3.9 血液疾病和疾病
章节大纲
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What must your do when you cut yourself?
::当你割伤自己时,你必须做什么?It must clot, as depicted above. The ability to clot is essential for survival, and it occurs through a cascade of processes. But what happens if your blood cannot clot? Hemophilia is a serious disorder in which the clotting cascade is interrupted. So what happens?
::正如上文所描述的,它必须凝块。凝块的能力是生存的关键,它通过一系列过程发生。但如果你的血液不能凝块,会发生什么情况?血友病是一种严重的疾病,凝块级联在其中被打断。然后呢?Homeostatic Imbalances of the Blood
::血液的自制性不平衡Problems can occur with red blood cells , white blood cells , platelets , and other components of the blood. Many blood disorders are genetic or are a result of nutrient deficiency, while others are cancers of the blood.
::红血细胞、白血细胞、小板和其他血液成分都可能出现问题,许多血液紊乱是遗传疾病或营养缺乏所致,而其他则是血液癌。Sickle- disease is a group of caused by abnormally shaped hemoglobin called sickle hemoglobin. In many forms of the disease, the red blood cells change shape because the abnormal hemoglobin stick to each other, causing the cell to have a rigid surface and sickle shape, as shown in Figure . This process damages the membrane of the red blood cell and can cause the cells to get stuck in . This clotting causes oxygen starvation in tissues , which may cause organ damage such as a stroke or a heart attack . The disease is chronic and lifelong. Individuals are most often well, but their lives are punctuated by periodic painful attacks. Sickle-cell disease occurs more commonly in people (or their descendants) from parts of the world, such as sub-Saharan Africa, where malaria is or was common. It also occurs in people of other ethnicities. As a result, those with sickle cell disease are resistant to malaria since the red blood cells are not favored by the malaria parasites . The mutated hemoglobin is recessive , meaning it must be inherited from each parent for the individual to have the disease.
::镰状镰状疾病是由突变的血红蛋白引起的,称为镰状血红蛋白血球素。在许多疾病形式中,红血球细胞之所以变形,是因为突变的血红蛋白相互粘合,导致细胞表面和镰状形状僵硬,如图所示。这一过程损害红血细胞的膜,并可能导致细胞卡住。这种凝块在组织中造成氧气饥饿,可能导致器官损伤,如中风或心脏病。这种疾病是慢性和终身的。个人通常很好,但他们的生命因周期性痛苦袭击而破灭。镰状细胞疾病在撒哈拉以南非洲等世界地区的人群(或其后代)中更为常见,那里的疟疾是或常见的,还发生在其他种族。因此,患镰状细胞病的人对疟疾具有抗药性,因为红血细胞不赞成疟疾寄生虫。混血色素是歇息的,这意味着每个父母必须继承这一疾病。Sickle-cell disease. The abnormal shape of the red blood cells damages the red blood cells, which causes them to get stuck in blood vessels. The blocked capillaries reduce the blood flow to an organ and can result in pain and organ damage.
::镰状细胞疾病:红细胞的异常形状破坏了红细胞,导致红细胞卡在血管中。 被堵住的刺青会减少血液流向器官,并可能导致疼痛和器官损伤。Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia. It occurs when the dietary intake or absorption of iron is less than what is needed by the body. As a result, hemoglobin, which contains iron, cannot be made. In the United States, 20 percent of all women of childbearing age have iron deficiency anemia, compared with only 2 percent of adult men. The principal cause of iron deficiency anemia in premenopausal women is blood lost during menstruation .
