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  • 激进自由和存在主义

    lesson content

    Existentialism
    ::存在主义

    There have been no greater defenders of the view that humans are free than the existentialists. Although their influence was in substantial decline at the end of the last century the legacy of their thinking is still evident in the ideas of many thinkers, artists, writers and even many students. We shall examine the ideas of one of the most famous of this group of philosophers. The thought of Jean Paul Sartre may appear to be quite appealing to those who hold for human freedom. However, the thinking of the existentialists is so radical and extreme that the implications of human freedom may be quite disturbing. In their writing's the existentialists report of becoming quite disturbed and even physically ill as they would contemplate the full import of their ideas. It may be comforting to believe that we are free.  For the existentialists that freedom is so extreme that it is part of our very being, our defining characteristic.  The tremendous responsibility that accompanies that freedom can produce a “fear and trembling” and a “sickness unto death” even “nausea”. How do the existentialists arrive at their ideas of human freedom?
    ::没有比存在主义者更能捍卫人类自由的观点了。尽管在上个世纪末,人类的影响力大幅度下降,但他们的思想遗产仍然在许多思想家、艺术家、作家甚至许多学生的思想中显露出来。我们应该研究这一类哲学家中最有名者之一的想法。让·保罗·萨特尔的想法似乎对那些拥有人类自由的人非常有吸引力。然而,存在主义者的思维如此激进和极端,以至于人类自由的影响可能相当令人不安。在他们的文章中,存在主义者的报告说,随着他们思考其思想的全部内容,他们的思想变得相当混乱,甚至身体病痛。相信我们是自由的也许令人感到欣慰。对于那些认为自由是极端的、是我们自身的一部分、我们特征的生存主义者来说,自由能够产生“恐惧和颤抖”以及“死亡的恐惧”甚至“海洋”的巨大责任。生存主义者如何看待其人类自由思想呢?

    Jean-Paul Sartre
    ::让-保罗·萨特

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    Key Ideas:
    ::密钥概念 :

    • Radical Freedom
      ::激进自由
    • Existence Precedes Essence
      ::存在频谱
    • Consciousness
      ::意识
    • Being - For –Itself
      ::- 为自己 - 它自己
    • Self Defining- Projection  
      ::自我定义预测
    • Condemned To Be Free
      ::被谴责为自由

    Sartre was a writer and existentialist following World War II.  At the heart of his philosophy is a deep yearning for freedom and a concomitant sense of responsibility. While one is never free of their situation, Sartre felt, "in the end one is always responsible for what is made of one."
    ::萨特在二战后曾是作家和存在主义者。 他哲学的核心是渴望自由和随之而来的责任感。 尽管他从未摆脱过他们的处境,但萨特感到,“归根结底,一个人总是对一个人的所作所为负责。 ”

    For Sartre a basic idea shared by nearly all existentialists is that: Existence precedes essence, by what is meant is that: Human beings first come into existence then they determine their own essence.
    ::对于萨特尔来说,几乎所有存在者都认同的一个基本理念是:存在先于实质,其含义是:人类首先存在,然后决定自己的本质。

