章节大纲

  • 常规

    全部折叠 展开全部

  • 现代化现代化

    Objectives
    ::目标目标目标和目标目标目标目标目标

    Summarize the views of modernization theory and world-system theory on modernization in less-developed nations. 
    ::总结了欠发达国家现代化理论和世界系统现代化理论的观点。

    Describe the positive and the negative effects of modernization on social life and the natural environment.
    ::描述现代化对社会生活和自然环境的积极和消极影响。


    Universal Generalizations
    ::普遍化

    The countries of the world are divided into industrialized and industrializing.
    ::世界各国分为工业化国家和工业化国家。

    For economic growth to occur, the number and variety of goods and services a nation produces must increase.
    ::为了实现经济增长,一个国家生产的商品和服务的数量和种类必须增加。

    Modernization has both positive and negative effects on society and the environment.
    ::现代化对社会和环境有积极和消极的影响。

    Modern technology exposes moral and ethical questions.
    ::现代技术暴露了道德和伦理问题。


    Guiding Questions
    ::问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问

    What do you think is the most beneficial factor of modernization?
    ::你认为现代化最有利因素是什么?

    How do sociologists explain the process of modernization?
    ::社会学家如何解释现代化过程?

    What are the significant differences between modernization theory and world-system theory view of the modernization process for less-developed nations?
    ::欠发达国家现代化理论和世界系统对现代化进程的理论观点之间有什么重大区别?

    What are some positive and negative consequences of modernization?
    ::现代化的一些积极和消极后果是什么?


      

     Modernization
    ::现代化现代化

    The Olympic National Stadium in Beijing, known as the "Bird's Nest" symbolizes China's push for modernization.
    ::北京奥运会国家体育场, 被称为「鸟巢」, 象征着中国对现代化的推动。

      


    Modernization
    ::现代化现代化

    Describes the processes that increase the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in societies resulting in the move from an undeveloped society to developed, technologically driven society (Irwin 1975). By this definition, the level of modernity within a society is judged by the sophistication of its technology, particularly as it relates to infrastructure, industry, and the like. However, it is important to note the inherent ethnocentric bias of such assessment. Why do we assume that those living in semi-peripheral and peripheral nations would find it so wonderful to become more like the core nations? Is modernization always positive?
    ::描述导致社会从不发达社会向发达、技术驱动社会转移的专业化和结构差异增加的过程(Irwin 1975年),根据这个定义,一个社会中的现代化程度根据其技术的先进程度来判断,特别是与基础设施、工业等有关的技术的先进程度。然而,必须指出这种评估的内在族裔中心偏见。我们为什么认为生活在半边际和外围国家的人会觉得更像核心国家那样是美妙的?现代化是否总是积极?

    One contradiction of all kinds of technology is that they often promise time-saving benefits, but somehow fail to deliver. How many times have you ground your teeth in frustration at an internet site that refused to load or at a dropped call on your cell phone? Despite time-saving devices such as dishwashers, washing machines, and, now, remote control vacuum cleaners, the average amount of time spent on housework is the same today as it was fifty years ago. And the dubious benefits of 24/7 email and immediate information have simply increased the amount of time employees are expected to be responsive and available. While once businesses had to travel at the speed of the United States postal system, sending something off and waiting until it was received before the next stage, today the immediacy of information transfer means there are no such breaks.
    ::各种技术的一个矛盾之处是,它们常常承诺节省时间的好处,但不知何故未能兑现。你多少次在拒绝上载或手机被调用的互联网网站上将牙齿置于挫折之中?尽管有时间节省的装置,如洗碗机、洗衣机和遥控真空清洁工,但平均花在家务劳动上的时间与50年前一样。 24/7电子邮件和即时信息带来的可疑好处只是增加了员工的反应和可用时间。 一旦企业不得不以美国邮政系统的速度旅行,发送东西,等待在下个阶段之前收到,今天信息传输的即时性意味着没有这种中断。

