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  • 骨骼系统疾病和疾病

    Do you think this would hurt? Why?
    ::你觉得这样会痛吗?

    That would probably hurt a lot. Broken , or fractures , may be one of the more common problems of the . And this one would need surgery to fix. But, in addition to broken bones, there are other problems and diseases of the skeletal system.
    ::这可能会伤害很多。骨折或骨折可能是最常见的问题之一。这个需要手术来修复。但是,除了骨折外,骨骼系统还有其他问题和疾病。

    Homeostatic Imbalances of Bone
    ::Bone 的自制不平衡

    Despite their great strength, bones can fracture, or break. Fractures can occur at different places on a bone and are usually due to excessive bending stress on the bone. Fractures can be complete, in which the bone is completely broken, or incomplete, in which the bone is cracked or chipped but not broken all the way (see Figure ). Immediately after a fracture, that were torn leak into surrounding tissues , and a mass of clotted blood, called a hematoma, forms. The area becomes swollen and sore. Within a few days, capillaries begin to grow into the hematoma, and white blood cells clean up the dead and dying . Fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and chondroblasts arrive and begin to rebuild the bone. Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that span the area of the break and connect the ends of the broken bone together. Osteoblasts begin to form spongy bone , and chondroblasts form cartilage matrix. The cartilage and spongy bone are replaced by a bony growth called a callus, which forms about 3 to 4 weeks after the fracture. This growth continues until the break is firmly sealed 2 to 3 months later. Eventually, the bony callus is replaced by spongy and compact bone , similar to the rest of the bone. lesson content


    ::骨折可以发生在骨骼上的不同地方, 通常是由于骨骼上的过度弯曲压力。 骨折可以完整, 骨折完全断裂, 骨折完全断裂, 或者骨折不全, 骨折破裂, 但不是完全断裂(见图 )。 骨折在骨折后, 骨折渗入周围组织, 血凝结的血凝结, 叫做血肿, 形状。 区域会肿胀和痛。 几天内, 毛细和白血细胞开始生长到血肿中, 白血细胞可以清理死亡和死亡。 纤维裂, 骨骼骨折, 以及胸骨折会到达并开始重建骨骼( 见图图 见图图 ) 。 骨折在骨折后立即生成骨折纤维, 并连接骨折的终点。 骨折开始形成海绵结的骨骼, 几天后, 骨结和冰结骨折骨骼会开始形成骨质结结。 骨结和结结骨结骨结骨骨骨骨骨骨结会被固定起来, 之后的骨结为骨结为骨结骨结, , 直至最后的骨结为骨结为骨结结结, , 之后的骨结为骨结为骨结为骨结为骨结为3个月, 。

    Rickets
    ::轮子

    Rickets is a softening of the bones in children, which potentially leads to fractures and deformity; bowing of the leg bones is shown in  Figure . Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries. The most common cause is a vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D is needed by the body to absorb calcium from foods and to form bones. However, lack of calcium in one's diet may also cause rickets. Although it can occur in adults, most cases of rickets occur in children who suffer from severe malnutrition, which usually results from starvation during early childhood. Osteomalacia is the term used to describe a similar condition occurring in adults, which is also generally due to a deficiency of vitamin D. Osteomalacia can result in bone pain, difficulty in putting weight on bones, and sometimes fractures.
    ::是儿童骨骼的软质,可能导致骨折和畸形;腿骨的弯曲在图中显示。是许多发展中国家最常见的儿童疾病之一,最常见的原因是维生素D缺乏症。人体需要维生素D吸收食物中的钙并形成骨骼。然而,饮食中缺乏钙也可能造成。虽然在成年人中可能发生,但大多数都发生在严重营养不良的儿童中,营养不良通常是幼年时饿死的。Osteomalacia是用来描述在成人中出现类似状况的术语,这通常也是由于维生素D的缺乏。Osteomalacia会导致骨骼疼痛、骨骼变重,有时甚至骨折。

    Some studies show that most people get enough Vitamin D through their food and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight. Vitamin D is produced by certain skin cells from a compound found inside the cells. The skin cells need UV light for this reaction to happen. However, eating foods fortified with Vitamin D or taking a dietary supplement pill is usually preferred to UV exposure due to the increased risk of sun burn and skin cancer . Many countries have fortified certain foods, such as milk, bread, and breakfast cereals, with Vitamin D to help prevent deficiency.
    ::一些研究表明,大多数人通过食物和阳光下紫外线辐射获得足够的维生素D。维生素D是由细胞内发现的一种化合物中的某些皮肤细胞生成的。皮肤细胞需要紫外线光才能发生这种反应。然而,由于太阳烧伤和皮肤癌的风险增加,饮食用维生素D加固或吃补充药通常比紫外线接触更可取。许多国家已经强化了某些食品,如牛奶、面包和早餐谷物,并配有维生素D,以帮助预防缺乏。

