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  • 体育作为一个社会机构

    Objectives
    ::目标目标目标和目标目标目标目标目标

    Explain the factors that have contributed to sport being a social institution.
    ::解释促使体育成为社会机构的因素。

    Describe the norms and the realities of sport emerging as a social institution.
    ::描述体育作为一个社会机构出现的规范和现实。


    Universal Generalizations
    ::普遍化

    Sports can be found in almost all societies..
    ::几乎所有社会都可以看到体育。

    Sports involve games where there is always a winner and a loser.
    ::体育涉及总是有赢家和输家的游戏。

    Competition is at the core of most sports.
    ::竞争是大多数体育运动的核心。

    Physical games have been part of cultures for thousands of years.
    ::数千年来,体育游戏一直是文化的一部分。

    Not all games that involve competition are considered sport.
    ::并非所有涉及竞争的游戏都被视为体育。


    Guiding Questions
    ::问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问

    What constitutes a sport?
    ::什么是体育?

    What characteristics do human culture and sport have in common?
    ::人类文化和体育有哪些共同特点?

    What characteristics define sport as a social institution?
    ::体育作为一种社会机构的定义是什么特征?

    Should children's games be considered a sport? 
    ::儿童游戏是否应被视为一项运动?


    Sport as a Social Institution
    ::体育作为一个社会机构

    Sociology - the scientific study of human interaction (i.e., human organization and function.) Human interaction can be divided into work, family and leisure interactions. Sport activity is a subset of leisure activity. All though a small portion of the population directly participate in sport in highly industrialize societies many people are interested in the activities related to sport.
    ::社会学 -- -- 人类互动(即人类组织和功能)的科学研究。 人类互动可以分为工作、家庭和休闲互动。 体育活动是休闲活动的一部分,虽然一小部分人口直接参与高度工业化社会中的体育活动,但许多人对体育活动感兴趣。

    According to sociologist Allen Guttmann, sport as a social institution is characterized by the same characteristics that distinguish modern industrial society.   These characteristics include secularization, equality, specialization, rationalization, bureaucratization, and quantification.
    ::根据社会学家艾伦·古特曼(Allen Guttmann)的说法,体育作为一个社会机构的特点与现代工业社会的特征相同,这些特征包括世俗化、平等、专业化、合理化、官僚化和量化。


    What is Sport?
    ::什么是体育?

    A formal sociological definition of sport is a physical activity which is fair (fair meaning honest in that the contest is structured for all contestants to have a reasonable chance to win), competitive, non-deviant, and is guided by rules, organization and/or tradition.
    ::体育的正式社会学定义是一种公平的体育活动(其公平含义是诚实的,即所有参赛者都有合理的机会赢得比赛)、竞争性的、非异常的,并遵循规则、组织和(或)传统。

    Based on the sociological definition of sport:
    ::根据体育的社会学定义:

    • Is fishing a sport?
      ::钓鱼是体育吗?
    • Is bull fighting a sport?
      ::斗牛是体育吗?
    • Is college football a sport?
      ::大学橄榄球是运动吗?


    Why is sport important to society?
    ::为什么体育对社会很重要?

    Sports are deeply embedded in the American culture and institutions.  Superstar, home run  and  slam dunk  are phrases with generally understood meanings both in sport and in general conversation. These non-material elements of culture are examples of the influence of sport on the culture. Halls of fames exists in all major sports at the professional, college and high school levels which exist as monuments to the worship of sport by society and to chronicle the deeds of sports heroes for the youth of society. Sports stars are perceived as role models for young people in the society. Sport at the professional and college levels are major economic vehicles for cities.    For about one hundred educational institutions sport is a multi million dollar a year enterprise. For example each school which makes it to the NCAA  Basketball Tournament receives a half million dollars per game.
    ::这些非物质文化元素是体育对文化影响的例子,在专业、大专和高中各级的所有主要体育中都有名牌馆,这些体育馆是社会敬拜体育的纪念碑,并记录体育英雄为社会青年树立的榜样;体育明星被视为社会中年轻人的榜样;职业和大学一级的体育是城市的主要经济工具;大约100个教育机构的体育是每年100万美元的企业;例如,每所学校向国家体育协会篮球锦标赛提供50万美元的每场比赛。

