章节大纲

  • 常规

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  • 化学潜在能源

    A wooden rifle rests against a tree stump, with a leather bag nearby.

    Where did gunpowder come from?
    ::火药从哪里来的?

    Gun powder was originally developed by the Chinese in the ninth century AD, primarily for rockets. This material is composed of charcoal, sulfur, and saltpeter (potassium nitrate). The reaction involves the conversion of the charcoal to carbon dioxide with the potassium nitrate providing the extra oxygen needed for a rapid reaction. Sulfur was included to stabilize the product, but gunpowder is still highly explosive.
    ::火药最初由中国人于九世纪反倾销开发,主要用于火箭,由木炭、硫磺和硝酸钾组成,反应包括木炭转化为二氧化碳,硝酸钾为快速反应提供所需的额外氧气,含硫以稳定产品,但火药仍具有高度爆炸性。

    Types of Energy
    ::能源种类

    Two basic types of energy exist: potential energy and . Potential energy is stored energy. It has not yet been released, but is ready to go. Kinetic energy is energy of motion. It causes work to be done through movement.
    ::现有的两种基本能源类型是:潜在的能源和.潜在的能源是储存的能源,尚未释放,但准备释放。动能是运动的能量,通过移动可以进行工作。

    Chemical Potential Energy
    ::化学潜在能源

    Energy is the capacity for doing work or supplying . When you fill your car with gasoline, you are providing it with potential energy. Chemical potential energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance . The various chemicals that make up gasoline contain a large amount of chemical potential energy that is released when the gasoline is burned in a controlled way in the engine of the car. The release of that energy does two things. Some of the potential energy is transformed into work, which is used to move the car. At the same time, some of the potential energy is converted to heat, making the car’s engine very hot. The energy changes of a system occur as either heat or work, or some combination of both.
    ::能源是从事工作或供应的能力。当您用汽油充满汽车时,您正在提供潜在的能源。化学潜在能源是某种物质的化学键中储存的能源。构成汽油的各种化学物质含有大量化学潜在能源,在汽油在汽车发动机中以有控制的方式燃烧时释放出来。释放这种能源有两种作用。一些潜在的能源被转化为工作,用来移动汽车。与此同时,一些潜在的能源被转换为热能,使汽车的发动机变得非常热。一个系统的能量变化要么是热,要么是工作,或者两者的某种组合。

    A dragster accelerating on a racetrack, illustrating chemical potential energy in fuel.
    A dragster is able to accelerate because of the chemical potential energy of its fuel. The burning of the fuel also produces large amounts of heat.

    Dynamite is another example of chemical potential energy. The major component of dynamite is nitroglycerin, a very unstable material. By mixing it with diatomaceous earth, the stability is increased and it is less likely to explode if it receives a physical shock. When ignited, the nitroglycerin explodes rapidly, releasing large amounts of nitrogen and other along with a massive amount of heat.
    ::炸药的主要成分是硝化甘油,一种非常不稳定的材料。通过将硝化甘油与二分形地球混合,稳定性会提高,如果受到身体冲击,爆炸的可能性会降低。当点燃时,硝化甘油会迅速爆炸,释放大量氮和其他,同时释放大量热量。

    A large explosion of dynamite, showcasing the release of gas and heat.
    Dynamite explosion.

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Chemical potential energy is energy available in the chemical bonds of a compound.
      ::化学潜在能源是化合物化学键中的能源。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is chemical potential energy?
      ::什么是化学潜在能量?
    2. How is gasoline used as kinetic energy?
      ::汽油如何用作动能?
    3. How is dynamite used as kinetic energy?
      ::炸药如何用作动能?