章节大纲

  • 常规

    全部折叠 展开全部

  • 理想主义和帝国主义-帝国主义

    Metaphysical View of Idealism
    ::理想主义的形形物理观

    Things are composed of
    ::由下列情况构成:

    1. Sensible properties and
      ::健康特性和健康特性及
    2. Matter
      ::物质

    Matter
    ::物质

    Matter was seen as necessary for differentiating one object from another. Suppose you had two objects with the same properties:
    ::物质被认为是区分一个物体和另一个物体所必需的。 假设你有两个具有相同属性的物体:

    • a list of the properties of both would be identical.
      ::两者的属性列表是相同的 。
    • how would you know that you had two objects?
      ::你怎么知道你有两个物体?

    Matter itself had no properties of its own. 
    ::物质本身没有自己的特性。

    Idealism
    ::理想主义

    Problem with Matter :
    ::问题与实质:

    According to Bishop Berkeley, once you took away all of the sensible properties of a thing, you should be left with the bare matter. If it has no properties of its own, how would you know it?  This led him to conclude that a thing is nothing more than its sensible properties. Things are nothing but their properties:
    ::伯克利主教说,一旦你夺走了一件事物的所有理智的属性,你就应该被抛弃。如果一件事物没有其自身的属性,你怎么会知道呢?他由此得出结论,一件事物只是它的合理属性。一件事物只是它们的属性:

    Experiment: 
    ::实验 :

    • Get   three  buckets of water, one at room temperature, one that is as hot as you can stand it, and the third must be very cold (put in ice).
      ::取三桶水,一桶在室温下, 一桶热得你能忍受, 第三桶必须非常冷(冰冻)。
    • Hold your right hand in the  pail of hot water and your left hand in the pail of cold water for about 3 minutes.
      ::右手握在热水桶里 左手握在冷水桶里 大约3分钟
    • Then,  place both hands in the bucket of room temp water.
      ::然后把两只手放在房间的水桶里
    • How does the water feel to the right hand?
      ::水对右手的感觉如何?
    • How does the water feel to the left hand?
      ::水对左手的感觉如何?
    • Aha! What can we conclude from this experiment?
      ::我们从这个实验中能得出什么结论?
    • The "hotness" or "coolness" of the water is not in the water.
      ::水的“热度”或“凉爽度”不在水中。
    • So where is the sensation of "hotness" or "coolness" existing?
      ::那么,哪里存在着“热度”或“酷度”的感觉呢?
    • In your mind?
      ::在你的脑海里?

    Idealism says that :
    ::理想主义说:

    • if the sensible properties of things exist in the mind (not in the things themselves).
      ::如果事物的理性特性存在于心灵(而不是在事物本身),那末,事物的理智特性是存在的。
    • and things are nothing more than bundles of sensible properties, then...
      ::事情只是一堆明智的属性,然后...
    • things must exist in the mind only (as ideas).
      ::事物必须只存在于思想中(作为思想)。

    Problems :
    ::问题:

    • similarity of perception (of objects): why do things seem the same to all of us
      ::认识(目标)的相似性:为什么我们所有人都认为事情看起来是一样的?
    • persistence of objects : do things continue to exist when no one is perceiving them
      ::物体的持久性:在无人觉察到事物的情况下,事物是否继续存在?
    • problem of other minds : how do I know other minds exist?
      ::其它思想的问题:我怎么知道其他思想存在?

    Similarity of perception:
    ::认知的相似性:

    Question : Why do things appear the same to all of us if they are just bundles of ideas in our (individual) minds?
    ::问题:如果事情只是我们(个人)思想中的一连串想法,为什么对我们所有人都看起来是一样的呢?

    Answer :  they might not - the wall may be "blue" because we have all been taught to call it that, not because it really is "blue"           
    ::回答:他们可能不会—— 隔离墙可能是“蓝色”的, 因为我们都学过这样称呼它, 不是因为它真的是“蓝色”的。

    Persistence of objects :
    ::物体的持久性:

    Questions : Do things continue to exist when no one is looking at them? Does the floor outside the room still exist? Does your car still exist in the parking lot?
    ::问题:当没有人在看时,事情会继续存在吗?房间外的地板还存在吗?你的车还在停车场吗?

