了一个政府,尽管其意识形态是民族主义的,但致力于加强与中国的贸易和投资。 2001年,台湾以中国台北为名进入台湾。 这一行动开始了一系列改善“两岸”贸易条件的行动,在短短几年内,中国和台湾之间的直接贸易变得十分广泛。The question of Taiwan’s political status remains unresolved and volatile, but trade and investment between China and Taiwan are robust and growing. Taiwan has been able to independently compete in world-class sporting events, including the Olympics, under the name Chinese Taipei.
::台湾的政治地位问题仍未解决,动荡不定,但中国和台湾之间的贸易和投资充满活力且不断增长。 台湾能够独立地在包括奥运会在内的世界级体育赛事中以中台为名进行竞争。Autonomous Region of Tibet
::西藏自治区Located in mountainous southwestern China, Tibet is classified as one of China’s autonomous regions, a disputed political arrangement. It is debatable whether Tibet or any of the other Chinese regions are actually autonomous. The legal structures allow for very little self-governance, and most new initiatives require approval from the Chinese central government. Tibet had been an independent entity through much of its history and governed itself as a Buddhist theocracy. Its theocratic political system established the Dalai Lama as both the head of state and the religious leader of the Tibetan people.
::西藏位于中国西南山区,被归类为中国自治区之一,这是一个有争议的政治安排。 无论是西藏还是其他任何中国地区,实际上都是自治都值得商榷。 法律结构几乎没有自治权,而且大多数新举措都需要得到中国中央政府的批准。 西藏是一个独立的实体,其历史悠久,自封为佛教神学院。 其专制政治制度将达赖喇嘛确立为西藏人民的国家元首和宗教领袖。Tibet has had a complicated history with China. This is as true of its early history as it is today. In its early history, Tibet was an independent kingdom with its unique type of Buddhism as its state religion. It was during this era that a system of Lamaism, a hierarchy of monks or other religious leaders, took hold. China’s influence in Tibet fluctuated during the later years of the kingdom, in the 10th century. The Mongols absorbed Tibet into their empire during the first part of their conquests in the 13th century. However, in the 15th century, the Mongols gave considerable local authority to the Dalai Lama, making him the spiritual leader as well as a powerful political figure.
::西藏与中国有着复杂的历史。 与今天一样,西藏与中国的早期历史也是如此。 在其早期历史中,西藏是一个独立王国,其独特的佛教类型与国教一样。 正是在这个时代,拉马主义、僧侣或其他宗教领袖的等级体系得以建立。 中国在西藏的影响力在王国的后几年,即10世纪波动不定。 蒙古人在13世纪的第一天征服中吸收了西藏加入其帝国。 然而,在15世纪,蒙古人赋予达赖喇嘛相当大的地方权力,使他成为精神领袖和强大的政治人物。Tibet came under the control of China during the Qing Dynasty. When imperialist rule ended in China in 1911, Tibet began to once again assert its independence. Chinese, British, and Tibetan officials met and came up with an agreement that partitioned Tibet into Inner Tibet, which would be controlled by China, and Outer Tibet, which would be independent. China later indicated its intention to control all of Tibet, a move resented by the Tibetan people.
::西藏在清朝时期处于中国的控制之下。 当帝国主义统治于1911年在中国结束时,西藏开始再次独立。 中国、英国和西藏官员会晤并达成了一项协议,将西藏分割成中国控制的西藏内部,并将西藏独立起来。 中国后来表示有意控制整个西藏,西藏人民痛恨这一举动。When Communists took control of China in 1949, the Dalai Lama was originally allowed control over domestic affairs while China would control all other governmental functions. The Chinese government then took steps to reduce the powers of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama. With the intention of spreading Communism to Tibet, China destroyed monasteries, religious symbols and icons, and other long-practiced ways of life were threatened. The Tibetans considered the Chinese political dominance a cruel and invading force. Monasteries were burned, monks were beaten or imprisoned, and Buddhism was suppressed.
::当1949年共产党控制中国时,达赖喇嘛最初被允许控制内政,而中国则将控制所有其他政府职能。中国政府随后采取措施削减达赖喇嘛和潘钦喇嘛的权力。为了向西藏传播共产主义,中国摧毁了寺庙、宗教象征和圣像以及其他长期奉行的生活方式,并威胁了中国。西藏人认为中国政治主导权是残酷的入侵势力。寺庙被烧毁,僧侣被殴打或监禁,佛教被压制。Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet, rests at 12,100 feet above sea level.