    Educational institutions and sport are unrelentingly intertwined.  Sports teams can gain national recognition for an institution like no other aspect of education.  Effective presidents and principles maintain close supervision over the major sports programs.  Most institutions CEOs are closely involved in the hiring of coaches.  Many principles learned their administrative skills as coaches.  The significance of school and sport is demonstrated at the main entrance of most high schools built in the first half of this century  contain a trophy case with sports recognition.
    ::体育队可以像其他教育领域一样获得全国性的认可; 有效的总统和原则对主要体育方案保持密切的监督; 大部分机构首席执行官都密切参与教练的聘用; 许多原则学习其作为教练的行政技能; 学校和体育的重要性表现在本世纪上半叶建造的大多数中学的主要入口处,都有体育奖项。

    Sports has an intense relationship to significant sociological elements including education, leisure, social stratification, social mobility, race, and gender issues.
    ::体育与教育、休闲、社会分层、社会流动性、种族和性别问题等重要的社会学因素有着密切的关系。


    Examples of the Significance of Sports in Society
    ::体育在社会中的重要性实例

    Media spends a great deal of it's resources on sports. Major news papers dedicate at least a quarter of it's pages to sport. The sports columnist and reporter staffs are as large as the news staffs of many major newspapers. Television and radio sports commentators achieve a high level of notoriety beyond the sports world such as Howard Cosell, John Madden and Frank Gifford. ESPN, ESPN2 the Golf Channel and Sports Channel are cable television networks dedicated to sports programming.
    ::体育专栏作家和记者工作人员与许多主要报纸的新闻工作人员一样庞大,电视和广播体育评论员在体育界之外也拥有很高的声望,如霍华德·科塞尔、约翰·马登和弗兰克·吉福德。ESPN、ESPN2、高尔夫频道和体育频道是体育节目的有线电视网络。

    Business spends a great deal of money on sports. Including financial contributions, advertising associations as well as ownership of some professional teams. Many companies sponsor local professional and college sports teams. All of the major college bowl football games except the Rose Bowl trade the corporate sponsorship for the naming the bowl for the company.
    ::许多公司赞助当地专业和大学体育队。除了玫瑰碗(Rose Bowl)交易公司赞助公司命名公司碗外,所有大型大学碗足球赛都由公司赞助。

    Cities spend millions of dollars on sport stadiums for the exclusive use of major and minor league professional teams. The city government and corporate leaders claim that such arrangements are beneficial to the local economy by adding jobs and bringing tourist dollars. However, the jobs created and supported by a new professional sports arena are low paying seasonal service sector jobs. Additionally, the local and national governments develop exclusive laws to protect the interests of sports teams. These special laws include anti-trust protection, tax exceptions and low interest loans.
    ::城市在体育体育场上花费数百万美元,专供大型和小型联盟专业团队使用,市政府和企业领导人声称,通过增加就业机会和带来旅游美元,这种安排有利于当地经济,但是,由新的专业体育场创造和支持的工作岗位是低薪的季节性服务部门工作岗位,地方和国家政府制定专门法律,保护体育队的利益,这些特殊法律包括反托拉斯保护、免税和低息贷款。

    Public schools use sports to socialize students and demonstrate the significance of the schools to the community. With a winning team the students have an issue around which they can find a common bond. School focus on the differences among students in most of it's activities but all students are expected to be "true to their school."
    ::公立学校利用体育使学生社会化,并展示学校对社区的重要性。 学生们有一个赢家团队可以找到共同的纽带。 学校主要关注学生之间在大部分活动中的差异,但所有学生都要“了解自己的学校 ” 。


    Sport and Sociological Paradigms
    ::体育和社会学范式

    Structural Functional Approach
    ::结构职能办法

    The culture is created and reinforced through the participation in sport in the following ways;
    ::通过以下列方式参与体育运动,创造和加强这种文化;