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    An image of the typical bowing of the femurs that occurs in rickets. Rickets causes poor bone mineralization, which results in the bones bending under the weight of the body.
    ::Rickets造成骨矿化不良,导致骨头在身体重量下弯曲。

    Osteoporosis
    ::骨质疏松

    Osteoporosis is a disease in which the breakdown of bone matrix by osteoclasts is greater than the building of bone matrix by osteoblasts. This results in greatly decreased bone mass, causing bones to become lighter and more porous. Bones are then more prone to breakage, especially the vertebrae and femurs. Compression fractures of the vertebrae and hip breaks, in which the top (or head) of the femur breaks, are common and can lead to further immobility, making the disease worse. Osteoporosis mostly occurs in older women and is linked to the decrease in production of sex hormones . However, poor nutrition, especially diets that are low in calcium and vitamin D, increases the risk of osteoporosis in later life. One of the easiest ways to prevent osteoporosis is to eat a healthy diet that has adequate calcium and vitamin D.
    ::骨质疏松是一种疾病,骨质疏松的骨质矩阵分解大于骨质矩阵分解的骨质矩阵分解,导致骨质质大得多,导致骨质质大得多,导致骨质更加轻便和多孔。然后,骨骼更容易破裂,特别是脊椎骨和股骨。脊椎和臀骨断裂的压缩骨折很常见,导致股骨破裂的顶部(或头部)更加不动,使疾病更加严重。骨质疏松结症主要发生在老年妇女身上,并且与性激素产量下降有关。然而,营养不良,特别是钙和维生素D低的饮食,增加了晚期生命中骨质疏松症的风险。最容易预防骨质疏松症的方法之一是吃健康饮食,该饮食中含有足够的钙和维生素D。

      

     

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    Total replacement of the hip joint. One of the leading reasons for hip replacements is osteoarthritis of the joint. The cartilage around the top of the femur deteriorates over time and causes the bones of the joint to grind painfully against each other. This can result in a narrowing of the space in the ball and socket joint structure, causing limited movement of the hip and constant pain in the hip joint.
    ::完全更换臀关节。 更换臀关节的主要原因之一是关节骨髓炎。 股骨顶部的软骨随着时间推移而恶化, 并导致关节骨骨头痛苦地相互磨损。 这可能导致球和套接合结构的空间缩小, 导致臀部移动有限, 臀关节持续疼痛 。

    Osteoarthritis
    ::骨髓炎

    Osteoarthritis is a condition in which wearing and breakdown of the cartilage that covers the ends of the bones leads to pain and stiffness in the joint. Decreased movement of the joint because of the pain may cause that are attached to the joint to become weaker, and ligaments may become looser. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. Some of the most common causes include old age , sports injuries to the joint, bone fractures, and being overweight or obese. A total hip replacement is a common treatment for osteoarthritis. An X-ray image of a replacement hip joint is shown in  Figure .
    ::骨骼关节炎是一种状况,骨骼骨部的骨骼穿戴和破裂导致关节疼痛和僵硬; 关节疼痛导致关节疼痛变弱,导致关节运动减少,而颈部可能更加松散; 骨骼关节炎是最常见的关节炎形式; 最常见的原因包括老年、关节运动受伤、骨折以及超重或肥胖; 完全更换臀部是流行关节炎的一种常见治疗方法; 图中显示了更换关节的X光图像。

    Skeletal Dysplasias
    ::骨骼元体

    The skeletal dysplasias are a group of hundreds (more than 380 conditions ) of genetic conditions that affect bone and cartilage growth. A child born with skeletal dysplasia will have abnormal differences in the size and shape of their legs, arms, trunk, or skull. He or she may be very short in stature. Additionally, he or she may have arms and legs that are not in proportion with the rest of the body. 
    ::骨骼畸形是影响骨骼发育的数百种基因条件(380多种条件),出生时患有骨骼畸形的儿童在腿、胳膊、树干或头骨的大小和形状方面会有异常差异,其体型可能非常短,此外,他(她)的胳膊和腿与身体其他部位不相称。

    Achondroplasia, the most common form of dwarfism, is a skeletal dysplasia. Achondroplasia is discussed in the Human Genetics : (Advanced) concept.
    ::Achondophodlasia是侏儒主义最常见的形式,是一种骨骼性畸形,在人类遗传学伤心高级)概念中讨论了Achondophodlasia。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Fractures are the most common form of injury to bones.
      ::骨折是骨骼受伤最常见的形式。
    • Vitamin D or calcium deficiency can lead to rickets and/or osteoporosis.
      ::维生素D或钙缺乏可能导致和/或骨质疏松症。
    • Osteoporosis and osteoarthritis are both more common in the elderly.
      ::骨质疏松症和骨髓炎在老年人中更为常见。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What can cause osteoarthritis other than old age?
      ::除了老年外,什么能造成骨髓炎?
    2. Why is Vitamin D so important for healthy bones?
      ::为什么维生素D对健康的骨头如此重要?
    3. What is osteomalacia?
      ::什么是骨瘤?