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  • 矿物形成

    Can you watch minerals forming?
    ::你能看矿物形成吗?

    Sure! Some kids get  crystal  growing kits. They mix up a solution and evaporate off the  water .   crystals are left behind. This is similar to the way halite and some other minerals form. These minerals form when salt water evaporates, leaving behind solid crystals of the substances previously dissolved in the water.
    ::当然了,有些孩子会得到水晶生长箱,他们把溶液混在一起,蒸发在水面上。晶体被抛在后面。这与沥青和其他矿物质的形式相似。当盐水蒸发时,这些矿物质的形式会留下以前溶解于水中的固体水晶。

    Mineral Formation
    ::矿物形成

    Minerals form in a variety of ways. Some minerals form from very hot fluids. Some form from cool fluids. Some form when solid minerals rearrange.
    ::矿物以多种方式形成,有些矿物来自非常热的液体,有些来自冷的液体,有些是固体矿物重新排列后形成的。

    Formation from Magma and Lava
    ::从Magma和Lava形成

    You are on vacation at the  beach . You take your flip-flops off so you can go swimming. The sand is so hot it hurts your feet. You have to run to the water. Now imagine if it were hot enough for the sand to melt.
    ::你们在海滩度假,把翻翻的拖鞋脱下来游泳。沙子太热,会伤脚。你们必须跑到水边去。想象一下,如果热到足以让沙子融化的话。

    Some places inside Earth are so hot that   melts. Melted rock inside the Earth is called  magma .  Magma  can be hotter than 1,000 o C. When magma erupts onto Earth’s surface, it is known as  lava  ( Figure   ). Minerals form when magma and lava cool. Some minerals crystallize at hotter temperatures. These minerals form first. Other minerals form at cooler temperatures. These minerals form later.
    ::地球上有些地方热得要融化。 地球上熔化的岩石被称为岩浆。 磁石的热度可能超过1000°C。 当岩浆喷射到地球表面时,它被称为熔岩(图 ) 。 当岩浆和熔岩冷时, 矿物会形成。 有些矿物质在温度更热时会结晶。 这些矿物质首先形成。 在更冷的温度下, 其它矿物质也会形成。 这些矿物质后来形成 。

    Flowing lava on Earth's surface, illustrating magma's eruption and mineral formation.
     
    Lava is melted rock that erupts onto Earth’s surface.

    Formation from Solutions
    ::解决办法的形成

    Most water on Earth, like the water in the oceans, contains  elements . The elements are mixed evenly through the water. Water plus other substances makes a solution. The particles are so small that they will not come out when you filter the water. But the elements in water can form solid mineral deposits.
    ::地球上的大多数水,就像海洋中的水一样,都含有元素。元素在水中均匀地混合。水和其他物质可以溶解。粒子太小,在过滤水时不会出来。但水中的元素可以形成固体矿床。

    Minerals from Salt Water
    ::来自盐水的矿物

    Fresh water contains a small amount of dissolved elements. Salt water contains many more dissolved elements. Water can only hold a certain amount of dissolved substances. When the water evaporates, it leaves behind a solid layer of minerals ( Figure   ). At this time, the particles come together to form minerals. These solids sink to the bottom. The amount of mineral formed is the same as the amount dissolved in the water. Seawater is salty enough for minerals to  precipitate  as solids. Some  lakes , such as Mono Lake in California, or Utah's Great Salt Lake, can also precipitate salts.
    ::盐水含有更多的溶解元素。水只能持有一定数量的溶解物质。当水蒸发时,它会留下一个固体矿物质层(图)。此时,粒子会聚集在一起形成矿物质。这些固体沉到底部。所形成的矿物质数量与水中溶解的数量相同。海水的盐度足以使矿物质像固体一样沉淀。一些湖泊,如加利福尼亚的莫诺湖,或犹他大盐湖,也可以沉淀盐类。

    Two glasses showing evaporation process: one with dissolved minerals, one with precipitated solids.
     
    When the water in glass A evaporates, the dissolved mineral particles are left behind.

    Salt easily precipitates out of water, as does calcite ( Figure   ). The limestone towers pictured below are made mostly of the mineral calcite. The calcite was  deposited  in the salty and  alkaline  water of Mono Lake, in California. Calcium-rich spring water enters the bottom of the lake. The water bubbles up into the alkaline lake. The calcite “tufa” towers form. When the lake level drops, the tufa towers are revealed.
    ::石灰岩塔在以下图示的石灰岩塔主要是由矿物质石灰岩制成,石灰岩沉积在加利福尼亚莫诺湖的盐水和碱水中,富含钙的泉水进入湖底,水泡进入碱性湖,石灰岩“土法”塔形成,湖层下降时,塔楼被揭开。

    Tufa towers at Mono Lake, formed from calcite deposits in alkaline water.
     
    Tufa towers form when calcium-rich spring water at the bottom of Mono Lake bubbles up into the alkaline lake. The tufa towers appear when lake level drops.

    Minerals from Hot Underground Water
    ::来自地下热水的矿物

    Underground water can be heated by magma. The hot water moves through cracks below Earth’s surface. Hot water can hold more dissolved particles than cold water. The hot, salty solution has chemical reactions with the rocks around it. The water picks up more dissolved particles. As it flows through open spaces in rocks, the water deposits solid minerals. When a mineral fills cracks in rocks, the deposits are called  veins . Pictured below is a white quartz vein ( Figure   ).
    ::地下水可以被岩浆加热。热水通过地表下的裂缝移动。热水可以比冷水多存更多的溶解粒子。热盐溶液与周围的岩石有化学反应。水会吸收更多的溶解粒子。随着岩浆在开阔的空隙中流动,水会储存固体矿物质。当矿物质填满岩石裂口时,矿床被称为静脉。下面的图示是白色的石英静(图示 ) 。

    Close-up of a rock surface showing white quartz veins against a reddish background.
     
    Quartz veins formed in this rock.

    When the minerals are deposited in open spaces, large crystals grow. These rocks are called geodes. Pictured below is a  geode  that was formed when amethyst crystals grew in an open space in a rock ( Figure   ).
    ::当矿物质沉积在开放空间时, 大晶体会生长。 这些岩石被称为大地测量。 下面的图示是一块地质构造, 是在岩石中的开阔空间中 产出晶体时形成的( 图表 ) 。

    A geode displaying amethyst crystals inside, showcasing their formation in open rock spaces.
     
    Amethyst formed when large crystals grew in open spaces inside the rock. These special rocks are called geodes.

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Minerals form as magma or lava cools.
      ::矿物质形成岩浆或熔岩冷却器。
    • Minerals form when they precipitate from hot fluids that have cooled down.
      ::当矿物质从冷却的热液中沉淀出来时,它们就形成矿物质。
    • Minerals form from dissolved substances when water evaporates.
      ::当水蒸发时,来自溶解物质的矿物。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. How do minerals form from magma or lava?
      ::岩浆或熔岩如何形成矿物?
    1. How do minerals form from cool water?
      ::如何从冷水中形成矿物?
    1. How do minerals form from hot water?
      ::热水如何形成矿物?