::西藏拉萨的波塔拉宫位于海拔12,100英尺处。
Tibetans revolted in 1956. Backed by the United States, the revolt continued even as China indicated it would suspend the transformation of Tibet. China brutally crushed the revolt in 1959, leaving tens of thousands of Tibetans dead or imprisoned. The Dalai Lama and thousands of Tibetans fled to Dharamsala, India, where they established a government in exile. At this point, China had a firm grip on Tibet, and in 1965 the reorganization of Tibet into a Chinese socialist region began in full force.
::西藏人1956年反抗。 在美国的支持下,起义仍在继续,中国表示将中止西藏的转变。 中国1959年残酷镇压了起义,导致成千上万西藏人死亡或被监禁。 达赖喇嘛和成千上万西藏人逃到了印度达拉姆萨拉,在那里他们成立了流亡政府。 此时,中国对西藏保持了坚定的控制,1965年,西藏开始全面重组为中国社会主义地区。During the 1980s and early 1990s, China expressed some willingness to relent in its authoritarian control of Tibet. However, they demanded that the Dalai Lama renounce claims of Tibetan independence, which he refused. Demonstrations and continued violence occurred throughout this period. Chinese-Tibetan relations were further damaged when the Panchen Lama died mysteriously shortly after criticizing socialist reform in Tibet. The Panchen Lama is the next-highest Buddhist official under the Dalai Lama.
::1980年代和1990年代初,中国表示愿意放松对西藏的专制控制,但要求达赖喇嘛放弃西藏独立的要求,但达赖喇嘛拒绝这一要求;在此期间,发生了示威和持续暴力;中国与西藏的关系进一步遭到破坏,因为潘钦喇嘛在批评西藏社会主义改革后不久神秘地去世;潘钦喇嘛是达赖喇嘛下下一位佛教徒官员。There is now a controversy with the Chinese government over the selection of the 11th Panchen Lama. China and Tibet both claimed the authority over choosing the Panchen Lama and each named a different person to take on the role. The situation illustrates the conflict over the minds and the people of Tibet.
::现在,中国政府在选择第11届潘钦喇嘛的问题上出现了争议。 中国和西藏都声称有权选择潘钦喇嘛,并各自指定了一人担任这一角色。 形势表明了西藏人和西藏人民之间的矛盾。
Who is the Dalai Lama?
::达赖喇嘛是谁?The Dalai Lama is the spiritual and political leader of all Tibetans. The Dalai Lama is thought to be the current incarnation of past Buddhist Masters or Tulkus. The Masters have grown behind the cycle of death and rebirth and choose their own time of rebirth to help educate humanity on how to live. As indicated, the Dalai Lama was always considered the head of state for the government of Tibet and its capital was located in Lhasa.
::达赖喇嘛是所有西藏人的精神和政治领导人,达赖喇嘛被认为是过去佛教大师或图勒库人目前的化身,主子们在死亡和重生的循环中成长,选择了自己的重生时间,帮助教育人类如何生活。如前所述,达赖喇嘛一直被视为西藏政府的国家元首,其首都位于拉萨。Tenzin Gyatso is the rebirth of the 13th Dalai Lama. When he was 15 years old, on November 17, 1950, he became Tibet’s 14th Dalai Lama. This occurred only one month after China’s invasion of Tibet. The Dalai Lama originally, under military pressure from China, ratified the 1951 Seventeen Point agreement. In 1959, he left Tibet and went into exile in India. China has crushed any attempt of Tibetan resistance. While in India, the Dalai Lama has established the Tibetan government in exile and is attempting to preserve Tibetan culture among the thousands of refugees that have accompanied him.
::Tenzin Gyatso是第13届达赖喇嘛的重生。当他15岁时,1950年11月17日,他成为西藏第14届达赖喇嘛。这发生在中国入侵西藏仅一个月之后。达赖喇嘛最初在中国的军事压力下批准了1951年17点协定。1959年,他离开西藏流亡印度。中国粉碎了西藏抵抗的任何企图。在印度,达赖喇嘛成立了西藏政府流亡,并试图保护随行的成千上万难民中的西藏文化。The Dalai Lama
::达赖喇嘛
In 2008, a peaceful protest led by Buddhist monks turned violent. Chinese authorities responded with a harsh crackdown. The world’s attention was focused on China at the time because the Olympic Games were underway in Beijing. China has often been a target for protests because of its human rights violations against Tibetans and other minority groups. Little attention was drawn to Tibet during the 2008 Olympic Games. China wanted to showcase its advancements in industrial development and culture and did not want the world to focus on the controversial issues with Tibet.