    The manifest functions of sport in a society are represented by physical fitness and the socialization of individuals to the value of hard work, team work (cooperation ) and competition. Latent functions include character development from participation in sport and an emotional release from the physical activity. Sport provides the motivation to be physically fit. To play the game well one needs to be in shape. The desire to play well is a product of the social belief in winning or being first in a valued activity. Further sport provides members of a society with a controlled method of emotional release of aggression. In modern life humans have few acceptable ways to release feelings of aggression generated by the frustrations of modern life, sport is believed to be a harmless way to "let off steam." The value of hard work leading to a win (the belief in a meritocracy) is a cornerstone of participation in sport. The individuals and teams which credit their work ethic for wins are greatly admired.
    ::体育在社会中的明显功能表现为身体健康和个人的社会化,其价值在于勤奋工作、团队工作(合作)和竞争; 隐性功能包括参加体育运动和从体育活动中释放情感的性格发展; 体育为身体健康提供了动力; 玩好游戏需要身体健全; 玩好游戏的愿望是社会信念的产物,这种社会信念是赢得或首先参加有价值的活动; 进一步体育为社会成员提供了一种控制性的方式,以情感方式释放侵略; 在现代生活中,人类很少有可接受的方法来释放现代生活挫折带来的侵略感; 人们认为,体育是“摆脱蒸汽”的无害方式。 追求胜利的艰苦工作的价值(相信择优选)是参加体育运动的基石。 将工作道德归功于赢利的个人和团队受到极大的钦佩。

    Sport is valued in as a method of building character, developing strong minds and bodies, teaching team work and self discipline which are all highly valued in American society.
    ::体育作为一种培养性格、培养坚强的头脑和身体、教学团队工作和自律的方法受到重视,在美国社会都受到高度重视。

    Functional theorists also recognize dysfunctional consequences as well. The "win at all cost" strategies which some teams use has been generally condemned by the general public. The recruitment of athletes based on athletic ability rather than academic ability, falsify grades, majoring in eligibility, demanding athletes participate in unauthorized practices leaving them little time for their studies and under the table payments are all examples of dysfunctional consequences of sport.
    ::功能理论家也承认功能理论家的功能性后果。 一些团队使用的“不惜一切代价赢”战略普遍受到公众的谴责。 以运动能力而非学术能力为基础招募运动员、伪造等级、大修资格、要求运动员参加未经授权的做法,使他们没有时间学习和在桌单下支付费用,都是体育功能性后果的例子。

    Representative concerns in study which structional functional theorist study and analysis of sport include a) How does sport contribute to the integration of schools, communities, and society? b) How does sport serve individuals positively (work habits, upward mobility) ? c) How does sport inspire?
    ::研究对体育进行哪些教学功能理论学研究和分析,包括伤心a) 体育如何促进学校、社区和社会的融合? (b) 体育如何积极为个人服务(工作习惯、向上流动)? (c) 体育如何激励个人?


    Social Conflict Analysis
    ::社会冲突分析

    The social conflict view sees sport as a reflection of the inequalities in society and that it masks the true nature of the human condition. Sport serves as the "opium of the masses." Sport is seen as a social institution which the more powerful oppress, manipulate, coerce and exploit the less powerful.
    ::社会冲突观点认为体育是社会不平等的反映,并掩盖了人类状况的真实性质。 体育是“群众的优势 ” 。 体育被看成是强势压迫、操纵、胁迫和剥削弱者的社会体制。

    For the worker a capitalist economy means laboring at unexciting unsatisfying jobs. Sport provides an exciting diversion from thinking about their own condition. People discuss the team for which they follow in first person terms as if they are members of the team. Such as, "for us to win.." or "we need a point guard..."
    ::对于工人来说,资本主义经济意味着在不尽人意的不满意工作上工作。 体育使他们对自身状况的思考产生激动人心的改变。 人们首先讨论他们所追求的团队,好像他们是团队成员一样。比如,“我们要赢。 ”或者“我们需要一支哨兵...”

