Course: 3.2 社会管制 | The Way To Learn

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社会管制
Universal Generalizations
::普遍化

Positive and negative sanctions differ in the punishment and rewards issued in each. The level of punishment and rewards systems also varies.
::每种惩罚和奖赏的正面和负面制裁不同,惩罚和奖赏制度也不同。

Social control is done by way of morals, ethics, religion, and legal systems.
::社会控制是通过道德、道德、宗教和法律制度进行。

Guiding Questions
::问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问问

How does internalization of norms help to stabilize society?
::规范的内部化如何有助于稳定社会?

Explain the role sanctions play in the enforcement of norms?
::解释制裁在执行规范方面的作用?

Objectives
::目标目标目标和目标目标目标目标目标

Analyze how norms are created and enforced.
::分析规范的制定和执行方式。

Evaluate the need for positive and negative sanctions in society.
::评估在社会上实行积极和消极制裁的必要性。

Describe the differences between formal and informal sanctions.
::说明正式和非正式制裁之间的区别。

Internalization of Norms
::规范的内在化

Norms are shared expectations or rules of behavior. Norms are what are normal in a given social circumstance. For example, I lived in France for a year or so as a young man. The beaches were filled with completely naked swimmers (this is common in many places throughout the world).
::规范是共同的期望或行为规则。规范在特定社会环境中是正常的。比如,我作为一个年轻人在法国居住了一年左右。海滩上充斥着完全裸泳的游泳者(这在全世界许多地方是常见的 ) 。

Norms guide our countless interactions on a day to day basis. When individuals come to believe a certain norm is useful and correct, they generally follow it and expect others to also follow this norm. Internalization of a norm takes place when a norm becomes a natural part of a person's personality. By internalizing norms, people are conditioned to conform to the expectations of society. All the subtleties of everyday life, what we expect for ourselves and others, are found in our commonly shared norms. George Simmel claimed that outsiders (you in another culture or someone else new in our culture) appear "remote" to locals because they respond differently, having different norms (see Simmel, G. (1950). "The Stranger" in The Sociology of Georg Simmel, ed by Wolff, K. H.; NY Free Press).
::规范一天天指导我们无数的互动。当个人开始相信某一规范是有用和正确的, 他们一般会遵循该规范, 并期望其他人也遵循该规范。当规范成为一个人个性的一个自然组成部分时, 规范的内在化就会发生。通过规范的内在化, 人们有符合社会期望的条件。日常生活中的所有微妙之处, 我们对自己和其他人的期望, 都在我们共同的规范中找到。 George Simmel 声称外人(你们是另一种文化中的人,还是我们文化中新的人 ) 似乎“ 远离” 当地人, 因为他们的反应不同, 有着不同的规范(见Simmel, G.(1950年)。 “陌生人”在Georg Simmel的社会学中, Wolf, K. H.; NY Free Press) 。

Sanctions are either rewards or punishments used to encourage people to conform to norms. Positive sanctions are actions that rewards a certain type of behavior some examples of positive sanctions are praise, high fives, good grades, ribbons, medals and graduations.
::制裁是用来鼓励人们遵守规范的奖赏或惩罚。积极制裁是奖励某种行为的行动。积极制裁的例子包括赞美、高五分、优等、彩带、奖牌和毕业。

Some norms are the basis of a Folkway , which is a traditional or customary norm governing everyday social behaviors. Folkways are the simple things in society such as how we eat our soup (with a spoon, chopsticks, or sipped from the edge of the bowl). They also include our greetings, clothing, rules of politeness, and hand gestures. Norms are also the basis for Morés, which are deeply held, informal norms that are strictly enforced.
::一些规范是民俗的基础,民俗是规范日常社会行为的传统或习惯规范。民俗是社会上简单的事物,比如我们如何吃汤(用勺子、筷子或从碗的边上脱下来 ) 。民俗还包括我们的问候、衣着、礼貌规则和手势。规范也是莫雷人根深蒂固的非正式规范的基础,这些规范得到了严格执行。

Morés are much more important to people than folkways. They might include a strongly held belief against sexual exploitation of women and children; respect for religious edifices; abstaining from using street drugs; and in the cultures of millions of Muslims the clear boundaries between males and females which often prohibits average men from talking to women who are not their wives or in seeing the hands, feet, and face of women who are not their wives. Not following folkways may lead to ridicule while not following morés may lead to harsh punishments.
::摩雷人比民俗对人更重要,其中可能包括强烈反对对妇女和儿童进行性剥削的信念;尊重宗教大厦;不使用街头毒品;在数百万穆斯林的文化中,男性和女性之间的明确界限往往禁止普通男子与不是其妻子的妇女交谈,或禁止她们看到不是其妻子的妇女的手、脚和面孔;不顺从民俗可能导致嘲弄,而不顺从上午,可能导致严厉的惩罚。

From our Values, Norms, Folkways, and Morés we derive our laws. Laws are codified norms or norms written and recorded from which the behavior of society’s members can be judged. Laws come in two varieties: Prescriptive Laws are laws that state what must be done and Proscriptive Laws are laws which state what is forbidden. If you want to drive, set up a small business, or not be in trouble with the IRS for failing to file taxes, then you must follow prescriptive laws. They tell you the rules of how things must be done. Proscriptive laws tell us what we cannot do such as murder, rape, steal, etc. Violating these laws brings negative sanctions. A Negative Sanction is a punishment or negative reaction toward breaking codified norms (laws). Jail time, criminal record, fines, and penalties are just of few of the sanctions available to law breakers. Remember that folkways rarely become laws while many morés are codified.
::我们的法律来自我们的价值观、规范、民俗和莫雷斯。法律是成文的规范或规范,可以据此对社会成员的行为进行判断。法律分为两种:成文法是说明必须做什么的法律,成文法是说明禁止什么的法律。如果你想开车、创办小生意或不因不纳税而与国税局发生麻烦,那么你就必须遵循规定性法律。它们告诉你必须如何行事的规则。成文法告诉我们我们不能做什么,例如谋杀、强奸、偷窃等。违反这些法律会带来负面制裁。否定性制裁是对违反成文法(法律)的惩罚或消极反应。监狱时间、犯罪记录、罚款和惩罚只是违法者可以利用的处罚中的少数。记住,民间生活很少成为法律,而许多人则被编纂成法典。

A Prison Cell Block

Incarceration is a type of formal sanction.

