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  • 多重比例法

     

    A unicyclist and cyclists in motion on a city street, showcasing different wheel counts.

    What are the similarities and differences between a unicycle and a bicycle? 
    ::单车和自行车之间有什么相似之处和区别?

    Just from the words themselves, the astute Latin-speaking scholar can tell that, whatever it is made of, the unicycle has one of them ( uni = "one") and the bicycle has two ( bi = "two"). From the picture above, we get additional information that helps us tell the two apart.  The unicycle has one wheel and the bicycle has two. In particular, they are made up of the same materials and the only significant difference is the number of wheels on the two vehicles.  So now, how many wheels on a tricycle?
    ::最精明的拉丁语学者可以从文字本身中看出,无论它是由什么构成的,单车有一个(uni = “ 1 ” ) , 自行车有两个(bi = “ 2 ” )。从上面的图片中,我们可以获得更多的信息,帮助我们分辨两个。单车有一个方向盘,自行车有两个。特别是,它们由相同的材料组成,唯一的重要区别是两辆汽车的轮子数量。现在,三轮车有多少轮子?

    Law of Multiple Proportions
    ::多重比例法

    Once the idea that combined in definite proportions to form compounds was established, experiments also began to demonstrate that the same pairs of certain elements could combine to form more than one .  Consider the elements carbon and oxygen.  Combined in one way, they form the familiar compound called carbon dioxide.  In every sample of carbon dioxide, there is 32.0 g of oxygen present for every 12.0 g of carbon.  By dividing 32.0 by 12.0, this simplifies to a mass ratio of oxygen to carbon of 2.66 to 1.  There is another compound that forms from the combination of carbon and oxygen called carbon monoxide.  Every sample of carbon monoxide contains 16.0 g of oxygen for every 12.0 g of carbon.  This is a mass ratio of oxygen to carbon of 1.33 to 1.  In the carbon dioxide, there is exactly twice as much oxygen present as there is in the carbon monoxide.  This example illustrates the law of multiple proportions :  Whenever the same two elements form more than one compound, the different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
    ::一旦确定了将一定比例结合成化合物的理念,实验也开始表明,某些元素的同一对可以组合成一个以上。 考虑碳和氧元素。 将碳和氧元素合并在一起, 一种方式是形成熟悉的化合物, 称为二氧化碳。 在每样二氧化碳中, 每12.0克碳中都有32.0克氧。 通过将32.0乘以12.0, 将氧与碳的量比缩为2.66比1。 碳和氧的结合中, 也存在另一种化合物, 称为一氧化碳。 每样一氧化碳中, 每样一氧化碳中含有16.0克氧, 这是每12.0克碳的量比重。 在二氧化碳中, 氧与碳的比例是1.33比1。 在二氧化碳中, 氧与一氧化碳的比例是完全的两倍。 这个例子说明了多种比例的规律: 当两个元素组成一个以上的化合物时, 一个元素与另一元素的同一质量相混合的, 其不同的质量是小数。

    Molecular structures of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, illustrating the law of multiple proportions.

    Carbon can form two different compounds with oxygen.
    ::碳可以形成两种不同的化合物 与氧气。

    In carbon monoxide, on the left, there is 1.333 g of oxygen for every 1 g of carbon.  In carbon dioxide, on the right, there is 2.666 g of oxygen for every gram of carbon.  So the ratio of oxygen in the two compounds is 1:2, a small whole number ratio.
    ::在一氧化碳中,在左边,每1克碳有1.333克氧。在二氧化碳中,每克碳有2.666克氧,在右边,每克碳有2.666克氧。因此,两种化合物中的氧比例是1:2,这是整个数字的微小比例。

    The difference between carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide is significant.  Carbon monoxide is a deadly , formed from the incomplete combustion of some carbon-containing materials (such as wood and gasoline).  This compound will attach to hemoglobin in the red blood cell and block the binding of oxygen to those cells.  If oxygen does not bind, it cannot be carried to the cells of the body where it is needed, and death can occur.  Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, is not toxic like carbon monoxide is.  However, it can displace oxygen in systems since it is heavier.  Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers cut off the flow of oxygen in a fire, putting out the fire.
    ::一氧化碳和二氧化碳之间的差别很大。一氧化碳是致命的,由某些含碳材料(如木材和汽油)的不完全燃烧而形成。该化合物将附在红血细胞中的血红蛋白,并将氧的结合屏蔽到这些细胞中。如果氧气不结合,则不能携带到需要的人体细胞中,死亡也有可能发生。另一方面,二氧化碳与一氧化碳相比,不是有毒的。然而,它可以在系统中取代氧气,因为它比较重。二氧化碳灭火器将氧气从火焰中切断,熄灭了火。

     

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The law of multiple proportions states that whenever the same two elements form more than one compound, the different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
      ::多重比例法规定,当同一两个元素构成一个以上的化合物时,一个元素与另一个元素的同一质量结合的不同质量是小整数之比。

    Review 
    ::回顾

    1. State the law of multiple proportions.
      ::国家法律具有多重比例。
    2. In carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), how many grams of oxygen (O) would there be if there are 24 grams of carbon (C)?
      ::在二氧化碳(CO2)中,如果有24克碳(C),将有多少克氧气(O)?
    3. How many grams of carbon (C) would be present in carbon monoxide (CO) that contains 2.666 grams of oxygen (O)?
      ::含有2.666克氧气的一氧化碳(CO)中将含有多少克碳(C)?