    Answer 1 : Well, someone is out there right now "seeing" it - this keeps it in existence until i get back. But what if no one is out there right now?
    ::回答1:嗯,现在有人在外"看"它 - 它的存在,直到我回来。但是,如果现在没有人在那里呢?

    Answer 2 :  Someone always is "seeing" all the things in the world at once. Couldn’t that be God? 
    ::回答2:有人总是同时 " 看见 " 世界上所有的东西。 难道那不是上帝吗?

    • Persistence of objects and similarity of perceptions
      ::物体的持久性和看法的相似性
    • Both can be explained by positing an all-knowing (all-seeing) God.
      ::两者都可由一个全知的真主加以解释。
    • Idealists use God to explain how these things continue to exist.
      ::理想主义者利用上帝来解释 这些东西是如何继续存在的
    • They are as they are because God perceives them. 
      ::他们与众人是一样的,因为真主能觉察到他们。

    The problem of other minds:
    ::其它思想的问题:

    Dualist response -
    ::二元反应-

    • Best explanation for what we see in the behavior of others
      ::最能解释我们从他人行为中 所见的最佳解释
    • Biological similarity between bodies makes it even stronger.
      ::各机构间的生物相似性使其更加强大。
    • But - in idealism there is no such physical similarity
      ::- 但在理想主义中,不存在这种物质上的相似性
    • Only way to connect the two is to posit some sort of spiritual similarity.
      ::将两者联系起来的唯一方法 就是建立某种精神上的相似性

    Conclusion:
    ::结论:

    Because of the lack of evidence for other minds, and because of the (supposed) lack of any perceptive faculty by which we can know God (who is needed to solve other problems) idealism will not work as an explanation of how mind and body interact.
    ::因为缺乏其他思想的证据,也因为(假定)缺乏任何能使我们了解上帝(需要他解决其他问题)的洞察力,理想主义不能用来解释思想和身体的相互作用。

    Monism-Materialism
    ::帝国主义-帝国主义

    So now we arrive at the real challenge to the dualist view and the solution to the mind-body problem that is attracting more and more adherents.  In this view there are no minds at all.  At least there are no minds separate from the brain.  There are no non-physical entities.  The mental activities are accounted for in terms of the brain and what it does.  There are a variety of approaches to explaining the mind in terms of the brain.  This approach is a form of monism for it claims or assumes that there is but one substance: matter.  It is a physicalism.
    ::因此,我们现在得出了对二元主义观点的真正挑战,以及正在吸引越来越多的追随者的思想-身体问题的解决方案。 在这种观点中,根本没有任何思想。 至少没有与大脑分开的头脑。 没有非物理实体。 心理活动是以大脑及其作用来核算的。 有一种解释大脑思维的方法。 这种方法是一种单元主义的形式, 它声称或假设只有一种物质: 物质。 它是一种物理。

    Physicialist View of the Mind
    ::心智的物理学家观点

    There will be a great deal of material here. It is put here to challenge your belief that you have a mind.  More and more people are coming to think differently. The belief in a mind has been held by so many and for so long that it takes some doing to demonstrate that perhaps it just is not true.
    ::这里将有大量的材料。 此处是用来挑战你对自己有思想的信念,越来越多的人将改变想法。 许多人对思想的信念已经持有了如此之多的信念,而且这种信念已经存在了如此之久,以至于需要做一些工作来证明,也许这不是真的。

    The claim is made that there is no non-physical mind. All that we do and experience is accounted for in physical terms.  When the day comes that humans interact with a very well made and very complex computer, perhaps in the form of a human body, a robot-android, and the humans cannot tell that it is a silicon based form of activity then humans will realize that they are not really different from the robot. Humans are a carbon-based life form.  The android-robot will be a silicon-based life form.  If humans and androids both act alike and speak of "feelings" and "thoughts" and so forth then humans will know that the mind is just another name for the physical brain.  So, the views presented here will quickly get to the cases of computers and robots as a means of offering proof of the non-existence of a non-physical mind.
    ::声称没有非物理思维。 我们所做的和经验都是以物理术语来计算的。 当一天到来, 当人类与一个非常精密和非常复杂的计算机互动的时候, 也许以人体、机器人和机器人的形式, 人类无法告诉它是一种以硅为基础的活动形式, 然后人类就会意识到它们与机器人并不真正不同。 人类是一种碳基生命形式。 人和机器人将是一种以硅为基础的生命形式。 如果人类和机器人都同时行动, 并且谈论“感觉”和“思考”等等, 那么人类就会知道大脑的思想只是物理大脑的另一种名称。 因此,在这里提出的观点会很快得到计算机和机器人的例子,作为证明非物理思想不存在的手段。

