章节大纲

  • 常规

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  • 碰撞理论

    A teal minivan with noticeable rear bumper damage, decorated with leaf stickers.

    Oops!
    ::哎哟!

    Car damage can be very expensive, especially if the person hitting your car does not have insurance. Many people have had the experience of backing up while parallel parking and hearing that “bump”. Fortunately, there is often no damage because the cars were not going fast enough. But every once in a while there is a rearrangement of the body parts of a car when it is hit with sufficient speed. Then things need to be fixed.
    ::汽车损坏可能非常昂贵,特别是当撞到你的汽车的人没有保险时。 许多人在平行停车和听到“抛锚 ” 时都经历过后退的遭遇。 幸运的是,由于汽车开得不够快,通常没有损坏。 但有时汽车身体部位在被足够快地击中时会重新排列。 然后事情需要解决。

    Collision Theory
    ::碰撞理论

    The behavior of the atoms, molecules, or that comprise the reactants is responsible for the rates of a given . Collision theory is a set of principles that states that the reacting particles can form products when they collide with one another provided those collisions have enough and the correct orientation. Particles that lack the necessary kinetic energy may collide, but the particles will simply bounce off one another unchanged. The figure below illustrates the difference. In the first collision, the particles bounce off one another and no rearrangement of atoms has occurred. The second collision occurs with greater kinetic energy, and so the bond between the two red atoms breaks. One red bonds with the other molecule as one product, while the single red atom is the other product. The first collision is called an ineffective collision , while the second collision is called an effective collision .
    ::原子、 分子或反应器构成的原子的行为是特定 。 碰撞理论是一套原则,它规定反应粒子在相互碰撞时可以形成产品,只要这些碰撞足够且方向正确。缺乏必要的动能的粒子可能会相撞,但粒子会简单地相互反弹。下图显示了不同之处。在第一次碰撞中,粒子相互反射,没有发生原子重新排列。第二次碰撞与更强的动能发生,因此两个红色原子之间的连接破裂。一个红色的粒子与另一个分子作为一种产品而形成,另一个红色的原子是另一种产品。第一次碰撞被称为无效碰撞,而第二次碰撞则称为有效碰撞。

    Comparison of ineffective (A) and effective (B) chemical collisions in reaction processes.

    An ineffective collision (A) is one that does not result in product formation. An effective collision (B) is one in which chemical bonds are broken and a product is formed.
    ::无效的碰撞(A)是不会导致产品形成的碰撞(B),有效的碰撞(B)是化学联结破裂和形成产品的碰撞(B)。

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Collision theory explains how materials can collide and become new materials.
      ::碰撞理论解释材料如何碰撞并成为新材料。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. How does a chemical reaction occur?
      ::如何发生化学反应?
    2. What are two requirements for collision to form a product?
      ::碰撞形成产品的两项要求是什么?
    3. Two molecules collide and then bounce off of one another. What kind of collision is that?
      ::两个分子相撞,然后相互反射。这是什么样的碰撞?

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

     

    1. What were the reactants?
      ::反应者是什么?
    2. What was the product?
      ::产品是什么?
    3. What did the match do?
      ::比赛是做什么的?