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  • General

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  • 非金属

    A large pile of various metal screws and nails, organized by type.

    When we sort parts in our shop or garage, we often classify them in terms of common properties.  One container might hold all the screws (possibly sub-divided by size and type).  Another container would be for nails.  Maybe there is a set of drawers for plumbing parts. 
    ::当我们在我们的商店或车库中分拣零件时,我们常常将它们按共同特性分类。一个集装箱可能持有所有螺丝(可能按大小和类型细分 ) 。 另一个集装箱是钉子。 也许有一套管道部件抽屉。

    When you get finished, you could also have a collection of things that don’t nicely fit a category.  You define them in terms of what they are not.  They are not electrical components, or sprinkler heads for the yard, or parts for the car.  These parts may have some common properties, but are a variety of items.
    ::当您完成后, 您也可以拥有一系列不适合某类的东西。 您也可以根据它们不是什么来定义它们。 它们不是电子部件, 或院子里的喷水机头, 或汽车的零件。 这些零件可能有一些共同的特性, 但却是各种各样的物品 。

    Nonmetals
    ::非金属

    In the chemical world, these “spare parts” would be considered nonmetals, loosely defined as not having the properties of . A nonmetal is an that is generally a poor conductor of and electricity. Most properties of nonmetals are the opposite of metals. There is a wider variation in properties among the nonmetals than among the metals.  Nonmetals exist in all three . The majority are , such as nitrogen and oxygen. Bromine is a . A few are solids, such as carbon and sulfur. In the solid state, nonmetals are brittle , meaning that they will shatter if struck with a hammer. The solids are not lustrous. points are generally much lower than those of metals.   The green elements in the table below are nonmetals.
    ::在化学世界中,这些“塑料部分”将被视为非金属,定义松散,不具有......的特性。非金属一般是贫乏的导体和电力。非金属的特性大多与金属相反。非金属的特性差异比金属的特性大。所有三种金属都存在非金属的特性差异更大。大部分是氮和氧等。溴是一。少数是固体,如碳和硫。在固体状态下,非金属是易碎的,意味着如果用锤子击打,它们就会碎裂。固体的特性一般比金属低得多。以下表格中的绿色元素是非金属。

    Periodic table highlighting nonmetals in green, metals in blue, and metalloids in orange.

    Nonmetals have a wide variety of uses.  Sulfur can be employed in gunpowder, fireworks, and matches to facilitate ignition (see Figure ).  This element is also widely used as an insecticide, a fumigant, or a means of eliminating certain types of fungus.  An important role for sulfur is the manufacture of rubber for tires and other materials.  First discovered in 1839 by Charles Goodyear, the process of vulcanization makes the rubber more flexible and elastic as well as being more resistant to changes in temperature .  A major use of sulfur is for the preparation of sulfur-containing compounds such as sulfuric .
    ::非金属用途多种多样,硫磺可用于火药、烟花和火柴,以便于点火(见图 ) 这一元素还被广泛用作杀虫剂、熏蒸剂或消除某些种类的真菌的手段,硫磺的一个重要作用是制造轮胎和其他材料用的橡胶,Charles Goodyear于1839年首次发现硫化过程使橡胶更加灵活和弹性,并且更耐受温度变化的影响。

    Piled yellow sulfur crystals used in various applications like gunpowder and rubber manufacturing.

    Sulfur.
    ::硫磺

    Bromine is a versatile , used mainly in manufacture of flame-retardant materials, especially important for children’s clothing (see Figure ).  For treatment of water in swimming pools and hot tubs, bromine is beginning to replace chlorine as a disinfectant because of its higher effectiveness.  When incorporated into compounds, bromine atoms play important roles in pharmaceuticals for treatment of pain, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease.
    ::溴是一种多用途产品,主要用于制造阻燃材料,对于儿童衣着尤其重要(见图 ) 。 关于游泳池和热浴缸的水处理,溴因其效率较高而开始取代氯作为消毒剂的消毒剂。 将溴原子纳入化合物后,在治疗疼痛、癌症和阿尔茨海默氏病的药物中起着重要作用。

    Ampoule containing bromine, a versatile nonmetal used in flame retardants and pharmaceuticals.

    Bromine.
    ::溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题 溴问题

    Helium is one of the many nonmetals that is a gas.  Other nonmetal gases include hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, and all the group eighteen noble (or inert) gases.  Helium is chemically non-reactive, so it is useful for applications such as balloons (see Figure ) and lasers, where non-flammability is extremely important.  Liquid helium exists at an extremely low temperature and can be used to cool superconducting magnets for imaging studies (MRI, magnetic imaging).  Leaks in vessels and many types of high-vacuum apparatus can be detected using helium. Inhaling helium changes the speed of sound, producing a higher pitch in your voice.  This is definitely an unsafe practice and can lead to physical harm and death.
    ::是许多非金属气体之一,其他非金属气体包括氢、氟、氯和所有第十八类惰性(或惰性)气体。在化学上不具有反应性,因此对气球(见图)和激光等应用是有用的,在这些应用中,不易燃是极为重要的。液体存在于极低的温度下,可用于冷却超导磁铁,用于成像研究(MRI、磁成像)。容器中的渗漏和许多类型的高真空装置都可以用探测出来。吸入会改变声音的速度,在声音中产生更高的音调。这绝对是一种不安全的做法,并可能导致身体伤害和死亡。

    A Goodyear blimp flying in a clear blue sky.

    Blimp.
    ::布莱姆

      

     

     

    Summary  
    ::摘要

    • Nonmetals are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity.
      ::非金属通常是热电导体差。
    • Properties of nonmetals are usually the opposite of properties of metals
      ::非金属的特性通常与金属的特性相反。
    • Nonmetals can be solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature depending upon the element.
      ::非金属在室温下可以是固体、液体或气体,视元素而定。
    • Sulfur, bromine, and helium are typical nonmetals.
      ::硫、溴和是典型的非金属。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What are the properties of nonmetals?
      ::非金属的特性是什么?
    2. List the states of matter in which nonmetals can exist and give one example of each state.
      ::列出非金属可能存在的物质状态,并举一个国家为例。
    3. What are the physical properties and uses of sulfur?
      ::硫磺的物理特性和用途是什么?
    4. What are the physical properties and uses of bromine?
      ::溴的物理特性和用途是什么?
    5. What are the physical properties and uses of helium?
      ::的物理特性和用途是什么?