    Future of Robotic Artificial Intelligence
    ::机器人人工智能的未来

    What is there really that you or a human being does that indicates that they have this non-physical entity associated with the behavior. Robots can be programmed to speak, to write, to calculate, to learn and even to make other robots (first step successful in the year 2000).  Robots, androids, can be made to speak of feelings and to report that when for example fluid intake over 4 hours drops below 50 cc to say, "I'm thirsty" or some other appropriate phrase.  The android could be programmed to say what the humans say when fluid intake drops to a low point.  Is there anything more to "feeling thirsty" than that? As the behaviorist, B .F. S kinner, claims, we know that someone is thirsty because they drink. We should not think that they drink because they are thirsty. Neurologists have been busy at work identifying the locations in the brain responsible for memory, speech, creativity and motor control as well as anger, depression and even love, both the physical attraction stage and the "romantic" stage. There have been numerous examples of people who have had their basic behavior change as a result of brain injuries, illnesses and chemical imbalances. With all of this mounting evidence there are many people who believe that there are no non-physical minds, that we have only brains.
    ::事实上,你或一个人究竟做了什么, 表明他们有这个与行为有关的非物理实体。机器人可以被编程来说话,写写,计算,学习,甚至制造其他机器人(2000年第一步成功 ) (2000年第一步成功 ) 。机器人和机器人,可以被编程来谈论感情,并报告,例如,4小时的液体摄入量下降到50cc以下时,就会说,“我渴了”或其他合适的词句。当液体摄入下降到低点时,机器人和机器人可以被编程来表达人类说的话。还有什么比这更“感到渴”的?作为行为学家B.F.斯金纳(B.F.Skinner),我们声称,我们知道有人因为喝酒而渴。我们不应该认为他们喝酒是因为渴。神经学家忙于确定大脑中对记忆、言语、创造力和运动控制负责的地点,以及愤怒、抑郁甚至爱。当液体摄入到低点时, 以及“浪漫”阶段时,人们会说些什么。还有比这更“感到渴”的东西吗?我们有很多例子。作为行为基本的行为变化的证据,我们的人会相信, 大脑的大脑的大脑和脑部都没有。

      Variations on the materialist position
    ::物质立场的差异

    • Behaviorism
      ::行为行为主义
    • Logical behaviorism
      ::逻辑行为主义
    • Semantic behaviorism
      ::语义行为主义
    • Folklore
      ::民俗
    • Functionalism
      ::实权主义
    • Structuralism
      ::结构主义

    Reading Your Mind
    ::阅读心智

    Physicalism
    ::物理运动

    As used in the philosophy of science, physicalism is the view that all factual knowledge can be formulated as a statement about physical objects and activities. Thus, the language of science can be reduced to third person descriptions.
    ::正如在科学哲学中所使用的那样,物理学认为,所有事实知识都可以作为关于物理物体和活动的陈述,因此,科学语言可以缩为第三人描述。

    The positivists defined the physical as that which can be described in the concepts of a language with an intersubjective observation basis. This could be called unity of science physicalism. It is the primary meaning of physicalism in the philosophy of Science. Another type of physicalism might be called causal physicalism, the view that all causes are physical causes.
    ::物理学家将物理定义为一种语言概念中可以描述的具有跨主观观察基础的语言概念,这可以称为科学物理的统一,这是物理学在科学哲学中的首要含义。 另一种物理学可以称为因果物理,即所有原因都是物理原因的观点。

    There is a lot of confusion in the philosophy of mind literature stemming from a tendency to take physicalism and materialism to be interchangeable.
    ::思想文学哲学中有许多混淆,因为有一种倾向认为物理和物质主义是可以互换的。

    Behaviorism
    ::行为行为主义

    Some psychologists believe that they can account for all of human behavior in terms of operant conditioning . All that a human does (including ideas and feelings) are behaviors that can be explained in terms of basic physical factors:
    ::一些心理学家认为,他们可以用操作调节来解释人类的所有行为。 人类所做的(包括思想和感觉)只是可以用基本物理因素来解释的行为:

