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  • 循环系统疾病和疾病

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    Don't smoke, eat healthy, and . Why?
    ::不要抽烟,吃健康的东西,为什么?

    Normally, needs to flow freely through our arteries . Plaque in an artery can restrict the flow of blood. As you can probably imagine, this is not an ideal situation. And eating right, exercising, and not smoking can help keep your arteries healthy.
    ::通常情况下,需要通过我们的动脉自由流动。动脉中的柱子可以限制血液流动。正如你可以想象的那样,这不是一个理想的情况。吃正确、锻炼而不是吸烟可以帮助保持动脉的健康。

    Homeostatic Imbalances of the Cardiovascular System
    ::心血管系统自有性不平衡

    Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to any disease that affects the , but it is usually used to refer to diseases related to atherosclerosis , which is a chronic in the walls of arteries that causes a swelling and buildup of materials called plaque. Plaque is made of debris, cholesterol, fatty acids , calcium , and fibrous connective tissue that build up around an area of inflammation. As a plaque grows, it stiffens and narrows the artery, which reduces the flow of blood through the artery, as shown in Figure .
    ::心血管疾病(CVD)指任何影响心血管疾病,但通常用于指与止血硬化有关的疾病,这种疾病在动脉壁中是慢性的,造成被称为白板的材料膨胀和积聚,粉末是由碎片、胆固醇、脂肪酸、钙和在炎热区周围积聚的纤维连接组织构成的。

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    Atherosclerosis is sometimes referred to as hardening of the arteries.
    ::心血管硬化有时被称为动脉硬化。

    Atherosclerosis
    ::冠状体硬化

    Atherosclerosis normally begins in later childhood and is usually found in most major arteries. It does not usually have any early symptoms. Causes of atherosclerosis include a high-fat diet, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity , and . Atherosclerosis becomes a threat to health when the plaque buildup interferes with the blood circulation in the heart (coronary circulation) or the brain (cerebral circulation). A blockage in the coronary circulation can lead to a heart attack , and blockage of the cerebral circulation (leading to or within the brain) can lead to a stroke . According to the American Heart Association, atherosclerosis is a leading cause of CVD.
    ::动脉硬化通常始于后来的童年,通常在大多数主要动脉中发现,通常没有早期症状。动脉硬化的原因包括高脂肪饮食、高胆固醇、吸烟、肥胖等。 当积聚的斑块干扰心脏(冠状循环)或脑(冠状循环)血液循环时,动脉硬化会威胁到健康。 冠状循环中的阻塞可能导致心脏病发作,脑循环的阻塞(导致脑部或脑部内部的)可能导致中风。 根据美国心脏协会,动脉硬化是CVD的一个主要原因。

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    An autopsy specimen of an artery has been opened lengthwise to show the inside (lumen), which is completely blocked by many plaques.
    ::切动脉的尸检标本被打开了很长的长度,以显示内部(卢门),而内部(卢门)被许多牌子完全堵塞。

      

     

    Coronary Heart Disease
    ::冠心心脏病

    Cardiac muscle cells are fed by the coronary arteries. Blocked flow in a coronary artery can result in oxygen starvation and death of heart muscle tissue . Coronary heart disease is the end result of the buildup of plaques within the walls of the coronary arteries (see  Figure ). Most individuals with coronary heart disease have no symptoms for many years until the first sign, often a heart attack, happens.
    ::心血管肌肉细胞由冠状动脉供养,冠状动脉中的阻塞流动可能导致氧气饥饿和心脏肌肉组织死亡,冠状心脏病是冠状动脉墙壁内积聚红斑的最终结果(见图 ) 。 大多数冠状心病患者在第一个征兆(往往是心脏病发作)之前多年没有症状。

    A symptom of coronary heart disease is chest pain. Occasional chest pain, called angina pectoralis (or angina), can happen during times of stress or physical exertion. The pain of angina means the heart muscle fibers need more oxygen than they are getting.
    ::冠心病的症状是胸痛。 偶尔的胸痛,叫做腹痛(或腹痛 ) , 可能在压力或身体施压时发生。 腹痛意味着心脏肌肉纤维所需要的氧量比它们得到的要多。

    A heart attack, also called a myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when the blood supply to a part of the heart is blocked, as shown in  Figure . A heart attack can occur from the buildup and blockage of a coronary artery by plaque, or it can be caused by a small piece of plaque that breaks away when a larger plaque breaks apart. This piece of free-floating plaque, called an embolus, can get stuck in a coronary , causing a blockage or embolism. Cardiac muscle fibers that are starved of oxygen for more than five minutes will die, and, because they do not divide, dead cardiac muscle cells cannot be replaced. Coronary heart disease is the leading causes of death among adults in the United States.
    ::心脏病发作,也被称为心肌梗塞(MI),当心脏部分的血液供应被阻塞时,如图所示。 心脏病发作可能发生于通过石块聚集和堵塞冠动脉导致的心脏病发作,或者可能由一块小块块块的红板造成,在大块的石块破裂时,它就会破裂。 这个自由漂浮的石块,叫做血浆,可能卡在冠状腺中,造成堵塞或栓塞。 心血管肌肉纤维缺氧超过5分钟就会死亡,而且,由于它们不分离,心脏肌肉细胞死亡无法替换。 冠状心脏病是美国成年人死亡的主要原因。