    There is no essence to anything that exists. There is no pre-existent essence that makes a thing what it is. There is no essence to a human being that preexists the human and makes a human what that human is. There is no essence to being a male or a female. There are no predetermined roles. N othing is predetermined. There is no  fate or destiny. Humans make themselves what they are. Humans choose to believe what they do about themselves.  Humans choose to believe in something called a human nature. But humans make that nature what it is by choosing to be what they are. There is no God that predetermines what humans are and even if there is a God, God made humans free to determine their own natures.  Humans are freedom. I am what I choose. We are what we decide we are. There is no nature for a woman that requires that she produces children, stay at home and raise them and stay apart from the business world of men. A woman, any woman can be whatever she chooses.  She can have her body altered to take on the physical characteristics of a male.  All talk of absolute equality and opportunity and anti-discrimination and anti-stereotyping owes a great deal to the ideas of the existentialists.
    ::不存在任何事物的精髓,不存在任何存在的东西的精髓。没有先有的精髓能创造某种事物。没有先有的精髓能创造某种事物。没有先有的精髓能创造人类,使人类成为人类的精髓;没有精髓能使人成为人类的精髓;没有男的或女的精髓;没有预定的角色;没有预定的角色;没有预定的;没有预定的;没有注定的;没有注定的;人自作自受;人自作自受;人自作自受;人自作主;人自作主;人自作主;人自作主;人自作主;人自作主;人性,而自作主;人自作主;人自作主;人自作主;人自作主,自作主;人自作主;人自作主,自作主;人自作主;人自作主;人自作主;人,自作主;人自作主;人作主;人,自作主;人;人作主;人作主;人作主;但人作主的本作主;人;人;凡使人作主的本作主;凡物,而作主;凡所为主的;凡使的;凡为主;凡使人作主;凡使的;凡在的;凡在的;凡使的;凡使的;凡使的;凡使的;的;的;的;凡使的,凡使的,凡使的,凡物,凡物;凡物;凡使的,

    We are told the story of how there was a beginning to time and how there will be an end of time.  There was a creation and there will come an end.  God started the universe and God will end it.  This is the Western Story.  It is a linear tale.  Time has a beginning, moves ahead, and will come to an end.
    ::有人告诉我说:前世是怎样的,后世是怎样的;后世是怎样的。后世是怎样的;后世是怎样的。后世是怎样的。后世是怎样的。后世是真主创造的,后世是结局的。后世是真主创造的,后世是真主将结束的。这是西方的故事,这是天经。后世是有开始的,后世是未来的,后世是结局的。

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    [start--------------------middle -----------------end]
    ::[开始 - - - - - - - - -

    Each of us has a personal time line and history.
    ::我们每个人都有个人的时间线和历史。

    [birth------------------middle------------------death]
    ::[生... 生... 死]

    We believe that we exist in each second of time throughout our lives.  Each moment is a pearl on a string of pearls.
    ::我们相信,我们一生中每一秒钟都存在,每一时刻都是珍珠,藏在一串珍珠上。

    We think that we are in some way the string of pearls. But the truth is there is no string of pearls.  There is no collection of moments.  There is no self that exists throughout the entire span of time.
    ::我们以为我们在某种程度上是珍珠的绳索,但其实没有珍珠系的绳索,没有瞬间集合的绳索,没有自我存在于一个时期。

    For S artre, there is no self that exists through time.  There is only the now and in the now, the eternal present, there is only the awareness and not the awareness of our self being aware.  We each of us are only aware of the computer in front of us, its light, the feeling of the chair on our buttocks, the floor on the bottom of our feet.  We are not aware of something called the self that would be doing these things and feeling these feelings.  We are only the collection of awareness and we are not aware of the self being aware.  We are our awareness.  We are being.  We are being–for-itself.
    ::对萨特而言,没有一个人在时间上存在,只有现在和现在,永恒的现在,只有认识,而不是认识我们自身。我们每个人都知道我们面前的电脑,它的光线,我们的屁股上的椅子的感觉,我们的脚底的地板。我们不知道什么叫自己的东西会做这些事情,感受这些感觉。我们只是认识的集合,我们不知道自己的认识。我们是认识的,我们是了解的,我们是了解的。我们是了解的,我们是了解的。我们是了解的,我们是了解的。我们是自觉的,我们是自觉的。