    • genetic inheritance
      ::遗传遗传继承
    • physical drives
      ::物理驱动器
    • individual human history of interactions
      ::人际相互作用的历史
    • conditioning-learned behavior patterns 
      ::适应-学习行为模式

    There is no essential difference between a human and any other mammal. Humans use language according to what they were reinforced for saying or writing. There is no mind.  There is only the brain as with any other mammal. Human thought is simply brain behavior (activity) that has been learned (reinforced) and associated with some stimuli and evoking some response. 
    ::人类和任何其他哺乳动物之间没有本质的区别。 人类使用的语言与其在言语或写作上所强化的语言不同。 没有头脑。 只有大脑和其他哺乳动物一样。 人类的思想仅仅是大脑行为(活动),已经学会了(强化 ) , 并且与某些刺激和刺激相关, 并引起一些反应。

    Logical Behaviorism
    ::逻辑行为

    The word "mind" is the result of a mistake, an error in logic. If a person arrived on the campus of a large college or university and asked someone in the parking lot, "where is the college?"  that person might point out one building after another saying something like: "well that's the administration building over there."  "That's the gym building way down there." That's the new Science building over there."  then the visitor interjects with "no, I want to know where the college is?" Well the visitor is making the mistake of thinking that the college is a specific place as are the buildings, instead of the college being a name for the entire collection of buildings, programs, instructors, students etc... The visitor is making an error. Well, in like manner the word mind has been mistaken for a thing when it is just a name for a collection of activities of the brain. 
    ::“ 注意” 是错误的结果, 逻辑错误。 如果一个人来到一个大学院或大学的校园里, 问停车场里的人, “ 学院在哪里? ” 那人可能会指出一栋建筑, 一个又一个又一个说着“ 那边是行政大楼” 的建筑。 “ 那是那边的体育馆楼。” 然后, 访客用“ 不, 我想知道学院在哪里?” 的插口说 : “ 不, 我想知道大学在哪里? ” 那么, 访客错误地认为, 大学是一个特定的地方, 和建筑一样, 而不是大学是整个建筑、方案、教官、学生等集合的名称。 游客正在犯一个错误。 嗯, 就像, 当它只是收集大脑活动的名字的时候, 这个词被误解了。

    Semantic Behaviorism
    ::语义行为主义

    Holders of this view believe that the word mind has been improperly associated with the existence of an entity that exists apart from the body, the brain. Those who speak of the mind as if it were a non-physical entity have been reinforced in this inappropriate behavior and incorrect association. 
    ::这种观点的持有者认为,“精神”一词与存在一个与身体,即大脑不同的实体存在有不当的联系。 那些把精神说成是非物理实体的人在这种不适当的行为和不正确的关联中得到了强化。

    Folklore
    ::民俗

    A ll talk of the mind as distinct from the brain originates from an earlier time when people were not as well informed as we are today. Most people have had to abandon thinking of many things that were part of the old folklore, such as:
    ::所有与大脑不同的思想谈话都起源于早期,当时人们并不象今天这样了解情况。 大多数人不得不放弃对许多旧民俗的一部分的思考,例如:

    1. The earth is flat
      ::地是平平的
    2. The earth is at the center of the universe
      ::地球位于宇宙的中心
    3. The sun moves
      ::太阳升起
    4. The moon is a goddess
      ::月亮是女神
    5. Lightning is sent by superhuman beings from above
      ::闪电是由超人从天上发出的

    Functionalism
    ::实权主义

    The mind is really the name given to the collection of brain functions. The mind is what the brain does; we are (very sophisticated) biological machines. According to functionalism, 'mind' refers to the brain's activity of thinking; the mind is not a special kind of thing or substance--not a spiritual thing or a physical thing--but rather a certain kind of activity that is carried out by a physical thing, in the case of humans, by the brain.
    ::大脑其实是大脑功能集合的名称。大脑就是大脑的作用;我们是(非常精密的)生物机器。根据功能学,“心”是指大脑的思维活动;大脑不是一种特殊的东西或物质,不是精神物质,也不是物理物质,而是某种物质活动,就人类而言,是由大脑进行的。

    Analogy #1 : other bodily functions
    ::分析#1:其他身体功能

    Digestion is what the stomach does. Circulating the blood is what the heart does. Cleansing the blood is what the kidneys do. Thinking is what the brain does.
    ::消化是胃的作用。循环血液是心脏的作用。清洗血液是肾的作用。思考是大脑的作用。

    Some machines can do the job of our organs when they fail. Artificial organs are growing more common (cornea implants, kidney machines, and artificial hearts). If thinking is simply the function performed by the brain, it might someday be possible to replace parts of the brain (maybe even the whole brain) With artificial parts. But what does the brain do?
    ::有些机器在器官失灵时可以做器官的工作。人工器官越来越普遍(角形植入器、肾机和人工心脏 ) 。 如果思维仅仅是大脑的功能,那么有一天有可能用人工器官取代大脑的一部分(甚至整个大脑 ) 。 但是大脑会做什么呢?