::缺铁性贫血是最常见的贫血类型,当饮食摄入或吸收铁量低于身体需要时,就会发生,因此,无法制造含铁的血红蛋白,在美国,20%的育龄妇女患缺铁性贫血症,而成年男子只有2%。 绝经前妇女缺铁性贫血的主要原因是月经期间血液流失。Leukemia is a that originates in the bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal production of white blood cells (rarely red blood cells) that are released into the bloodstream. Lymphoma is a cancer of the , which helps to filter blood. Lymphoma can be categorized as either Hodgkin's lymphoma or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
::白血病起源于骨髓,其特征是释放到血液中的白血细胞(罕见的红血细胞)异常产生,淋巴瘤是这种血的癌症,有助于过滤血液,淋巴瘤可归为Hodgkin的淋巴瘤或非Hodgkin的淋巴瘤。Hemophilia is the name of a group of hereditary genetic diseases that affect the body's ability to control blood clotting. Hemophilia is characterized by a lack of clotting factors in the blood. Clotting factors are needed for a normal clotting process. When a blood vessel is injured, a temporary scab does form, but the missing coagulation factors prevent the formation of fibrin, which is needed to maintain the blood clot. Therefore, a person who has hemophilia is initially able to make a clot to stop the bleeding, but, because fibrin is not produced, the body is unable to maintain the clot for long. The risks of re-bleeding of an injury and internal bleeding are increased in hemophilia, especially into , , or closed spaces. Hemophilia A is the most common type of hemophilia. It is also known as factor VIII deficiency or classic hemophilia. 5-10% of patients with hemophilia A are affected because they make a dysfunctional version of the factor VIII protein, while the remainder are affected because they produce insufficient amounts of factor VIII. Hemophilia B is the second most common type of hemophilia. It is known as factor IX deficiency or Christmas disease.
::血友病是影响身体控制血凝血能力的遗传遗传性遗传性疾病群体的名称,它影响身体控制血凝血的能力。血凝血的特征是血液缺乏凝血因素。正常凝血过程需要腐化因素。当血管受伤时,暂时的沙布确实形成,但缺失的凝固因素阻止了为保持血凝血所需的纤维素的形成。因此,有血友病的人最初能够凝血来止血,但是由于Fibrin没有产生,身体无法长期保持血凝血块。在血凝血浆中,伤害和内出血的再流血风险增加,特别是进入、或封闭的空间。血友病是最常见的血友病类型。血友病也被称为第八种缺血症或典型血友病。5-10%的血友病患者受到影响,因为他们对第八种蛋白质有失调的版本,而其余患者则受到影响,因为他们对血凝血凝血凝素产生最大的缺损系数,特别是进入、进入或封闭的空间。Haemochromatosis is a hereditary disease that is characterized by a buildup of iron in the body. Iron accumulation can eventually cause organ damage, most importantly in the liver and pancreas (manifesting as liver failure and mellitus respectively). It is estimated that roughly one in every 300-400 people is affected by the disease. People of Northern European and especially people of Irish, Scottish, Welsh, and English descent are more susceptible.
::甲状腺炎是一种遗传性疾病,其特征是体内铁的积聚。 铁的积累最终会导致器官损伤,最重要的是肝脏和胰腺(分别作为肝衰竭和宫颈手术而成形 ) 。 据估计,每300-400人中约有一人受到这一疾病的影响。 北欧人民,特别是爱尔兰人、苏格兰人、威尔士人和英国血统的人更容易感染。Summary
::摘要-
In many forms of sickle-cell disease, the red blood cells change shape because the abnormal hemoglobin proteins stick to each other, causing the cell to have a rigid surface and sickle shape. This process damages the membrane of the red blood cell and can cause the cells to get stuck in blood vessels.
::在许多形式的镰状细胞疾病中,红细胞会因不正常的血红蛋白蛋白相互粘合而变形,导致细胞表面和镰状的僵硬。 这一过程会损害红细胞的膜,并可能导致细胞卡在血管中。 -
Hemophilia is characterized by a lack of clotting factors in the blood that are needed for a normal clotting process.
::血友病的特点是血液中缺乏正常凝血过程所需的凝血因素。
Review
::回顾-
What is unique about where sickle-cell disease occurs most commonly?
::镰状细胞疾病最常发生的地方有什么独特之处? -
Why do people with hemophilia have trouble forming blood clots?
::为什么有血友病的人 很难形成血凝块? -
Why does iron deficiency cause anemia?
::为什么缺铁会导致贫血?
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In many forms of sickle-cell disease, the red blood cells change shape because the abnormal hemoglobin proteins stick to each other, causing the cell to have a rigid surface and sickle shape. This process damages the membrane of the red blood cell and can cause the cells to get stuck in blood vessels.