    Each sport team works to maintain or achieve an advantage over other teams. Major league baseball does not share the profits of league pay. Teams in larger markets do not share the television revenues or stadium deals. At the professional, college, and high school levels the signing, releasing, cutting or trading of a player is influenced by impact such a transaction will have on other teams in the league.
    ::每个体育队都努力保持或取得优于其他球队的优势,主要棒球队不分享联盟薪酬的利润。 大市场上的球队不分享电视收入或体育场交易。 在专业、大专和高中,球员的签名、发行、切割或交易会受到这种交易对联盟其他球队的影响。

    Sport exploits the poor athlete in many ways. College grant in aids for poor athletes are not charitable gifts to people who would have no opportunity for higher education. The poor student can receive financial aid and not have to work 40 hours or more each week for a multi-million dollar agency in return. The cost of an athletic grant in aid is a small price for a full time worker.
    ::大学对贫穷运动员的补助不是对没有机会接受高等教育的人的慈善礼物,贫穷学生可以领取财政援助,不必每周工作40小时或40小时以上,作为回报,对一个数百万美元的代理机构来说,一笔体育补助的费用对一名全职工人来说是很小的代价。

    Conflict theorists see the racial integration of sport as the exploitation of minorities. The inclusion of Jackie Robinson and Larry Doby in to modern baseball fifty years ago was financially motivated. The inclusion of minorities would increase the fan base as well as expand the talent pool for the progressive teams which helped them have an advantage over their opponents. Currently, minorities dominate the playing positions which have the least interaction, prestige and rewards. In college minority athletes are recruited from communities and schools in which non athlete students would not be considered. The minority athlete brings a talent on which the school can achieve wealth, power and prestige, the non athlete student is not likely to provide such rewards to the institution.
    ::冲突论者将体育的种族融合视为对少数群体的剥削。50年前,将Jackie Robinson和Larry Doby纳入现代棒球中,从财政上是有动机的。纳入少数群体将增加球迷基础,扩大进步队的人才库,帮助他们胜过对手。目前,少数群体主导着互动、声望和奖赏最少的竞技职位。在大学中,少数民族运动员从不考虑非运动员学生的社区和学校中招聘。少数群体运动员带来了学校能够获得财富、权力和声望的才能,非运动员学生不太可能向机构提供这种奖赏。

    Sports are racially segregated based on their appeal to the public. Mass appeal sports such as football, baseball, track, boxing and basketball are favored by the working middle class. The appeal of these sports can be capitalized on financially. Sports such as tennis, golf and polo have few minorities participants. These sports appeal to the wealthy upper class. There is little to gain by including the less wealthy minorities.
    ::体育是建立在对公众的吸引力基础上的种族隔离运动; 诸如足球、棒球、田径、拳击和篮球等群众性运动受到中产阶级工人的青睐。 这些运动的吸引力可以从经济上加以利用。 网球、高尔夫和马球等体育的参与者很少。 这些运动对富裕的上层阶级的吸引力是微不足道的。 将较不富裕的少数民族包括进来没有什么好处。

    Representative concerns in study which social conflict theorist study and analysis of sport include: a) How does sport maintain the interests of the power elite?  b) How does sport contribute to alienation manipulation of the masses, violence, racism, sexism and unethical behavior? How are the goals of sport distorted by commercialism, nationalism, and bureaucracies?
    ::在研究中,哪些社会冲突理论对体育的研究和分析包括伤心a) 体育如何维护权力精英的利益? (b) 体育如何助长对群众的异化操纵、暴力、种族主义、性别主义和不道德行为?体育的目标如何被商业主义、民族主义和官僚机构扭曲?


    Symbolic Interaction Paradigm
    ::符号相互作用模型

    The motivation to play a sport varies for each individual. Persons are socialized to play particular sports which they believe reflect their status. Women do not play "rough" sports such as football and boxing. Bowling, billiards and softball are expressive outlets for the lower class while polo, cricket and snow skiing are upper class sport activities.
    ::参加运动的动机因个人不同而各异,人们被社会化,以参加他们认为能反映自己状况的特殊运动,妇女不参加足球和拳击等“小便”运动,保龄球、台球和垒球是下层阶层的表达渠道,而马球、板球和滑雪则是上层阶层的体育活动。

    The symbolic nature of sport is evident through out society. Terms with sport origins such as Super Bowl, Superstar, blitz, sack, slam dunk and home run are integrated into most other institutions jargon. Further, run like a girl, throw like a girl or swing like a girl serve as social controls for male behavior in sport. Wearing the team colors is a significant symbolic material sport culture.
    ::体育的象征性质表现在社会之外,体育的象征性质表现在社会之外,体育起源如超级碗、超级明星、闪电、麻袋、灌篮和全垒打等术语被纳入了大多数其它机构的术语中。此外,像女孩一样跑步,像女孩一样扔,或者像女孩一样挥舞,成为男性运动行为的社会控制手段。 团队颜色是一个重要的象征性物质体育文化。