::2008年,佛教僧侣领导的和平抗议演变为暴力。 中国当局以严厉镇压作为回应。 当时,世界的注意力集中在中国,因为北京奥运会正在举行。 由于中国侵犯西藏人和其他少数群体的人权,中国经常成为抗议目标。 2008年奥运会期间,西藏很少受到关注。 中国想展示其在工业发展和文化方面的进步,不希望世界关注与西藏有争议的问题。The population of Tibet is only about three million. People mainly live in the mountain valleys, below 7,000 feet. Lhasa is Tibet’s main urban center as well as its capital. In the past couple of decades, China has softened its treatment of Tibetans and restored some of the monasteries. China has also moved thousands of ethnically Chinese people into Tibet to shift the ethnic balance of the population. A major rail line now directly connects Beijing with Lhasa, Tibet. Lhasa will soon have a majority Chinese population with cultural similarities that reflect more the attributes of China Proper than Tibet.
::西藏人口只有300万左右,主要生活在7 000英尺以下的山谷。拉萨是西藏的主要城市中心和首都。在过去的几十年中,中国软化了西藏人的待遇,并修复了一些寺院。中国还把数千名中国人迁入西藏,以改变人口的种族平衡。现在,一条主要铁路线将北京与西藏拉萨直接连接。拉萨将很快拥有大多数中国人口,文化相似,比西藏更能反映中国的特征。Lhasa is spread across the valley floor. The Potala Palace rises from the old city.
::拉萨横跨山谷楼层 波塔拉宫从老城升起
China wants to maintain the mountainous, rural region—with little inhabitable land area and very few people—as a buffer state between India and the Han Chinese heartland of China Proper. Tibet is also becoming more important to the government of Beijing and the business people in Shenzhen and Shanghai. The core-peripheral spatial relationship can be applied to Tibet and its relationship with China.
::中国希望将山区、农村地区——几乎没有可居住的土地面积,人口很少——作为印度与中国汉人心脏地带之间的缓冲国。 西藏对北京政府和深圳及上海商业界人士也越来越重要。 核心的周边空间关系可以适用于西藏及其与中国的关系。Tibet is a peripheral region with raw materials that provide benefits to the core areas of China, which require the raw materials for industrial development. Tibet can play an important role in the larger picture of the Chinese economy. The mountains of Tibet potentially hold vast amounts of natural resources that could support the growing industrial economy in China, which is based on manufacturing goods for the global export markets. China will ensure that Tibet becomes economically integrated with the rest of China in spite of the cultural differences that may exist.
::西藏是一个周边地区,原材料为中国核心地区带来好处,中国核心地区需要原材料促进工业发展,西藏可以在中国经济大背景下发挥重要作用,西藏山可能拥有大量自然资源支持中国不断增长的工业经济,而中国的工业经济以全球出口市场生产产品为基础,中国将确保西藏在经济上与中国其他地区融合,尽管可能存在文化差异。Mongolia
::蒙古蒙古蒙古蒙古蒙古蒙古
Map of Mongolia
::蒙古蒙古地图
Mongolia ranks as the world’s 19th largest country in terms of square miles. Mongolia shares a similar geography with much of Kazakhstan, which is the world’s largest landlocked nation; Mongolia is second-largest. Despite Mongolia’s large land area (slightly smaller than the US state of Alaska or the country of Iran), its population is only about three million, and the country is the least densely populated country in the world.
::在平方英里方面,蒙古是世界上第19个最大的国家。 蒙古与大部分哈萨克斯坦有着相似的地理位置,而哈萨克斯坦是世界上最大的内陆国;蒙古位居第二。 尽管蒙古的陆地面积(略小于美国阿拉斯加州或伊朗国 ) , 但其人口只有300万左右,而且蒙古是世界上人口密度最低的国家。Mountains, high plains, and grass-covered steppe cover much of Mongolia, a country that receives only between four and 10 inches of rain per year, precipitation that usually comes in the form of snow. The Gobi Desert to the south, extending from southern Mongolia into northern China, receives even less precipitation. Inner Mongolia is a sparsely inhabited autonomous region south of Mongolia that is governed by the Chinese government.
::高原和草覆盖的草原覆盖了蒙古的大部分地区。 蒙古每年只有四到十英寸的降雨量,通常以降雪的形式降水。 南端的戈壁沙漠从蒙古南部延伸到中国北部,降水量更少。 内蒙古是蒙古以南的无人居住的自治区,由中国政府管理。Mongolia’s modern capital city of Ulan Bator is home to about one-third of the people of Mongolia. It has the coldest average temperature of any world capital. Mongolia’s history includes the great Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan, which was established in the 13th century. The Soviet Union used Mongolia as a buffer state with China. Mongolia’s Communist party dominated politics until the Soviet Union collapsed in the 1990s. The current government in Ulan Bator has to contend with Mongolia’s position between the two large economies of Russia and China.