    Further, the internet bought us information, but at a cost. The morass of information means that there is as much poor information available as trustworthy sources. There is a delicate line to walk when core nations seek to bring the assumed benefits of modernization to more traditional cultures. For one, there are obvious pro-capitalist biases that go into such attempts, and it is short-sighted for western governments and social scientists to assume all other countries aspire to follow in their footsteps. Additionally, there can be a kind of neo-liberal defense of rural cultures, ignoring the often crushing poverty and diseases that exist in peripheral nations and focusing only on a nostalgic mythology of the happy peasant. It takes a very careful hand to understand both the need for cultural identity and preservation as well as the hopes for future growth.
    ::此外,互联网购买了我们的信息,但代价不小。信息之大意味着拥有同样多的可信赖的信息来源。 当核心国家寻求将现代化的假定利益带给更多的传统文化时,有一条微妙的道路可走。 首先,在这种尝试中显然存在着亲资本主义的偏见,西方政府和社会科学家短视地认为所有其他国家都希望追随它们。 此外,可能有一种新自由主义的农村文化防御,忽视周边国家中经常存在的极度贫困和疾病,只关注快乐农民的老旧神话。 它非常小心地理解文化认同和保护的必要性以及未来增长的希望。

     

     

    Modernization Theory
    ::现代化理论

    Modernization theory emerged in the 1950's as an explanation of how the industrial societies of North America and Western Europe developed. The theory argues that societies develop in fairly predictable stages though which they become increasingly complex. Development depends primarily on the importation of technology as well as a number of other political and social changes  believed to come about as a result.
    ::20世纪50年代的现代化理论是用来解释北美和西欧工业社会如何发展的。 该理论认为,社会的发展处于相当可预见的阶段,尽管它们变得越来越复杂。 发展主要取决于技术的进口以及据信由此而来的其他政治和社会变革。

    For example, modernization involves increased levels of schooling and the development of mass media, both of which foster democratic political institutions. Transportation and communication become increasingly sophisticated and accessible, populations become more urban and mobile, and the extended family declines in importance as a result. Organizations become bureaucratic as the division of labor   grows more complex and religion declines in public influence. Lastly, cash-driven markets take over as the primary mechanism through which goods and services are exchanged.

    ::例如,现代化需要提高学校教育水平和发展大众媒体,这两者都促进民主政治机构。 交通和通信越来越复杂,越来越容易进入,人口变得更加城市和流动,大家庭因此变得日益重要。 随着劳动分工日益复杂,宗教影响减少,组织变得官僚主义。 最后,现金驱动的市场成为货物和服务交换的主要机制。

     

    World System Theory
    ::世界系统理论

    Immanuel Wallenstein proposed one of the explanations of how global stratification came about. According to world system theory, industrialization led to four groups of nations. The first group consists of the core nations, the countries that industrialized first (Britain, France, Holland, and Germany), which grew rich and powerful. The second group is the semi periphery.
    ::伊曼纽尔·瓦伦斯坦(Immanuel Wallenstein)提出了一个解释全球分层是如何形成的的解释之一。 根据世界体系理论,工业化导致了四组国家。 第一组国家由核心国家组成,即工业化第一(英国、法国、荷兰和德国),这些国家是富国和强国,第二组国家是半外围国家。

    The economies of these nations, located around the Mediterranean, stagnated because they grew dependent on trade with the core nations. The economies of the third group, the periphery, or fringe nations, developed even less.
    ::这些国家位于地中海周围,它们的经济停滞不前,因为它们越来越依赖与核心国家的贸易。 第三组国家、边缘国家或边缘国家的经济甚至更不发达。

    These are the eastern European countries, which sold cash crops to the core nations. The fourth group of nations includes most of Africa and Asia. Called the external area, these nations were left out of the development of capitalism altogether. The current expansion of capitalism has changed the relationships among these groups. 
    ::这些国家是东欧国家,它们向核心国家出售经济作物,第四组国家包括大多数非洲和亚洲国家。 这些国家被称为外部地区,完全被排除在资本主义发展之外。 目前资本主义的扩张改变了这些群体之间的关系。