    Wearing a special t-shirt, sweat shirt, hat and jacket in the exact team colors, logo and name are significant when attending a sports contest. A person can vicariously feel as if they are a part of the team while wearing their symbolic uniform. This behavior shows a persons support for their team. Sport has also been symbolic of war between communities which brings group cohesion. Being a fan of the team representing the community reflects public support for the community as a whole. Non supporters are shunned and ridiculed.
    ::参加体育比赛时,穿特别的T恤衫、运动衫、运动衫、帽子和夹克,确切的团队颜色、标志和名称很重要,一个人可以代以为是球队的一部分,同时身着象征性制服。这种行为表明有人支持球队。体育也象征着各社区之间的战争,带来了群体凝聚力。作为代表社区的球队的球迷,反映了公众对整个社区的支持。非支持者被躲避和嘲笑。

    Representative concerns in study which symbolic interaction theorist study and analysis of sport include: a) How is sport experienced by the participant and observer?  b) how is society created through sport?  c) How social reality is created through sport (team chemistry, crowd behavior)?
    ::在研究中代表关注的问题是,对体育的象征性互动理论研究和分析包括伤心a) 参与者和观察员如何体验体育运动? (b) 社会如何通过体育创造? (c) 如何通过体育创造社会现实(团队化学、人群行为)?


    The Value of Multiple Paradigms
    ::多种模式的价值

    Each paradigm provides an understanding and has short comings in the sociological analysis of sport. The functional approach focuses on the positive elements of sport in relation to the society as a whole but fails to acknowledge the conflict of interests among different segments. The conflict approach is helpful determining the appropriate place for sport in society but ignores the personal satisfaction people gain from their participation in sport. Finally, the symbolic interactionalist approach demonstrates how sport is experienced but lacks an explanation of how and why sport functions for society as a whole.

    ::在体育的社会学分析中,每种模式都提供了理解,并有短短的收获。功能方法侧重于体育与整个社会的积极因素,但却不承认不同阶层之间的利益冲突。冲突方法有助于确定体育在社会中的适当位置,但忽视了人们从参与体育中获得的个人满意度。最后,象征性的互动主义方法展示了体育是如何经历的,但却没有解释体育如何和为什么为整个社会发挥作用。

      

     

    Women in Sport
    ::妇女参加体育运动

      


    Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 is a short and simple federal law:  
    ::1972年《教育修正法》第九编是一项简短而简单的联邦法律:

    "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation              in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational                    program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."
    ::“在美国,任何人不得因性别而被排除在参与、享受不到任何接受联邦财政援助的教育方案或活动的好处或歧视之下。”


    The Impact of Title IX
    ::标题九的影响

    One of the great achievements of the women’s movement was the enactment of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. The law states: “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” Most people think Title IX only applies to sports, but athletics is only one of ten key areas addressed by the law. These areas include: access to higher education, career education, education for pregnant and parenting students, employment, learning environment, math and science, sexual harassment, standardized testing, and technology.
    ::妇女运动的伟大成就之一是颁布了1972年《教育修正案》第九编,该法律规定: " 不得以性别为由,排除美国任何人参与、享受不到联邦资助的任何教育方案或活动的好处或歧视。 " 大多数人认为第九编只适用于体育,但体育只是法律处理的十个关键领域之一,这些领域包括:接受高等教育、职业教育、怀孕和为人父母的学生教育、就业、学习环境、数学和科学、性骚扰、标准化测试和技术。

    Western High School Girls' Basketball, Washington, DC, 1899. (Courtesy Library of Congress)

    Western High School Girls’ Basketball, Washington, DC, 1899. (Courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
    ::西部高中女生篮球,华盛顿特区,1899年。 (国会印刷和照片司法定图书馆)