    The brain processes information gathered by the senses and stored in memory. The outputs of this processing include the things we say, think and do. In effect, thinking is a form of computation. The mind is to the brain as software is to hardware.
    ::大脑处理由感官收集并存储在记忆中的信息。 此处理的输出包括我们所说的、 思考和做的东西。 实际上, 思考是一种计算的形式。 大脑的思维是作为软件的硬件对大脑的思考。

    Two important considerations have added plausibility to this view of the mind.
    ::两种重要的考虑因素使这种思想观点更加可信。

    Computers can be made of almost anything.In principle, it is possible to build a computer out of almost anything.  Early electronic computers were made with vacuum tubes.  Current computers are made with transistors and silicon chips.  Any device that can be used to "read" and "write" from a "tape" on which are symbols that represent "1's" and "0's" can be used to build a computer. In 1833 C harles B abbage conceived a design for a mechanical computer made from interlocking gears and levers. He called his computer "the analytical engine." the problem with using mechanical components is that computers made from them perform their computations so slowly, they are practically useless.
    ::计算机几乎可以用任何东西来制造。 原则上, 可以用几乎任何东西来制造一台计算机。 早期的电子计算机是用真空管制造的。 目前的计算机是用晶体管和硅片制造的。 任何可以用“ 磁带” 来“ 读” 和“ 写” 的装置, 上面的符号代表“ 1 ” 和“ 0 ” , 可以用来制造一台计算机。 1833年, 查尔斯· 巴贝吉设计了一个机械计算机的设计, 由相互连接的齿轮和杠杆制成。 他称计算机为“ 分析引擎 ” 。 使用机械部件的问题在于计算机的计算过程如此缓慢, 它们实际上毫无用处。

    Nature, however, found a way to build a computer using biological components, without silicon chips and transistors. We call it the brain.
    ::然而,大自然却找到了一种方法, 利用生物成分来制造一台计算机, 没有硅芯片和晶体管。我们称之为大脑。

    Levels of Explanation for Psychology
    ::心理学解释水平

    Psychology started out as the study of the mind, and by "mind," most early psychologists meant something like the Cartesian soul . When souls fell from fashion, psychologists faced a problem: if there are no souls, and if neurologists study brains, what's left for psychologists to study?
    ::心理学起源于对心灵的研究,而大多数早期心理学家的“小心 ” , 意思是像笛卡尔人的灵魂。 当灵魂从时尚中坠落时,心理学家面临一个问题:如果没有灵魂,如果神经学家研究大脑,心理学家还有什么可以学习的?

    When behaviorism was "in" psychology became the study of behavior. But now behaviorism is "out," so what is psychology the science of? Today,  psychology is the study of cognitive and other processes carried on in the brain. Who knows what it will be studying when that particular subject goes out of fashion.
    ::当行为主义是“在”心理学成为行为研究的时候。但现在行为主义是“在 ” , 那么心理学是什么?今天,心理学是对认知和其他过程的研究,在大脑中进行。当这个特定主题过时时,谁知道它会研究什么。

    Levels of Explanation for Computers and Brains
    ::计算机和大脑解释水平

    Computers
    ::计算机计算机

    • Physical level : from one point of view (the engineer's) all that is going on in a computer is a series of electronic changes.
      ::物理层面:从一个角度看(工程师的),计算机中发生的一切都是一系列电子更改。
    • Design level : from another point of view (the programmer's) the machine is running a program.
      ::设计级别:从另一个角度(程序员)看,机器正在运行一个程序。
    • Commonsense level : from our point of view (the user) the computer is word processing or solving an equation.
      ::常识层面:从我们(用户)的角度来看,计算机是文字处理或解析方程式。

