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  • 疾病和疾病

    lesson content

    Ever had a headache that just won't go away?
    ::头痛,但不会消失吗?

    We all get headaches. Headaches are a relatively minor problem associated with the . But what about more serious issues of the nervous system? As you can probably imagine, these can be extremely serious.
    ::我们都会头痛。头痛是与此相关的一个相对较小的问题。但是神经系统的更严重的问题呢?正如你可以想象的那样,这些问题可能非常严重。

    Disorders of the Nervous System
    ::神经系统紊乱

    There are several different types of problems that can affect the nervous system:
    ::神经系统可能会受到多种不同类型的问题的影响:

    • Vascular disorders involve problems with flow. For example, a stroke occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to part of the brain . Brain die quickly if their oxygen supply is cut off. This can cause paralysis and loss of other normal functions, depending on the part of the brain that is damaged.
      ::血管紊乱涉及流动问题。 例如,当血块阻塞血液流入部分大脑时,会中风。 如果氧气供应中断,脑部会迅速死亡。这会导致瘫痪和其他正常功能的丧失,取决于被损坏的大脑部分。
    • Nervous tissue may become infected by microorganisms. Meningitis , for example, is caused by a viral or bacterial infection of the tissues covering the brain. This may cause the brain to swell and lead to brain damage and death.
      ::神经组织可能受到微生物的感染,例如脑膜炎是由脑组织病毒或细菌感染引起的,可能导致大脑膨胀,导致脑损伤和死亡。
    • Brain or spinal cord injuries may cause paralysis and other disabilities. Injuries to peripheral nerves can cause localized pain or numbness.
      ::脑损伤或脊髓损伤可能导致瘫痪和其他残疾,外围神经损伤可造成局部疼痛或麻木。
    • Abnormal brain functions can occur for a variety of reasons. Examples include headaches, such as migraine headaches, and epilepsy, in which seizures occur.
      ::不正常的大脑功能可能因各种原因出现,例如头痛,如偏头痛和癫痫,癫痫发作。
    • Nervous tissue may degenerate or break down. Alzheimer’s disease is an example of this type of disorder as is Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , or ALS. ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, leads to a gradual loss of higher brain functions. Alzheimer's Disease : Is the Cure in the Genes ?
      ::阿尔茨海默氏病是这种类型的疾病的例子。 阿尔茨海默氏病就是此类疾病的例子,亚美营养性横向硬性硬化症或ALS就是一个例子。 ALS,又称Lou Gehrig的疾病,导致高脑功能的逐渐丧失。 阿尔茨海默氏病:治愈在基因中吗?

    Alzheimer's disease is a progressive form of dementia that results in a major decline in mental abilities. This disease has been associated with the build-up of plaque in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. Amyloid Precursor (APP) is a protein in the brain that is digested by and forms the plaques that are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease.
    ::阿尔茨海默氏病是一种渐进形式的痴呆症,导致精神能力大幅下降。这一疾病与阿尔茨海默氏病患者大脑中的斑块积累有关。Amyloid Precursor(APP)是大脑中的蛋白质,通过阿茨海默氏病的特征而消化和形成。

    By 2050, as the U.S. ages, 15 million Americans will suffer from Alzheimer's disease - triple today's number. But genetic studies may provide information leading to a cure. 
    ::到2050年,在美国这个时代,1500万美国人将患阿尔茨海默氏病 — — 今天的数字是今天的三倍。 但基因研究可以提供导致治愈的信息。

      

     

    In April 2011, an international analysis of the genes of more than 50,000 people led to the discovery of five new genes that make Alzheimer's disease more likely in the elderly. This discovery provides clues about what might start the Alzheimer's disease process and fuel its progress in a person’s brain. In July 2012, it was announced that a variant of the APP gene makes the protein less likely to be digested by enzymes, and therefore probably reduces its ability to form plaques. Though this is very rare, this information does suggest that blocking the enzymatic digestion of APP might be helpful in preventing or slowing Alzheimer's disease, if it can be done through other means such as a drug treatment.
    ::2011年4月,对5万多人基因的国际分析导致发现了五种新基因,这使得老年阿尔茨海默氏病在老年人中更有可能发作。 这一发现为阿尔茨海默氏病的发病过程提供了线索,并刺激了一个人大脑的进化。 2012年7月,人们宣布APP基因的变种会降低蛋白被酶消化的可能性,因此可能降低其形成病状的能力。 尽管这是非常罕见的,但这一信息确实表明,阻止阿兹海默氏病的酶消化可能有助于预防或减缓阿兹海默氏病,如果可以通过药物治疗等其他手段进行。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • A variety of disorders, caused by blood flow issues, genetics, or infection, can reduce brain function or affect other parts of the nervous system.
      ::由血液流动问题、遗传学或感染引起的各种紊乱可降低大脑功能或影响神经系统的其他部分。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is meningitis?
      ::什么是脑膜炎?
    2. What is Alzheimer's?
      ::什么是老年痴呆症?