::蒙古的现代首都乌兰巴托(Ulan Bator)居住着大约三分之一的蒙古人。 蒙古拥有世界任何首都最冷的平均温度。蒙古的历史包括13世纪建立的大蒙古帝国成吉思汗(Mongol Emment of Genghis Khan ) 。 苏联将蒙古作为中国的缓冲国。 蒙古共产党控制着政治直到20世纪90年代苏联解体。 乌兰巴托的现任政府必须面对蒙古在俄罗斯和中国两大经济体之间的立场。Tibetan Buddhism is the dominant religion in Mongolia and is practiced by about 50 percent of the population. The Communist influence is evident in that approximately 40 percent of the population considers itself nonreligious. Most of the people are of Mongol ethnicity. Today, about 30 percent of the people are still seminomadic and migrate seasonally to accommodate good grazing for their livestock.
::西藏佛教是蒙古的主要宗教,约有50%的人口信奉西藏佛教。共产党的影响表现在大约40%的人口认为自己是非宗教的。 大多数人是蒙古人。 如今,大约30%的人口仍然是半游牧人,季节性地移徙,以适应良好的牲畜放牧。A round yurt, which can be constructed at whatever location is selected for the season and disassembled for mobility, is the traditional dwelling. Mongolian culture and heritage revolve around a rural agrarian culture with an extensive reliance on horses. Archery, wrestling, and equestrian events are some of the most popular sporting activities.
::蒙古文化和传统围绕农村农业文化,广泛依赖马匹。 箭术、摔跤和马术活动是最受欢迎的体育活动。Mongolian wrestling, known as Bokeh, is the folk wrestling style of Mongols in Mongolia.
::蒙古的摔跤叫Bokeh, 是蒙古蒙古蒙古民的民间摔跤风格。
Mongolia’s economy has traditionally been centered on agriculture, but mining has grown in recent years to be a major economic sector. Mongolia has rich mineral resources of coal, molybdenum, copper, gold, tin, and tungsten. Being landlocked cuts Mongolia off from the global economy, but the large amounts of mineral reserves are in demand by core industrial areas for manufacturing and should boost the poor economic conditions that dominate Mongolia’s economy. China has increased its business presence in Mongolia and has been drawing Mongolia’s attention away from its former Soviet ally to become a major trading partner.
::蒙古的经济传统上以农业为中心,但近年来采矿业已经发展成为一个主要经济部门。 蒙古拥有丰富的煤、、铜、金、锡和钨等矿产资源。 内陆国将蒙古与全球经济隔绝开来,但制造业核心工业地区对大量矿产储备的需求却很大,这应该刺激主导蒙古经济的恶劣经济条件。 中国增加了在蒙古的商业存在,并一直在吸引蒙古的注意力从前苏联盟友吸引到成为主要贸易伙伴。Key Takeaways
::密钥外出-
Hong Kong was a British colony with an excellent port that provided access to China during the colonial era. Hong Kong became an economic tiger and regained its importance for trade with the mainland during the open door policy of China in the 1980s. The colony was returned to China in 1997 under an autonomous arrangement.
::香港是英国殖民地,拥有在殖民时代进入中国的绝佳港口,香港成为经济老虎,1980年代中国实行开放政策,恢复了与大陆贸易的重要性,1997年,根据自治安排,该殖民地返回中国。 -
Taiwan created an independent government after the three-way split in China. The separation from the mainland government has created strained relations between Beijing and Taipei. In recent years, trade and economic exchanges have brought the two Chinas together and they have become more dependent on each other.
::台湾在中国三极分化后创建了一个独立的政府。 与大陆政府分离在北京和台北之间造成了紧张的关系。 近年来,贸易和经济交流使两个中国走到了一起,它们更加相互依存。 -
Tibet established itself as a Buddhist theocracy before the 1949 declaration of the Communist PRC. The Dalai Lama ruled as both political and religious leader of Tibet until China took control. The Dalai Lama fled to India, where he set up a government in exile to continue to promote Tibetan culture and support Tibet.
::西藏在1949年共产主义中华人民共和国宣布之前就已确立为佛教神权。 达赖喇嘛统治西藏,既是政治领袖,又是宗教领袖,直至中国掌权。 达赖喇嘛逃到印度,在那里成立了流亡政府,继续促进西藏文化和支持西藏。 -
Mongolia is an independent landlocked country with a small population and a large land area. It receives only modest amounts of rainfall. The country was a historic buffer state between the Communist countries of the Soviet Union and China. Mongolia is working to capitalize on its natural resources to engage the global economic situation.
