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  • 阿尔卡内斯

    Two individuals working on a propane minibus in a garage.

    How can we rethink transportation?

    ::我们如何重新思考运输问题?

    As our country looks at the prospect of oil shortages in the future, we are searching for alternative transportation fuel sources. One very viable possibility is propane . Power and acceleration for propane-powered vehicles are comparable to gasoline-powered vehicles and fuel efficiency is greater. Propane has a higher octane rating than regular gasoline, leading to much longer engine life. When properly structured, propane engines can produce lower amounts of air pollution. We are seeing a growing use of propane in buses, trucks, and police cars. Pictured above is a prototype of a minibus that will run on propane fuel. Maybe your next car will burn propane.
    ::当我们国家展望未来石油短缺的前景时,我们正在寻找替代运输燃料来源,一种非常可行的可能性是丙烷。丙烷动力车辆的动力和加速率与汽油动力车辆相当,燃料效率更高。丙烷的辛烷含量高于正常汽油,导致发动机寿命延长。如果结构适当,丙烷发动机可产生较低的空气污染。我们看到公交车、卡车和警车越来越多地使用丙烷。上面是一辆用丙烷燃料运行的小型公共汽车的原型。也许你的下一辆车会燃烧丙烷。

    Straight-Chain Alkanes
    ::阿尔卡内斯

    Hydrocarbons
    ::碳碳氢化合物

    A is an organic compound that is made up of only carbon and hydrogen. A hydrocarbon is the simplest kind of organic molecule and is the basis for all other more complex organic compounds. Hydrocarbons can be divided into two broad categories. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that do not contain the benzene group or a benzene ring . contain one or more benzene rings. In this concept, we will discuss the aliphatic hydrocarbons.
    ::碳氢化合物是一种仅由碳和氢构成的有机化合物。碳氢化合物是最简单的有机分子,也是所有其他更复杂的有机化合物的基础。碳氢化合物可分为两大类。碳氢化合物不包含苯类碳氢化合物或苯环。含有一个或多个苯环。在这个概念中,我们将讨论碳碳氢化合物。

    Alkanes
    ::阿尔卡内斯

    An alkane is a hydrocarbon in which there are only single . The simplest alkane is methane, with the CH 4 . The carbon is the central and makes four single covalent bonds to hydrogen atoms.
    ::烷是一种碳氢化合物,其中只有单一的碳。最简单的烷是甲烷,有CH4。碳是核心,与氢原子形成四个单一的共价联结。

    Models representing methane: structural formula, ball-and-stick model, and space-filling model.
    Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon and is shown with a structural formula, a ball-and-stick model, and a space-filling model.

    The next simplest alkane is called ethane (C 2 H 6 ) and consists of two carbon atoms with a single covalent bond between them. Each carbon is then able to bond to three hydrogen atoms. The alkane series progresses from there, increasing the length of the carbon chain by one carbon at a time. Structural formulas for ethane, propane (C 3 H 8 ), and butane (C 4 H 10 ) are shown below.
    ::下一个最简单的碳烷称为乙烷(C2H6),由两个碳原子组成,两个碳原子之间有单一的共价联系。每个碳可以连接到三个氢原子。从那里,碳烷序列不断进步,碳链的长度每次增加一个碳。下文列出了乙烷、丙烷(C3H8)和丁烷(C4H10)的结构公式。

    Structural formulas of ethane, propane, and butane, showing their carbon and hydrogen bonds.
    Nomenclature of three straight-chain alkanes

    These alkanes are called straight-chain alkanes because the carbon atoms are connected in one continuous chain with no branches. Naming and writing structural and molecular formulas for the straight-chain alkanes is straightforward. The name of each alkane consists of a prefix that specifies the number of carbon atoms and the ending "–ane". The molecular formula follows the pattern of C n H 2n+2 where  n is the number of carbons in the chain. Table  lists the first ten members of the alkane series.
    ::这些烷被称为直链烷,因为碳原子在一个连续链中连接,没有分支。为直链烷命名和写入结构和分子公式是直截了当的。每种烷的名称由一个前缀组成,该前缀指定碳原子的数量和“-ane”结尾。分子公式遵循CnH2n+2的模式,n是链中碳的数量。表格列出了烷系列的前十个成员。

    First Ten Members of the Alkane Series

    Name
    ::名称名称名称名称名称

    Molecular Formula
    ::分子公式

    Condensed Structural Formula
    ::浓缩结构公式

    Boiling Point (°C)
    ::沸点(°C)

    Methane
    ::甲烷

    CH 4
    ::CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4

    CH 4
    ::CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4

    -161.0

    Ethane
    ::伊森

    C 2 H 6
    ::C2H6 C2H6

    CH 3 CH 3
    ::CH3CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

    -88.5

    Propane
    ::丙烷

    C 3 H 8
    ::C3H8 C3H8

    CH 3 CH 2 CH 3
    ::CH3CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

    -42.0

    Butane
    ::Butane 丁烷

    C 4 H 10
    ::C4H10 C4H10

    CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
    ::CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

    0.5

    Pentane
    ::平坦

    C 5 H 12
    ::C5H12 C5H12

    CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
    ::CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH

    36.0

    Hexane
    ::赫克萨内

    C 6 H 14
    ::C6H14 C6H14

    CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
    ::CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

    68.7

    Heptane
    ::赫普坦

    C 7 H 16
    ::C7H16 C7H16

    CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
    ::CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

    98.5

    Octane
    ::屋内

    C 8 H 18
    ::C8H18 C8H18

    CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
    ::CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

    125.6

    Nonane
    ::非非无

    C 9 H 20
    ::C9H20 C9H20

    CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
    ::CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH

    150.7

    Decane
    ::切变( 默认)

    C 10 H 22
    ::C10H22 C10H22

    CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
    ::CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CHCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH

    174.1

    Note that the table shows a variation of a structural formula called a condensed structural formula. In this formula, the covalent bonds are understood to exist between each carbon and the hydrogens associated with it, as well as between carbon atoms. This table also shows that the boiling points of the alkanes steadily increase as the length of the carbon chain increases. This is due to an increase in the strength of the intermolecular attractive forces and is a general feature of other organic molecules as well.
    ::请注意,该表显示了称为压缩结构公式的结构公式的变异。在这个公式中,共价键被理解为存在于每种碳和与之相关的氢之间,以及碳原子之间。本表还显示,随着碳链长度的增加,藻类的沸点会随着碳链长度的增加而稳步增加。这是由于分子间具有吸引力的力量的强度增加,也是其他有机分子的一般特征。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is a hydrocarbon?
      ::什么是碳氢化合物?
    2. What is an alkane?
      ::什么是亚烷?
    3. Name the alkane that has five carbons in its chain.
      ::命名有5个碳链的亚烷。