章节大纲

  • 常规

    全部折叠 展开全部

  • 化学领域

    Several types of guitars displayed, including acoustic and electric styles.

    How do guitars vary in both sound and style?
    ::吉他的声音和风格如何不同?

    In talking with guitar players, it is not enough to say “I play the guitar.” The next question is always “Oh, what do you play?” In the picture above, we see several styles of guitars.  There are two acoustic guitars (non-electric, non-amplified) and three different electric guitars.  Not shown are instruments such as a classical guitar (six nylon strings instead of steel strings), a bass guitar (usually four strings, but some have five), a resonator guitar for slide blues (uses open tunings), an electric steel guitar (for country music) and a Hawaiian guitar.  Guitar players specialize in a type of instrument and style of music.  The same is true of chemistry and other sciences.
    ::在与吉他手交谈时,光说“我弹吉他”是不够的。 下一个问题总是“哦,你弹什么?” 在以上图片中,我们看到了几种吉他风格,有两种音响吉他(非电吉他,非简化)和三种不同的电吉他。没有显示古典吉他(六尼龙弦而不是钢弦 ) 、 贝斯吉他(通常有四个字符,但有些有五个) 、 幻灯片蓝调音吉他(使用开放式调音 ) 、 电子钢吉他(用于乡村音乐)和夏威夷吉他。 吉他玩家擅长一种乐器和音乐风格。 化学和其他科学也是如此。

    Areas of Chemistry
    ::化学领域

    The study of modern chemistry has many branches, but it can generally be broken down into five main disciplines, or areas of study:
    ::现代化学研究有许多分支,但一般可分为五个学科或研究领域:

    • physical chemistry
      ::物理化学
    • organic chemistry
      ::有机有机化学
    • inorganic chemistry
      ::无机化学
    • analytical chemistry
      ::分析化学分析化学
    • biochemistry
      ::生物化学

    Physical Chemistry
    ::物理化学

    Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic properties, atomic properties, and phenomena in chemical systems.  A physical chemist may study such things as the rates of , the energy transfers that occur in reactions, or the physical structure of materials at the molecular level. 
    ::物理化学是对化学系统中的宏观特性、原子特性和现象的研究。 物理化学家可以研究诸如反应速度、反应中产生的能量转移或分子一级材料的物理结构等。

    Organic Chemistry
    ::有机化学

    Organic chemistry is the study of chemicals containing carbon.  Carbon is one of the most abundant on Earth and is capable of forming a tremendously vast number of chemicals (over twenty million so far).  Most of the chemicals found in all living organisms are based on carbon.
    ::有机化学是对含碳化学品的研究,碳是地球上最丰富的化学品之一,能够形成数量巨大的化学品(迄今已超过2 000万种),在所有活生物体中发现的大多数化学品都以碳为基础。

    Inorganic Chemistry
    ::无机化学

    Inorganic chemistry is the study of chemicals that do not, in general, contain carbon.  Inorganic chemicals are commonly found in rocks and minerals.  One current important area of inorganic chemistry deals with the design and properties of materials involved in energy and information technology.
    ::无机化学是对一般不含碳的化学品进行研究,无机化学通常存在于岩石和矿物中,目前无机化学的一个重要领域涉及能源和信息技术所涉材料的设计和特性。

    Analytical Chemistry
    ::分析化学

    Analytical chemistry is the study of the composition of matter. It focuses on separating, identifying, and quantifying chemicals in samples of matter.  An analytical chemist may use complex instruments to analyze an unknown material in order to determine its various components.
    ::分析化学是对物质构成的研究,重点是对物质样品中的化学品进行分离、识别和量化,分析化学家可使用复杂的工具分析未知物质,以确定其各种成分。

    Instrument setup for atomic absorption spectroscopy used in trace metal analysis.
    Measurement of trace metals using atomic absorption spectroscopy.

    Biochemistry
    ::生物化学

    Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes that occur in living things.  may cover basic cellular processes up to understanding disease states so better treatments can be developed.
    ::生物化学是研究在生物中发生的化学过程,可能包括基本细胞过程,直至了解疾病状态,从而发展更好的治疗方法。

    Chemist in a laboratory setting, operating scientific equipment for biochemical analysis.
    Measuring hormone concentrations.

    In practice, chemical research is often not limited to just one of the five major disciplines.  A particular chemist may use biochemistry to isolate a particular chemical found in the human body such as hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying component of red blood cells.  He or she may then proceed to analyze the hemoglobin using methods that would pertain to the areas of physical or analytical chemistry.  Many chemists specialize in areas that are combinations of the main disciplines, such as bioinorganic chemistry or physical organic chemistry.
    ::在实践中,化学研究往往不仅限于五大学科之一,某化学家可能利用生物化学来隔离人体中发现的特定化学品,如血红蛋白,血红细胞的氧气成分,然后他(她)可以使用与物理或分析化学领域相关的方法分析血红蛋白,许多化学家专门研究主要学科的组合领域,如生物机能化学或物理有机化学。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Five areas of chemistry are described:
      • physical chemistry
        ::物理化学
      • organic chemistry
        ::有机有机化学
      • inorganic chemistry
        ::无机化学
      • analytical chemistry
        ::分析化学分析化学
      • biochemistry
        ::生物化学

      ::介绍了化学的五个领域:物理化学有机化学无机化学分析化学化学化学生物化学。

    Review
    ::回顾

    Match the project with the proper chemistry discipline.
    ::这个项目符合适当的化学学科。

    a. measuring mercury in seawater   1. biochemistry
    b. studying enzymes in cells   2. organic chemistry
    c. measuring the electrical properties of solutions 3. inorganic chemistry
    d. synthesizing new carbon compounds 4. physical chemistry
    e. making new compounds for energy processes 5. analytical chemistry