    Brains
    ::脑脑

    • Physical level: from one point of view (the neuro-biologist) all that is going on in a brain is a series of chemical changes
      ::物理水平:从一个观点(神经生物学家)来看,脑部中发生的一切 都是一系列化学变化
    • Design level : from another point of view (the psychologist's) the brain is running a program.
      ::设计水平:从另一个角度(心理学家)看,大脑正在运行一个程序。
    • Commonsense level : from our point of view (the user) the brain is thinking
      ::常识层面:从我们的角度来看(用户),大脑在思考

    Thus, most psychologists are functionalists, the mind is to the brain as a program is to a computer. Is a thinking computer a possible thing? Since both computers and brains are computational/information processing devices, it should be possible, in principle, to build a computer that thinks.
    ::因此,大多数心理学家都是功能论者,大脑的思想是大脑,因为程序就是计算机。 思考计算机是可能的吗? 计算机和大脑都是计算/信息处理设备,因此原则上应该可以建立一个思考的计算机。

    Objection
    ::反对反对

    A  computer can only do what it is programmed to do. We aren't programmed; we decide what we will do.
    ::计算机只能做它被编程要做的事情。 我们没有编程; 我们决定要做什么。

    Analogy
    ::对比分析

    • Computer program + input history = what the computer will do next.
      ::计算机程序+输入历史 = 计算机下一步将做什么。
    • Genetic make-up + experience = what you will do next.
      ::基因构成+经验 = 下一步你将做什么。

    Your behavior is the product of the nature of your genes and the nurture of your experience. The computer's behavior is the product of the nature of its program and the nurture of its input.  So what's the difference?
    ::您的行为是您基因和经历的培养的产物。 计算机的行为是其程序的性质及其投入的培养的产物。 那么,有什么区别呢?

    So there are those who think that humans are just very complex organic machines, that humans are not essentially different from an organic computing device. When a computer is made that acts so much like a human that most people would not be able to tell that it was a computer then we shall know that humans do not have a non-physical mind or a non-physical soul but that we are hydro-carbon life forms that have complex information processing units (brains) that are capable of behavior indicating awareness.
    ::因此,有些人认为人类只是非常复杂的有机机器,人类与有机计算装置没有本质上的区别。 当计算机的制作过程像人类那样,大多数人都无法说它是计算机,那么我们就会知道,人类没有非物理思维或非物理灵魂,但我们是碳氢化合物生命体,拥有复杂的信息处理器(branins),能够表明意识的行为。

    There are numerous works of science fiction and movies and television series that have had robots in human form, androids. These robots or thinking machines have been mistaken for being human or have acquired so many human traits as to be deemed worthy of being accorded human rights.
    ::有许多科幻小说、电影和电视系列作品都有人形机器人和机器人,这些机器人或思想机器被误认为是人,或者已经获得许多人性特征,因此被认为值得给予人权。

    Data Controversy Over Rights-Star Trek, Next Generation
    ::下一代人,权利星际迷航,数据争议数据

    Structuralism
    ::结构主义

    The mind is a name given to a collection of brain structures. Each mental event is accounted for in terms of the various arrangements and operations of parts of the brain.
    ::脑部是大脑结构集合的名称,每种精神事件都根据大脑部分的各种安排和运行情况来计算。

    Structuralism
    ::结构主义

    Materialism
    ::物质主义

    Materialism is another form of M onism: There is only one kind of substance in the universe and only material substance exists; there is no non-physical substance. This view had important implications for existence of god, soul, angels etc...There are 3 main points:
    ::物质主义是另一种形式:宇宙中只有一种物质,只有物质存在;没有非物质。这种观点对上帝、灵魂、天使等的生存有着重要影响。

    1. Uniformity of (physical) laws
      :伤心有形)法律的统一性
    2. Denial that there is “intelligent” purpose
      ::否认存在“智慧”目的
    3. Denial of non-physical entities
      ::否定非实体

    Uniformity of Law
    ::法律统一性

    Physical laws are descriptive: they don’t say how it ought to be, but rather they describe how things actually behave. Physical laws describe a universe which operates according to regular, uniform laws.  
    ::物理法是描述性的:它们没有说它应该如何,而是描述事物的实际行为。 物理法描述了一个按照常规统一法运作的宇宙。

    1. Every event has a cause  
      ::每个事件都有其原因
    2. Same causes under same conditions get same effects.
      ::同一原因在同样条件下产生同样效果。