    • There is no past. 
      ::没有过去。
    • There is no future. 
      ::没有未来。
    • They do not exist. 
      ::它们并不存在。
    • There is only the present. 
      ::只有现在。
    • You cannot touch the past.
      ::你不能碰过去。
    • You cannot see it, hear it or prove that it exists. 
      ::你看不到它,听它或者证明它的存在。
    • Not in any way does the past have real being.
      ::过去的过去绝对没有真正的存在。
    • The past exists only in our memory and that exists only in the present. 
      ::过去只存在于我们的记忆中,它只存在于现在。
    • Thus, the past cannot determine in any way what we do because it does not exist.
      ::因此,过去不能以任何方式决定我们做什么,因为它不存在。
    • Neither does the future exist.  
      ::未来也不存在。
    • We are always in the present and we are free to choose what of the past (our memories) we shall use and in what way we shall use it. 
      ::我们永远是现在的,我们有选择过去(我们的记忆)如何使用和如何使用的自由。
    • We are also free to project into the future any idea we choose of what it is we want to be, including dead.  
      ::我们还可以自由地向未来提出任何我们所选择的我们想要成为什么的想法,包括死亡。
    • It is all a matter of choice.
      ::这一切都是一个选择的问题。

    If I  believe that I  am a woman trapped in a man’s body then I  can choose to change that body.  If I  decide I  am to be a bird then I can begin to fly by jumping high and flapping my arms.  I may not fly very far;  I may not fly very well and I  may not look to others as a bird but I  am not to allow them to define who I  am or what I am.  I am free to be whatever I choose.  I can be master or slave to others thoughts about what and who I  am and how I am to act and live.  I can determine my own mode of being, my own essence.  If others attempt to define me or confine me with definitions and DNA  analysis and their attempts to categorize me and stereotype me, I  have a choice.  I can either accept their attempts to turn me into a thing for them to manipulate and confine or I  can refuse and be who and what I  decide I  am and what I am to be.
    ::如果我认为我是一个被困在男人身体中的女人,那么我就可以选择改变身体。如果我决定我是一只鸟,那么我就可以开始飞,跳高和拍打我的手臂。我可能不会飞太远;我可能飞得很快,我可能不会把别人看成是一只鸟,但我不允许他们界定我是谁或我是什么。我可以随心所欲地随心所欲。我可以成为别人的主人或奴隶,去思考我是谁,我是谁,我是什么人,我是什么人,我是什么人,我是什么人,我是什么人,我是什么人,我是什么人。我可以决定我是什么人,我是什么人。我可以决定我是什么人,我是什么人。

    Whether or not there is a God is a matter for humans to choose.  No matter what humans do they must choose.  Even if they decide not to choose they have chosen.  For S artre, humans are condemned to be free.  Humans cannot escape from their freedom as long as they live. Some humans cannot tolerate the radical freedom and they choose to kill themselves.  Then there is no more freedom and the human has become being-in-itself, a thing, a corpse.  Humans decide whether or not to accept the Bible. They decide whether or not to believe in a God.  If a human hears a voice or sees some vision the human must decide, is it:
    ::人究竟能选择呢?还是能选择呢?还是能选择呢?无论人选择谁,都是一样的;即使他们决定不选择谁,(也不要选择);对于撒特尔,人必得自由;凡人活着,不能逃避自由;凡人不能忍受极端的自由,而且自愿自杀;凡人既无自由,又无死亡;凡人既无自由,又无死亡;凡人决定是否接受《圣经》;凡人决定是否信仰真主;凡人听从别人的声音,或见他所决定的视觉,都是他所决定的。

    1. An illusion, hallucination
      ::幻觉,幻觉,幻觉
    2. The devil appearing as God
      ::魔鬼以上帝的面目出现
    3. God, or entity sent from God
      ::上帝或上帝派来的实体

    There is no escaping the choice.
    ::别无选择。

    Read
    ::已读

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    EPISD Informed Problem Solvers Goal
    ::EPISD 信息化解决问题者目标

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    Jean-Paul Sartre-Condemmed to Freedom
    ::让-保罗·萨特-支持自由组织