    A world map of countries by trading status, late 20th century, using the world system differentiation into core countries (blue), semi-periphery countries (purple) and periphery countries (red). Based on the list in Chase-Dunn, Kawano, Brewer  (2000)  
    ::20世纪末期按贸易状况划分的世界各国状况世界地图,利用世界体系对核心国家(蓝色)、半周边国家(纯)和外围国家(红)加以区分。

      


    According to Wallerstein, the world economic system is divided into a hierarchy of three types of  countries: core, semiperipheral, and peripheral.  Core countries such as United States, Germany, Japan are dominant capitalist countries characterized by high levels of industrialization and urbanization.  Core countries are capital intensive have high wages and high technology productionpatterns and lower amounts of labor exploitation and coercion. 
    ::华勒斯坦认为,世界经济体系分为三类国家:核心国、半边国和外围国。 美国、德国等核心国是工业化和城市化程度高的资本主义大国。 资本密集的核心国工资高,技术生产模式高,劳动剥削和胁迫程度低。

    Peripheral countries which include most African countries and low income countries in South  America are dependent on core countries for capital and are less industrialized and urbanized.  Peripheral countries are usually agarian, have low literacy rates, and lack consistent Internet access.
    ::包括大多数非洲国家和南美洲低收入国家在内的周边国家依赖核心国家资本,工业化程度较低,城市化程度较低。 周边国家通常为荒漠国家,识字率低,缺乏持续的互联网接入。

    Semi-peripheral countries such as South Korea and Taiwan, Mexico, Brazil, India, Nigeria, South Africa are less developed than core nations but more developed than peripheral nations.  They are the weaker nations of "advanced" regions or the leading members of former colonial ones. 
    ::南韩和台湾、墨西哥、巴西、印度、尼日利亚、南非等半外围国家比核心国家欠发达,但比周边国家发达。 它们是“先进”地区的较弱国家或前殖民国家的主要成员。

    Core countries have most of the world’s capital and technology and have great control over world trade and economic agreements.  They are also the cultural centers which attract artists and intellectuals.  Peripheral countries generally provide labor and materials to core countries.  Semi-peripheral countries exploit peripheral countries, just as core countries exploit both semi-peripheral and peripheral countries.  Core countries extract raw materials with little cost. They can also set the prices for the agricultural products that peripheral countries export regardless of market prices, forcing small farmers to abandon their fields because they can’t afford to pay for labor and fertilizer.  The wealthy in peripheral countries benefit from the labor of the poor workers and from their own economic relations with core country capitalists.
    ::核心国家拥有世界大部分资本和技术,并且对世界贸易和经济协议拥有巨大的控制权。 它们也是吸引艺术家和知识分子的文化中心。 周边国家一般向核心国家提供劳动力和材料。 半外围国家剥削周边国家,正如核心国家剥削半外围国家和外围国家一样。 核心国家以低廉的成本开采原材料。 它们还可以设定外围国家出口的农产品的价格,而不管市场价格如何,迫使小农户放弃田地,因为他们无力支付劳动力和化肥。 外围国家的富人受益于贫穷工人的劳动以及他们与核心国家资本家的经济关系。



    Published on May 19, 2014

    A World Sociology screencast examining Wallerstein's World Systems Theory.
    ::一个世界社会学屏幕 检查沃勒斯坦的世界系统理论

    <iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/M3i6KmoHQgY" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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    For further reading on Modernization Theory view the following article by J. Michael Armer and John Katsillisat
    ::由J. Michael Armer和John Katsillisat撰写的以下文章,

    Published on Jan 5, 2013

    Immanuel Wallerstein took Marx's ideas about exploitation and applied them to his contemporary views of society. His World Systems Theory explains globalization and the market economy as exploitative tools which keep some countries in power over others
    ::Immanuel Wallerstein 采纳了马克思关于剥削的想法,并将其应用于当代社会观点。 他的世界体系理论将全球化和市场经济解释为剥削工具,使一些国家得以凌驾于其他国家之上。

    <iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KbS1VkX3CP0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>  
    ::<iramle宽度="420" 高度="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KbS1VkX3CP0" 框架边框="0" 允许全屏{/iframe>