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    A diagram of a heart attack (myocardial infarction). The blood supply to the lower part of the heart is stopped after a blockage of the lower portion of the left coronary artery (LCA).
    ::心脏病发作图(心肌梗塞):心脏下部的血液供应在左冠动脉下部受阻后停止。

    Stroke
    ::阵列

    Since atherosclerosis is a body wide process, similar events can also occur in the arteries of other parts of the body including the brain. A stroke is a loss of brain function due to a stoppage of the blood supply to the brain. It can be caused by a blood clot (thrombosis), a free-floating object that gets caught in a blood vessel (embolism), or bleeding (hemorrhage).
    ::由于静脉硬化是一个全身宽广的过程,在包括大脑在内的身体其他部分的动脉中也可能发生类似事件,中风是脑部血液供应中断造成的脑功能丧失,可能是血凝块(血栓)造成的,一种自由漂浮的物体在血管(血栓)中捕获,或出血(血肿)。

    Risk factors for stroke include advanced age, high , previous stroke, diabetes, high cholesterol, and cigarette smoking. Reduction of blood pressure is the most important modifiable risk factor of stroke; however, many other risk factors, such as quitting tobacco smoking, are also important.
    ::中风风险因素包括高龄、高龄、前中风、糖尿病、高胆固醇和吸烟,减少血压是最重要的可修改的中风风险因素,但许多其他风险因素,如戒烟也很重要。

      

     

    Preventing Cardiovascular Diseases
    ::预防心血管疾病

    There are many risk factors that are associated with various forms of cardiovascular disease; some of these you cannot control, but many you can control.
    ::有许多风险因素与各种形式的心血管疾病有关;其中一些因素你无法控制,但很多因素你可以控制。

    Non-controllable risk factors include the following:
    ::不可控制的风险因素包括:

    • Age: The older a person is, the greater their chance of developing a cardiovascular disease.
      ::年龄:年龄越大,患心血管疾病的可能性就越大。
    • Gender: Men under the age of 64 are much more likely to die of coronary heart disease than women are, although the gender difference declines with age.
      ::性别:64岁以下的男子死于冠心病的可能性比妇女大得多,尽管性别差异随年龄而缩小。
    • Genetics : Family history of cardiovascular disease affects a person’s chance of developing heart disease.
      ::遗传学:心血管疾病的家庭史影响到一个人患心脏病的机会。

    Controllable risk factors include the following:
    ::可控风险因素包括:

    • Tobacco smoking: Giving up smoking is the single most effective way of reducing risk of heart disease.
      ::吸烟:戒烟是减少心脏病风险的最有效方法。
    • Diabetes: Having diabetes can cause metabolic changes (such as high cholesterol levels), which in themselves are risk factors.
      ::糖尿病:糖尿病可导致代谢变化(如高胆固醇水平),这本身就是风险因素。
    • High cholesterol levels: High amounts of low density (LDLs) in the blood, also called "bad cholesterol," are a significant risk factor.
      ::高胆固醇水平:血液中高密度低密度(LDLs),也称为“坏胆固醇”,是一个重大风险因素。
    • Obesity: Being obese, especially if the fat is deposited mostly in the torso rather than the hips and thighs, increases risk significantly.
      ::肥胖:肥胖,特别是如果脂肪主要沉积在躯干而不是臀部和大腿中,就会大大增加风险。
    • High blood pressure: Hypertension can cause atherosclerosis.
      ::高血压:高血压可引起天体硬化。
    • Lack of physical activity: Aerobic activities, including walking and vacuuming, that are done for 60 minutes a day, five days a week, help keep the heart stay healthy.
      ::缺乏体育活动:有氧活动,包括每天60分钟、每周5天的步行和真空活动,有助于保持心脏健康。
    • Poor eating habits: Eating mostly foods that are nutrient poor (do not have many nutrients other than fat or carbohydrate) leads to high cholesterol levels and weight gain, among other things.
      ::不良饮食习惯:主要吃营养贫乏的食物(除了脂肪或碳水化合物以外,没有其他营养物质)导致高胆固醇水平和体重增加等。

    Although there are uncontrollable risk factors involved in CVD, a person whose family has a history of CVD is not destined to develop heart disease. There are many things such a person can do to help prevent CVD, even when predisposed to a disease. A person who is physically active every day, eats healthfully, and avoids tobacco can lower their chances of developing the disease.
    ::尽管CVD中存在无法控制的风险因素,但家庭有CVD史的人注定不会患心脏病,这种人可以做许多事情帮助预防CVD,即使容易患上疾病。 每天身体活跃、健康饮食和避免吸烟的人可以降低发展这种疾病的机会。