      Albert Camus on Freedom and Existentialism
    ::艾伯特·卡穆斯关于自由和存在主义

    For Albert Camus, an existentialist, the first and most important philosophical question is: Why not kill myself?  Each human is capable of suicide.  It does not require a great deal of education or a great deal of chemicals or equipment.  People can think of a dozen or more ways to kill themselves that requires no money.  There are dozens of items in supermarket or hardware store with which a suicide can be facilitated.  So, each day some human arises and does not commit suicide they have decided not to do so.  They have decided to live their life and accept what is on their daily schedule.  There is no escaping that we choose the life that we lead because if we did not want it we could do otherwise.  We could even kill ourselves and end it all.  But we don’t.  We go on.  We choose to go on living.  We choose to continue on in this course and put up with all the work.  It is a choice.  We are free.  We can do otherwise.  We can leave the course, leave college, and leave the country.  We can do many things and we can choose not to choose anymore and commit suicide.
    ::对于阿尔伯特·卡穆斯来说,第一个也是最重要的哲学问题是:为什么不自杀?每个人都有能力自杀。它不需要大量的教育或大量的化学物质或设备。人们可以想到十几个或更多的自杀方法,而不需要钱。超市或五金店有几十个物品可以协助自杀。所以,每天都有人出现,而不是自杀,他们决定不这样做。他们决定过自己的生活,接受日常计划。我们不能逃避我们选择的生活,因为如果我们不想这样做,我们也可以这样做。我们甚至可以杀死自己,结束这一切。但是我们不这样做。我们选择继续生活,我们选择继续这样做,忍受所有的工作。这是一个选择。我们是自由的,我们可以做其他选择。我们可以离开课程,离开大学,离开国家。我们可以做很多事情,我们可以选择不再选择和自杀。

    There are many people who act as if they have no choice.  This is the one evil for Sartre.  The one bad thing is to act as if, to speak as if there were no choice and as if one were not responsible for what one does or what is done with what one does.  This is bad faith .  There are many people who commit this bad act.  They attempt to convince others that they are not responsible for their actions and that they are not really free.  They make up many explanations and excuses for what they have done.  They choose to represent the actions as being somehow forced upon them and not the result of choice at all.
    ::有许多人,好像他们别无选择一样。这是萨特的恶行。一个坏事是,好像没有选择,好像一个人对自己的所作所为或所作所为不负责任。这是不诚实的。许多人做了这种恶行,他们试图说服别人,他们对自己的行为不负责任,他们并不真正自由。他们为自己的所作所为做了许多解释和借口。他们选择以某种方式强迫他们的行为而不是选择的结果来代表他们的行为。

    • My abusive parents made me do it.
      ::我虐待父母的父母逼我这么做的
    • My junk food diet made me do it.
      ::我的垃圾食物饮食让我做它。
    • My drugs made me do it.
      ::我的毒品逼我这么做的
    • Too much violent television made me do it.
      ::太多暴力的电视 迫使我这样做。
    • My premenstrual cramps made me do it.
      ::我经期前抽筋让我做了
    • My postpartum depression made me do it.
      ::产后抑郁症让我做了
    • The devil made me do it.
      ::魔鬼逼我这么做的

    Anything other than themselves made them do it.  The truth is that they did it and that they chose to do it!  No one makes anyone do anything.  We choose to go along or we don’t.  We are free to say no !  We are free to struggle against those who would compel us to do something.  We can resist.  We can fight against them.  Or we can choose to surrender and thus enslave ourselves.   No one makes any one a slave.  People can imprison others.  They can put shackles on a human and physically abuse them.  But no one makes any one a slave.  Each person becomes a slave when they decide to go along and follow the commands of the master.
    ::不然,他们只依自己的能力而犯罪,他们只依自己的能力而犯罪;他们只依自己的能力而犯罪;他们只依自己的能力而犯罪;他们只依自己的能力而犯罪;他们只依自己的能力而犯罪;他们只依自己的能力而犯罪;他们只依自己的能力而犯罪;他们只依自己的能力而犯罪;他们只依自己的能力而犯罪;他们只依自己的意志而犯罪;他们只依自己的意志而犯罪;他们只依自己的意志而犯罪;他们只依自己的意志而犯罪;他们只依自己的意志而犯罪;他们只依自己的意志而犯罪;他们只依自己的意志而犯罪,人人都变成奴隶。

    Albert Camus-Why don't we commit suicide?
    ::阿尔伯特·卡穆斯... 为什么我们不自杀?