    Denial of Intelligent Purpose
    ::拒绝给予智慧目的

    One challenge to materialism is that it must be able to explain “intentionality” of actions.    
    ::物质主义面临的一个挑战是,它必须能够解释行动的“意图”。

    • acts can serve a purpose - like blinking reflex
      ::行为可以达到目的,例如闪闪反射
    • but acts occur because the laws of physics hold true - not because they are directed by someone.
      ::但行为之所以发生 是因为物理定律是真实的 并不是因为由某人指挥

    Denial of Non-Physical Entities
    ::拒绝非物理实体

    Non-physical entities are proposed out of ignorance of the true nature of things. Once we realize that there are only physical causes for things, we will look for (and find) just those sorts of causes.
    ::无形实体的提出是出于对事物真实性质的无知。 一旦我们意识到事物只有物理原因,我们就会寻找(并找到)这些原因。

    • Where are they?
      ::他们在哪里?
    • Can we spot such things?
      ::我们能发现这种东西吗?
    • Why do we need to suppose they exist?
      ::为什么我们需要假设它们存在?

    Brain As a Machine
    ::大脑像机器一样

    The mere act of catching an object thrown to us requires an enormous amount of processing power and speed.
    ::仅仅抓获被抛给我们的物体就要求巨大的处理能力和速度。

    • calculate trajectory
      ::计算轨迹
    • moving to intercept object on its trajectory
      ::在其轨迹上移动拦截对象
    • coordinating grasping motions along with recovery from motion in 3 dimensional space.
      ::在三维空间中协调掌握运动与从运动中恢复。

    So what do we do with mentalistic terms?
    ::那么,我们如何对待思想主义的术语呢?

    • Thought  is a particular brain process
      ::思想是脑中一个特殊的过程
    • Mind is  our collective awareness of our own brain processes
      ::头脑是我们对大脑过程的集体意识
    • Memory is  a physical process of information storage and retrieval
      ::内存是信息存储和检索的物理过程
    • Dreaming is testing and establishing relationships between information stored in memory.
      ::梦想是测试和确定存储在记忆中的信息之间的关系。

    Uploading Consciousness... Michio Kaku
    ::上传的意識... Michio Kaku

    What is consciousness?
    ::什么是意识?

    Do we have consciousness because we are aware of it or are we aware of things because we possess consciousness? Why does it exist and, most importantly, how?
    ::我们之所以有意识,是因为我们意识到它,还是因为我们有意识而知道事情?为什么存在这种意识,最重要的是,它是如何存在的呢?

    The answers to all these questions are constantly debated in philosophy, especially philosophy of mind. When it comes to robotics and the expansion of technology towards A.I., these arguments focuses into the consequences and the treatment of the new perspectives humans would face if technology reaches the ability to produce robots that can develop consciousness. Some of the questions brought to awareness are of how would conscious androids be treated? Are they entitled to human rights, since they would possess, even if artificially, the same properties as human beings – feelings, awareness, consciousness, emotions? What to do if a conscious android wouldn’t fit into the expectations of its purpose? The first impulsive answer would be too simply “turn it off”, but think again: could it be considered murder, since you are “removing” life from a conscious being?
    ::所有这些问题的答案都是在哲学,特别是思想哲学中不断辩论。当涉及到机器人和技术向人工智能的扩展时,这些论点集中在如果技术能够产生能培养意识的机器人,人类将面临的新观点的后果和处理上。 引起人们注意的一些问题是意识和机器人将如何得到治疗?他们是否有权享有人权,因为他们将拥有与人类相同的属性 — — 感情、意识、意识、情感 — — 即使是人为的 — — 情感、意识和情感?如果一个有意识和机器人无法适应其目的的期望,那么该怎么办?第一个冲动的答案将是过于简单地“把它关掉 ” , 但要再次思考:它是否可以被视为谋杀,因为你从意识中“移动”了生命?

    Among the population, the idea of co-existing with conscious androids brings not only questions and concerns, but also fears. But what are we really afraid of?  Are we afraid that they might become dangerous? That the androids may form an “army” and dominate humans, turning against their own “masters?" Or is it that we are not prepared to realize that humans may not be the last degree in the evolutionary scale we were always so proud and safe to dominate?
    ::在人口当中,与自觉和机器人共存的概念不仅带来问题和担忧,而且带来恐惧。 但我们真正害怕的是什么? 我们害怕它们会变得危险吗? 机器人可能形成“军队”并统治人类,与自己的“主人”作对? 还是我们不准备认识到人类可能不是我们一直如此自豪和安全地主宰的进化规模的最后一步?