::蒙古是一个独立的内陆国,人口少,土地面积大,降雨量少,是苏联共产国与中国之间的历史缓冲国,蒙古正努力利用其自然资源应对全球经济形势。
Vocabulary Terms
::词汇术语术语Chapter 10.3 China's Periphery
::第10.3章 中国的周边Budd hism
::佛教佛教A religion that originated in India about 500 B.C. and spread to China, where it grew into a major religion by A.D. 400.
::这种宗教起源于公元前500年左右的印度,传播到中国,由A.D.400博士发展成主要宗教。Dalai Lama
::达赖喇嘛A title was given to spiritual leaders of the Tibetan people .
::西藏人民的精神领袖获得一个称号。Gobi Desert
::戈壁沙漠A desert located in northern China and southeast Mongolia, and a prime location for finding dinosaur fossils.
::位于中国北部和蒙古东南部的一个沙漠,是寻找恐龙化石的主要地点。Special Economic Zone (SEZ)
::特别经济区An area in which business and trade laws are different from the rest of the country.
::商业和贸易法与该国其他地区不同。Tibet
::西藏An autonomous region of the People's Republic of China in the Tibetan Plateau in Asia.
::中华人民共和国位于亚洲西藏高原的一个自治区。Applying Knowledge
::应用知识Discussion and Study Questions
::讨论和研究问题-
What makes the port of Hong Kong significant in both physical characteristics and relative location?
::香港港的物理特征和相对位置为何如此重要? -
Why was Hong Kong important to China? How did Hong Kong become an economic tiger?
::为什么香港对中国很重要? 香港如何成为经济老虎? -
Where is Shenzhen? Why did this city emerge as one of the fastest growing cities in the world?
::深圳在哪里?为什么这座城市成为世界上增长最快的城市之一? -
Why does Taiwan have a different government from mainland China? What type of government does it have?
::台湾为什么有一个不同于中国大陆的政府?它有什么样的政府? -
Why is it that a US president or any cabinet-level US official cannot visit Taiwan but can visit Communist Beijing?
::为什么美国总统或任何内阁级的美国官员不能访问台湾, -
How did Taiwan develop a high standard of living for its people whereas mainland China lagged behind?
::台湾如何为其人民发展高生活水平,而中国大陆却落后于中国大陆? -
Who is the Dalai Lama? Where did the Dalai Lama rule? Where is the Dalai Lama today?
::达赖喇嘛 达赖喇嘛 达赖喇嘛的统治在哪里 达赖喇嘛今天在哪里 -
What is Tibet’s relationship with China? Why does China want or need Tibet?
::西藏与中国的关系是什么?中国为什么想要或需要西藏? -
How was Mongolia viewed by its neighbors during the Cold War? How does China view Mongolia today?
::蒙古在冷战期间被邻国如何看待? 中国今天如何看待蒙古? -
What is Mongolia’s physical geography like? What has been the traditional lifestyle in Mongolia?
::蒙古的地理地理状况如何?蒙古的传统生活方式是什么?
Real-World Geography Exercise
::现实世界地理演习Imagine that you would like to travel to one of the places below. Using the Internet, research what you would need to do to take a trip. What is the cost of airlines, hotels, restaurants, etc.? Create a three-week itinerary to include the cost of plane tickets, lodging, food, tours, and other travel incidentals. Be prepared to share your project.
::想象一下您想要前往以下某个地方。 使用互联网, 研究您需要做什么才能去旅行。 航空公司、 旅馆、 餐馆等的费用是多少? 创建为期三周的行程, 包括机票、 住宿、 食物、 旅游和其他旅行杂费。 准备分享您的项目 。-
Gobi Desert
::戈壁沙漠 -
Hong Kong
::香港香港 -
Inner Mongolia
::内蒙古 -
Lhasa
::拉萨 -
Macau
::澳门 澳门 -
Mongolia
::蒙古蒙古蒙古蒙古蒙古蒙古 -
New Territories
::新领土新领土 -
Shenzhen
::深圳 -
Taipei
::台北 -
Taiwan
::台台 -
Tibet
::西藏 -
Ulan Bator
::Ulan 跳板
Current Events
::当前事件Geography Education Scoop It
::地理教育中心Videos for Geography Enrichment
::地理丰富视频Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
::地理研究有用网站is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge. Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.
::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states.
::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more.
::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。 -
Outline Hong Kong’s progression from a British colony through the transformation into a special autonomous region of China.