      Friedrich Nietsche on Power and Existentialism
    ::Friedrich Nietsche关于权力和存在主义

    For Nietzsche, an existentialist, there are the Masters and the Slaves.  We each choose what we are to be.  The masters should use and abuse the slaves.  Exploit them for their own pleasure.  All humans desire but one thing, power .  The Will to Power  is Nietzsche’s foundational notion.  We each have it.  Some choose to exercise it. Others don’t.  When the slaves grow tired of being slaves and they don’t want, wish or will to be slaves any longer they shall rise up and fight against the oppression.  Even if they are to die, they die free, as fighters and not as slaves. "Whatever doesn't kill you makes you stronger!"  This is an idea that originates with Nietzsche.
    ::尼采是生存主义者,对于尼采来说,有主和奴奴,我们各择其物。主人应当使用和虐待奴隶,他们应当为自身喜悦而加以利用。凡人的愿望,只有一种是权力。强权是尼采的基本概念。我们各有权力的意志;我们各有权力的意志;有人选择行使权力;另一些人则不这样做。当奴隶厌倦奴隶而不愿、不愿或愿意成为奴隶的时候,他们将站起来,反抗压迫。即使他们要死,他们也会自由死去,成为战士,而不是奴隶。 "任何不能杀死你的东西,都会使你更加强大!”这是由尼采产生的想法。

    Human beings bear total responsibility for their choices. Human beings are responsible for how they exercise their freedom.  Human beings determine their own morality and bear responsibility for how they do so.  Human beings choose not just for themselves but for everyone else with each choice they make, they set examples and encourage others to act likewise.  Human beings are radically free.  So, humans are responsible for the consequences of their actions.  Humans are responsible for what is happening to their world.  There is no God to set things right.  If there is a God that does not intervene into human freedom (affairs).  Thus humans are totally responsible for all that they do and all that results from it.
    ::人对自己的选择负全部责任,人要为他们如何行使自由负责,人要为自己的行为负责,人要为自己的行为负责,人要为自己的行为负责,人要为自己的行为负责,人要为别人的行为而作选择,要为别人的行为树立榜样,鼓励别人做同样的选择,人要为自己的行为负责,人要为自己的行为负责。人要为自己的行为负责。人要为自己的行为负责。人要为自己的世界而负责。没有真主能主持公道。如果真主不干预人类的自由,那末,人要为他们的行为和由此产生的一切行为负完全的责任。

    Humans are being -for-Itself.  Humans are not things, inanimate objects, being -in-itself. Human beings are conscious. Human beings are not things. Human beings are not conscious of consciousness. Human beings are not a self or immortal spiritual entity .  Human beings exist in the present only.  Human beings are free.  Human beings are free to become what they project.  Human beings can not escape from their freedom.  Human beings are condemned to be free. To deny this freedom or pretend it isn't so are acts of bad faith . Human beings are what they project. Human beings must make choices.
    ::人类是为自己而生,人类不是事物,不是无生命的物体,是自己。 人类是意识的; 人类不是生命; 人类不是意识; 人类不是意识; 人类不是自我或永恒的精神实体; 只有人类存在; 人类是自由的; 人类是自由的; 人类是自由的; 人类是无法逃避自由的; 人类是自由的; 人类是自由的; 拒绝这种自由或假装自由不是恶意的; 人类是他们所规划的; 人类必须作出选择。

    Nietzsche Existentialism
    ::尼采主义

      Philosophy Applications 
    ::哲学应用

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    EPISD Critical Knowledge and Creative Thinkers Goal
    ::EPISD 关键知识和创意思想者目标

    Vocabulary
    ::词汇表

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    EPISD Effective Bilingual Education
    ::EPISD 有效的双语双语教育