    The Singularity
    ::独一性

    Singularity is the idea that machines could have the capacity to evolve at a faster pace than humans and is linked to the fear of robots gaining too much control.
    ::独特性是机器能够比人类更快发展的能力, 并且与对机器人控制过度的恐惧联系在一起。

    Conclusions : 
    ::结论:

    • materialism does not allow for spiritual entities:
      ::物质主义不允许精神实体:
    • no God, soul, angels, or devils.
      ::没有上帝,没有灵魂,没有天使,没有魔鬼

    Problems
    ::问题、问题、问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题

    • idealism may lead us into a radical solipsism: the view that I am the only being in the world
      ::理想主义可能引导我们走向激进的柔软主义:认为我是世界上唯一的人
    • yet, dualism cannot explain how the mind and body interact.
      ::然而,二元主义无法解释大脑和身体的相互作用。

    More Conclusions
    ::更多结论

    If we as humans are just a form of organic machine, then:
    ::如果我们作为人类只是有机机器的一种形式,那么:

    • is it possible to construct a non-organic machine which can do the same things?
      ::能否建造一个能做同样事情的非机体机器?
    • could we create an artifact which was intelligent?
      ::我们能创造出一个聪明的文物吗?
    • this will require that we know what intelligence is
      ::这需要我们知道什么是情报
    • it will also require that we understand how it is that humans are intelligent
      ::还需要我们理解 人类是聪明的

    Read
    ::已读

    lesson content

    EPISD Informed Problem Solvers Goal
    ::EPISD 信息化解决问题者目标

      

    Philosophical Applications
    ::哲学应用

    lesson content

    EPISD Critical Knowledge and Creative Thinking Goal
    ::EPISD 关键知识和创造性思维目标

      lesson content

    Gloria’s Near Death Experience
    ::格洛丽亚近临死亡经历

    “As I was lying on the table I heard the doctors pronounce the operation a failure and pronounce me dead. I then remember them frantically trying to resuscitate me. While they were trying to bring me back to life, I was just floating up near the ceiling. It was a weird feeling because I was up there and my body was below… Then I seemed to wander up through the floors of the hospital. I saw plainly, for instance, a young man who had been injured in an automobile accident… Then everything began to get dark: I passed through a spiraling tunnel until I seemed to come to a place illuminated by an immensely bright light… A tremendous peace overcame me. My grandmother, who had died 9 years before, was there. I couldn’t see her—for she seemed behind me—but I could feel her presence and hear her voice… Suddenly I was thrust back into my body. I don’t know how or why. My next recollection is of the nurse standing near me in the recovery room.”
    ::“当我躺在桌子上时,我听到医生宣布手术失败并宣布我死亡,然后我记得他们疯狂地试图让我复活。当他们试图让我复活时,我只是漂浮在天花板上,感觉怪怪的,因为我在天花板上,我的身体在天花板下面......然后我似乎在医院的地板上徘徊。我看到一个在汽车事故中受伤的年轻人......然后一切开始变得暗淡:我经过一个螺旋式隧道,直到我似乎看到一个光线照亮的地方......一个巨大的和平降临了我。我祖母9年前去世,在那里。我看不到她——因为她似乎在我身后——但我能感觉到她的存在,听到她的声音......我突然看到她的声音......我被挤回我的身体。我不知道是什么或为什么。我的下一个印象是护士站在我身边的康复室里。”

    1. Does Gloria’s near-death experience convince you that mind and body are separate entities? Why or why not?
      ::格洛丽亚的濒临死亡的经历是否使你相信头脑和身体是独立的实体? 为什么或为什么不是?
    2. If yes, can you think of further reasons that support the conclusions that Gloria’s mind had indeed left her body?
      ::如果答案是肯定的,你能想到支持Gloria的头脑确实离开了她的身体这一结论的其他理由吗?
    3. What would you say to the researchers who claim that Gloria’s experiences were caused by neurological activity in the brain?
      ::格洛丽亚的经历是由大脑神经活动引起的。

    Vocabulary
    ::词汇表

    lesson content

    EPISD Effective Bilingual Education Goal
    ::EPISD 有效双语教育目标