14.10 天然气蒸气测量法

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  气 气 气 蒸气测量法

  

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  How is fertilizer produced?
  ::化肥是如何生产的?

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  The Haber cycle reaction of gaseous nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia is a critical step in the production of fertilizer from ammonia. It is important to have an excess of the starting materials so that a maximum yield of ammonia can be achieved. By knowing how much ammonia is needed for manufacture of a batch of fertilizer, the proper amounts of nitrogen and hydrogen can be incorporated into the process.
  ::气态氮和氢对形成氨的Haber循环反应是生产氨肥料的关键步骤,必须超过起始材料,以便达到氨的最大产量,通过了解制造一批化肥需要多少氨,可以将适当的氮和氢纳入这一过程。

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  Gas Stoichiometry
  ::气 气 气 蒸气测量法

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  You have learned how to use molar volume to solve stoichiometry problems for involving one or more gases at STP. Now, we can use the to expand our treatment of chemical reactions to solve stoichiometry problems for reactions that occur at any temperature and pressure .
  ::您已经学会了如何使用摩尔体积来解决在STTP中涉及一种或多种气体的声学测量问题。 现在,我们可以使用它来扩大化学反应的处理范围,以解决在任何温度和压力下发生的反应的声学测量问题。

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  Sample Problem: Gas Stoichiometry and the Ideal Gas Law
  ::抽样问题:天然气储存测量法和理想气体法

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  What volume of carbon dioxide is produced by the combustion of 25.21 g of ethanol (C ₂ H ₅ OH) at 54°C and 728 mmHg? Assume the gas is ideal.
  ::在54°C和728毫米Hg燃烧25.21克乙醇(C2H5OH)产生的二氧化碳量是多少?

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  Before using the ideal gas law, it is necessary to write and balance the chemical equation . Recall that most combustion reactions, the given substance reacts with O ₂ to form CO ₂ and H ₂ O. Here is the balanced equation for the combustion of ethanol.
  ::在使用理想的气体法之前,必须写作和平衡化学方程式。 回顾大多数燃烧反应,特定物质与O2发生反应,形成CO2和H2O。这是乙醇燃烧的平衡方程式。

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  $$\begin{array}{r}{\text{C}}_2{\text{H}}_5\text{OH}(l)+3{\text{O}}_2(g)\to 2{\text{CO}}_2(g)+3{\text{H}}_2\text{O}(l)\end{array}$$

  
  ::C2H5OH(l)+3O2(g)+3O2(g)+2CO2(g)+3H2O(l)

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  Step 1: List the known quantities and solve the problem.
  ::第1步:列出已知数量并解决问题。

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  Known
  ::已知已知

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  • $\begin{array}{r}\text{mass}{\text{C}}_2{\text{H}}_5\text{OH}=25.21\text{ g}\end{array}$
    ::C2H5OH=25.21克
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  • $\begin{array}{r}\text{molar mass}{\text{C}}_2{\text{H}}_5\text{OH}=46.08\text{ g/mol}\end{array}$
    ::C2H5OH=46.08克/摩尔
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  • $\begin{array}{r}P=728\text{ mmHg}\end{array}$
    ::P=728毫米Hg
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  • $\begin{array}{r}T={54}^{\circ }\text{C}=327\text{ K}\end{array}$
    ::T=54C=327K

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  Unknown
  ::未知

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  • $\begin{array}{r}\text{Volume}{\text{CO}}_2=?\text{ L}\end{array}$
    ::二氧化碳量=? L

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  The number of moles of carbon dioxide gas is first calculated by stoichiometry. Then the ideal gas law is used to calculate the volume of CO ₂ produced.
  ::二氧化碳气体的摩尔数量首先由异构测量法计算。然后,理想的气体法用来计算产生的二氧化碳量。

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  Step 2: Solve.
  ::步骤2:解决。

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  $$\begin{array}{r}25.21\text{ g }{\text{C}}_2{\text{H}}_5\text{OH}\times \frac{1\text{ mol }{\text{C}}_2{\text{H}}_5\text{OH}}{46.08\text{ g }{\text{C}}_2{\text{H}}_5\text{OH}}\times \frac{2\text{ mol }{\text{CO}}_2}{1\text{ mol }{\text{C}}_2{\text{H}}_5\text{OH}}=1.094\text{ mol }{\text{CO}}_2\end{array}$$

  
  ::25.21 g C2H5OHx1 mol C2H5OH46.08 g C2H5OHx2 mol CO21 mol C2H5OH=1.094 mol CO2

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  The moles of carbon dioxide "> $\begin{array}{r}(n)\end{array}$ is now substituted into  $\begin{array}{r}PV=nRT\end{array}$ to solve for the volume.
  ::二氧化碳的摩尔现在被替换为PV=nRT,以解析其体积。

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  $$\begin{array}{r}V=\frac{nRT}{P}=\frac{1.094\text{ mol}\times 62.36\text{ L}\cdot \text{mmHg/K}\cdot \text{mol}\times 327\text{ K}}{728\text{ mmHg}}=30.6\text{ L}\end{array}$$

  
  ::V=nRTP=1.094 摩尔×62.36 LmmHg/Kmol×327 K728毫米Hg=30.6升

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  Step 3: Think about your result.
  ::步骤3:想想你的结果。

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  The mass of ethanol is slightly more than one-half mole, meaning that the results in slightly more than one mole of carbon dioxide being produced. Because of the elevated temperature and reduced pressure compared to STP, the resulting volume is larger than 22.4 L.
  ::乙醇的质量略高于1.5摩尔,这意味着产生二氧化碳的摩尔略多于1摩尔。 由于温度升高和压力降低,因此所产生的体积大于22.4升。

   

   

   

   

   

   

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  Summary
  ::摘要

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  • The ideal gas law is used to calculate stoichiometry problems for gases.
    ::理想的天然气法用来计算气体的气分测量问题。

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  Review
  ::回顾

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  1. Do we need gas conditions to be at STP to calculate stoichiometry problems?
     ::我们是否需要在STTP有气体条件 来计算声学测量问题?
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  2. Why does chemical equation need to be balanced before solving problems with the ideal gas law?
     ::为什么在解决理想天然气法的问题之前,化学方程式需要平衡?
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  3. What assumption are we making about the gases involved?
     ::我们对所涉及的气体有什么假设?