    It’s hard to imagine that just forty years ago, young women were not admitted into many colleges and universities, athletic scholarships were rare, and math and science was a realm reserved for boys. Girls square danced instead of playing sports, studied home economics instead of training for “male-oriented” (read: higher-paying) trades. Girls could become teachers and nurses, but not doctors or principals; women rarely were awarded tenure and even more rarely appointed college presidents. There was no such thing as sexual harassment because “boys will be boys,” after all, and if a student got pregnant, her formal education ended. Graduate professional schools openly discriminated against women.
    ::很难想象,就在40年前,年轻女性没有被许多大专院校录取,体育奖学金很少,数学和科学是男孩专用的领域。 女孩跳起舞来不是玩体育,而是学习家政学而不是“面向男性的”行业(读:高薪 ) 。 女孩可以成为教师和护士,但不能成为医生或校长;妇女很少被授予终身职位,甚至更很少被任命担任大专院长。 不存在性骚扰,因为“男孩将是男孩 ” , 毕竟,如果一个学生怀孕,她的正规教育就结束了。 研究生专业学校公开歧视妇女。

    In every area of athletics, girls and women faced discrimination, racism, homophobia, prejudice, and ridicule. Women were warned that physical activity was not only unfeminine but proof of lesbianism. Female athletes were depicted as physically unattractive and women were told that competitive sports would hurt reproductive organs as well as a woman’s chances of marriage. Women were seen as more “selfish” and not as team-oriented as men. Marginalized and trivialized, girls’ teams had to raise their own money through bake sales or carwashes, wear their school gym suit or make their own uniforms. School cheerleaders received more attention than female athletes. Girls played in empty gymnasiums. Parents who would come to see their sons wouldn’t watch their athlete daughters.
    ::在所有田径领域,女孩和妇女都面临歧视、种族主义、仇视同性恋、偏见和嘲讽;警告妇女,体育活动不仅不女性化,而且证明存在女同性恋现象;女运动员被描述为身体上不吸引,并被告知竞技体育会伤害生殖器官和妇女结婚的机会;妇女被视为比男性更“自私”,而不是团队导向。 边缘化和微不足道的是,女孩团队不得不通过烘烤销售或洗车、穿校服或自制校服来筹集自己的钱。 学校女运动员比女运动员受到更多的关注。 女孩在空体操场上玩耍。 来看儿子的父母不会看自己的运动员女儿。

    However, as part of the backlash against the women’s movement, opposition quickly organized against Title IX. Worried about how it would affect men’s athletics, legislators and collegiate sports officials became concerned and looked for ways to limit its influence. One argument was that revenue-producing sports such as college football should be exempted from Title IX compliance. Another was that in order for schools and colleges to comply, they would have to cut men’s sports such as wrestling. Others argued that federal legislation was not the way to achieve equality or even parity. Finally, conservative opponents of women’s rights believed that feminists used Title IX as an all-purpose vehicle to advance their agenda in the schools. Since 1975, there have been twenty court challenges to Title IX in an attempt to whittle down greater gender equity in all fields of education—mirroring the ups and downs of the women’s movement at large. According to the National Federation of State High School Associations, female students received 1.3 million fewer opportunities to participate in high school athletics than their male peers in the 2006–2007 school years. Yet as a result of Title IX, women have benefited from involvement in amateur and professional sports and, in turn, sports are more exciting with their participation.
    ::但是,作为反对妇女运动的反弹的一部分,反对派迅速组织起来反对第九编。 最后,反对妇女权利的保守派认为第九编将女权主义者作为推进其学校议程的全用工具。自1975年以来,有20个法院对第九编提出质疑,试图在所有教育领域削减更大的两性公平 — — 美化整个妇女运动的起伏。 根据国家高中协会全国联合会,2006-2007学年,女性学生参加高中体育的机会比男性同行少130万。 然而,由于第九编,女性从参与业余和专业运动中受益更多。

      




    Published on May 12, 2012
    ::2012年5月12日发布

    An award-winning, student-created documentary about the historic 1966 NCAA Championship game between Kentucky and Texas Western. This is the game that Pat Riley has called "the Emancipation Proclamation of 1966" because of it's social impact on the desegregation of college basketball.
    ::一部获奖、学生创作的纪录片,讲述了1966年肯塔基州和得克萨斯州西部之间历史性的NCAA锦标赛。这是帕特·莱利称之为“1966年解放公告”的比赛,因为它对大学篮球的取消隔离产生了社会影响。