Source: Boundless. “Sanctions.” Boundless Sociology . Boundless, 27 Jun. 2014.

Every society needs to ensure that its members generally obey social norms in their daily interaction. refers to ways in which a society tries to prevent and sanction behavior that violates norms. Just as a society like the United States has informal and formal norms so does it have informal and formal social control. Generally, informal social control is used to control behavior that violates informal norms, and formal social control is used to control behavior that violates formal norms. We typically decline to violate informal norms, if we even think of violating them in the first place, because we fear risking the negative reactions of other people. These reactions, and thus examples of informal social control, include, but are not limited to, anger, disappointment, ostracism, and ridicule. Formal social control in the United States typically involves the legal system (police, judges and prosecutors, corrections officials) and also, for businesses, the many local, state, and federal regulatory agencies that constitute the regulatory system. (http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/sociology-brief-edition-v1.1/s08-01-social-control-and-the-relative.html)
::每个社会都需要确保其成员在日常交往中普遍遵守社会规范。提到一个社会试图防止和制裁违反规范的行为的方式。正如像美国这样的社会有非正式和正式规范,它也有非正式和正式的社会控制。一般而言,非正规社会控制被用来控制违反非正式规范的行为,正规社会控制被用来控制违反正式规范的行为。我们通常会拒绝违反非正式规范,如果我们甚至想到首先违反非正式规范,因为我们害怕其他人的消极反应。这些反应,因此非正式社会控制的例子包括但不限于愤怒、失望、排斥和嘲笑。美国的正式社会控制通常涉及法律制度(警察、法官和检察官、惩戒官员),对于构成监管制度的企业、许多地方、州和联邦管理机构(http://2012/dobook.lardbucket.org/book/socialogy-brief-edimation-v1.1/s08-01-社会控制及反调。html)。

The social present in individuals are products of informal social control. This type of control emerges from , but is rarely stated explicitly to individuals. Instead, it is expressed and transmitted indirectly, through customs, norms and . Whether consciously or not, individuals are socialized.
::个人的社会地位是非正规社会控制产物,这种类型的控制起源于......,但很少向个人明确说明,而是通过习俗、规范和间接表达和传播,无论是否自觉,个人都会被社会化。

Informal sanctions are the reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws. These can include peer pressure, bystander intervention in a crime, and collective responses such as citizen patrol groups. With , ridicule or ostracism can cause a straying individual to realign behavior toward norms. Informal sanctions may include shame, ridicule, sarcasm, criticism, and disapproval. In extreme cases, sanctions may include social and exclusion. If a young boy is caught skipping school, and his peers ostracize him for his , they are exercising an informal sanction on him. Informal sanctions can check deviant behavior of individuals or groups through internalization.
::非正式制裁是指个人和团体促使遵守规范和法律的反应,可包括同龄人压力、旁观者干预犯罪以及集体反应,如公民巡逻团体等。如果受到嘲弄或排斥,可能导致迷路者改变行为规范。非正式制裁可能包括羞辱、嘲笑、讽刺、批评和不赞同。在极端情况下,制裁可能包括社会和排斥。如果一个年轻男孩被抓到逃学,而他的同龄人则因他被排斥在外,他们就会对他实行非正式制裁。非正式制裁可以通过内部化来遏制个人或团体的异常行为。

As with formal controls, informal controls reward or punish acceptable or unacceptable behavior, otherwise known as deviance. Informal controls are varied and differ from individual to individual, group to group, and society to society. To maintain control and regulate their , groups, , and societies of various kinds can promulgate rules that act as formal sanctions to reward or punish behavior. For example, in order to regulate behavior, government and organizations use mechanisms and other formal sanctions such as fines and imprisonment . Authoritarian organizations and governments may rely on directly aggressive sanctions. These actions might include , expulsion, restrictions on political freedom, or violence. Typically, these more extreme sanctions emerge in situations where the public disapproves of either the government or organization in question.
::与正式管制一样,非正式管制奖励或惩罚可接受或不能接受的行为,又称 " 偏离 " ; 非正式管制因个人、群体和社会而异,因个人、群体和社会而异; 维持管制和管制其、团体、和各种社会可颁布规则,作为奖励或惩罚行为的正式制裁; 例如,为了管制行为,政府和组织使用机制和其他正式制裁,如罚款和监禁; 专制组织和政府可直接依靠侵略性制裁; 这些行动可能包括驱逐、限制政治自由或暴力; 通常,在公众不同意有关政府或组织的情况下,会出现这些更极端的制裁。

Source: Boundless. “Sanctions.” Boundless Sociology . Boundless, 27 Jun. 2014. Retrieved 24 May. 2015 from
::资料来源:Boundless,“制裁”。 Boundless Socilogy,Boundless,2014年6月27日,2014年5月24日检索,2015年5月24日。

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Section outline

General

社会管制