    Although men have a higher rate of cardiovascular disease than women, it is also the number one health problem for women in industrialized countries. After menopause , the risk for women is almost equal to that of men.
    ::尽管男性患心血管疾病的比率高于女性,但这也是工业化国家妇女的第一大健康问题。 更年期后,女性面临的风险几乎与男性相同。

    Cardiovascular Disease Awareness
    ::心血管疾病认识

    Cardiovascular diseases are called "lifestyle diseases" because they are caused mostly by everyday choices that people make such as what to eat for dinner or what to do during their free time. For example, watching TV with your dog does not involve much moving around, so it does not exercise the body, whereas bringing the dog for a walk outside exercises both of you ( Figure ). Decisions that you make today and everyday will affect your many years from now.
    ::心血管疾病被称为“生活方式疾病 ” , 因为这些疾病大多是由人们日常选择造成的,比如吃什么饭或者在闲暇时间做什么。 比如,用狗看电视并不涉及运动,因此它不会锻炼身体,而会带狗去外面散步(图 ) 。 今天做的决定和每天做的决定会影响你从现在开始的许多年。

    Many studies have shown that plaque buildup starts in early adolescence . However, teens are more concerned about risks such as , accidents, and than cardiovascular disease. One in three people will die from complications due to atherosclerosis. For this reason, there is an emphasis on the prevention of CVD through risk reduction. For example, healthy eating, regular physical activity, and avoidance of smoking can greatly decrease a person’s chance of developing a CVD.
    ::许多研究显示,在青少年早期就开始建房。 然而,青少年更担心风险,比如事故和心血管疾病。 每三人中就有一人会死于节育性硬化症造成的并发症。 因此,强调通过降低风险来预防CVD。 比如,健康饮食、正常的体育活动和避免吸烟可以大大降低个人发展CVD的可能性。

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    Limiting sedentary activities, such as watching TV, and making more time for walking, hiking, cycling, or running will help develop a healthy heart.
    ::限制定居活动,例如看电视,以及增加步行、徒步、骑自行车或跑步的时间,将有助于培养健康的心脏。

    Congenital Heart Defects
    ::遗传心脏病

    A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart that is present at birth. Most heart defects either obstruct blood flow in the heart or vessels near it or cause blood to flow through the heart in an abnormal pattern, although other defects affecting heart rhythm can also occur. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect. They affect 8 out of every 1,000 newborns. Each year, more than 35,000 babies in the United States are born with congenital heart defects. 
    ::先天性心脏病缺陷是出生时心脏结构的一个问题,大多数心脏病缺陷要么阻碍心脏或附近血管的血液流动,要么导致血液通过心脏的异常模式流动,尽管也可能发生其他影响心脏节奏的缺陷。先天性心脏病缺陷是最常见的出生缺陷类型,影响每1 000个新生儿中的8个。每年,美国有35 000个以上婴儿出生时先天性心脏病缺陷。

    Treatment for a defect can include medicines, surgery, and other medical procedures and heart transplants. The treatment depends on the type and severity of the defect as well as the child's age, size, and general health. Also, certain mild defects that some children are born with are repaired over time by the body.
    ::对缺陷的治疗可包括药物、外科手术和其他医疗程序和心脏移植,治疗取决于缺陷的类型和严重性以及儿童的年龄、大小和一般健康状况,此外,一些儿童出生后所生的某些轻微缺陷会随着时间的推移由身体修复。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory response that causes swelling and buildup of plaque. As plaque grows, it stiffens and narrows the artery, which reduces the flow of blood through the artery.
      ::动脉硬化是一种长期的煽动性反应,它导致板块膨胀和积聚。 随着板块的生长,它使动脉僵硬并缩小,从而减少血液通过动脉的流量。
    • Atherosclerosis can lead to heart attacks or strokes.
      ::动脉硬化可能导致心脏病发作或中风。
    • Controllable factors for cardiovascular disease include smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol levels, obesity, high blood pressure, lack of physical activity, and poor eating habits.
      ::心血管疾病的可控制因素包括吸烟、糖尿病、高胆固醇水平、肥胖、高血压、缺乏体育活动和不良饮食习惯。
    • Most congenital heart defects either obstruct blood flow in the heart or vessels near it or cause blood to flow through the heart in an abnormal pattern, although other defects affecting heart rhythm can also occur.
      ::大多数先天性心脏病缺陷要么阻碍心脏或附近血管的血液流动,要么导致血液以异常模式流过心脏,尽管其他影响心脏节奏的缺陷也可能发生。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is an embolus?
      ::什么是血栓?
    2. What are three non-controllable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases?
      ::心血管疾病的三个不可控制的风险因素是什么?
    3. When does plaque build-up start?
      ::牌局何时开始建设?
    4. How long does it take for cardiac muscle fibers to die when starved of oxygen?
      ::如果缺氧,心脏肌肉纤维要多久才会死?