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  • 博赫尔原子模型

    A worker climbing a yellow ladder against a clear blue sky near a building with a tower.

    How does this worker's energy change as he climbs up and down the ladder?
    ::这个工人在上下爬梯子时 是如何改变能源的呢?

    Climbing a ladder takes energy . At every step, you are pushing yourself up against gravity, and accumulating potential energy. Coming back down releases that potential energy as you descend step by step. If you are not careful, you can release that potential energy all at once when you fall off the ladder (never a good idea). In addition, you take the climb or descent in steps. There is no “in-between” position on the ladder – your foot either hits a rung or it hits empty space and you are in trouble until you find a rung to stand on.
    ::攀登一个梯子需要能量。 每一步,你都在与重力抗争,积累潜在的能量。 退后,你一步一步地释放出潜在的能量。 如果你不小心,你可以在从梯子上掉下来时立即释放出潜在的能量(从来就没有好主意 ) 。 此外,你可以一步一步地攀爬或下降。 在梯子上没有“中间”位置 — — 你的脚要么撞到一个小径,要么撞到空空空空空间,直到你找到一个小径站起来,你就会陷入麻烦。

    Bohr’s Atomic Model 
    ::博赫尔的原子模型

    Following the discoveries of hydrogen emission spectra and the , the Danish physicist Niels Bohr (1885 – 1962) proposed a new model of the in 1913. Bohr proposed that electrons do not radiate energy as they orbit the nucleus , but exist in states of constant energy which he called stationary states . This means that the electrons orbit at fixed distances from the nucleus (see Figure ). Bohr’s work was primarily based on the emission spectra of hydrogen. This is also referred to as the planetary model of the atom. It explained the inner workings of the hydrogen atom. Bohr was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1922 for his work.
    ::在发现氢排放光谱之后,丹麦物理学家尼尔斯·伯尔(Niels Bohr,1885年-1962年)提出了一个1913年的新模型。 伯尔建议,电子在绕核轨道运行时不会辐射能量,而是存在于他称之为固定状态的恒定能量状态中。 这意味着电子轨道与核的固定距离(见图 ) 。 伯尔的工作主要基于氢的发射光谱。 这也被称为原子的行星模型。 它解释了氢原子的内部作用。 伯尔于1922年因工作获得诺贝尔物理奖。

    Bohr's model showing electron orbits around a nucleus with energy levels.

    Bohr’s atomic model hydrogen emission spectra.
    ::Bohr的原子模型氢排放光谱。

    Bohr explained that electrons can be moved into different orbits with the addition of energy. When the energy is removed, the electrons return back to their ground state , emitting a corresponding amount of energy – a quantum of light, or photon . This was the basis for what later became known as quantum theory . This is a theory based on the principle that matter and energy have the properties of both particles and waves. It accounts for a wide range of physical phenomena, including the existence of discrete packets of energy and matter, the uncertainty principle, and the exclusion principle.
    ::伯赫尔解释说,随着能量的增加,电子可以被移入不同的轨道。 当能量被移走时,电子返回到地面状态,释放相应的能量量 — — 光量或光子。 这是后来被称为量子理论的基础。 这是一个基于物质和能量具有粒子和波子特性的原则的理论。 它考虑到一系列广泛的物理现象,包括能源和物质离散包包的存在、不确定性原则以及排除原则。

    According to the Bohr model, often referred to as a planetary model , the electrons encircle the in specific allowable paths called orbits. When the is in one of these orbits, its energy is fixed. The ground state of the hydrogen atom, where its energy is lowest, is when the electron is in the orbit that is closest to the nucleus. The orbits that are further from the nucleus are all of successively greater energy. The electron is not allowed to occupy any of the spaces in between the orbits. An everyday analogy to the Bohr model is the rungs of a ladder. As you move up or down a ladder, you can only occupy specific rungs and cannot be in the spaces in between rungs. Moving up the ladder increases your potential energy, while moving down the ladder decreases your energy.
    ::根据通常被称为行星模型的Bohr模型, 电子环绕在特定可允许路径中称为轨道的轨道中。 当它位于其中的一个轨道中时,它的能量是固定的。 氢原子的地面状态, 其能量是最低的, 是离核最接近的轨道中的电子。 离核更远的轨道都是更远的能量。 电子不允许占据轨道之间的任何空间。 与Bohr模型的日常类比是梯子的吊圈。 当您向上或向下移动时, 您只能占据特定的吊圈, 并且不能在吊圈之间的空隙中。 向上移动梯子会增加你的潜在能量, 而向下移动梯子会降低你的能量 。

    Bohr’s work had a strong influence on our modern understanding of the inner workings of the atom. However, his model worked well for an explanation for the emissions of the hydrogen atom, but was seriously limited when applied to other atoms. Shortly after Bohr published his planetary model of the atom, several new discoveries were made, which resulted in, yet again, a revised view of the atom.
    ::Bohr的工作对我们现代对原子内部运行过程的理解产生了强烈影响。 但是,他的模型在解释氢原子排放方面效果良好,但在应用到其他原子时却受到严重限制。 在Bohr公布其行星原子模型后不久,就出现了一些新发现,这再次导致对原子的修订观点。

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The Bohr model postulates that electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed energy levels.
      ::伯尔模型假设电子在固定能量水平上 绕着核轨道运行
    • Orbits further from the nucleus exist at higher energy levels.
      ::离核心更远的轨道存在于更高的能源水平上。
    • When electrons return to a lower energy level, they emit energy in the form of light.
      ::当电子恢复到较低的能源水平时,它们会以光的形式释放能量。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. When did Bohr propose his model of the atom?
      ::Bohr什么时候提出他的原子模型?
    2. What is a stationary state?
      ::什么是静止状态?
    3. What is the ground state?
      ::地面状况如何?
    4. Can the electron occupy any space between the orbits?
      ::电子能占据轨道之间的任何空间吗?