11.7过敏
Section outline
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Have you ever started to sneeze and not known why?
::你有没有开始打喷嚏 不知道为什么?A beautiful sea of flowers . A nice sight , unless you have an allergic reaction. It is not uncommon to have reactions to pollen .
::美丽的花海,美丽的景象,除非你过敏反应,对花粉的反应并非罕见。Allergies
::过敏过敏The immune system usually protects you from and keeps you well. However, like any other body system, the immune system can malfunction or become diseased. Sometimes the immune system responds to harmless foreign substances as though they were pathogens. Sometimes it mistakes self for non-self and launches an attack against the body’s own . Certain diseases can also attack and damage the immune system, so it loses the ability to defend the body.
::免疫系统通常保护你免受感染并保护你健康。 但是,与其他任何身体系统一样,免疫系统也可能发生故障或疾病。 有时,免疫系统会像病原体一样对无害的外国物质作出反应。 有时,免疫系统会错失自我,对身体本身发动攻击。 某些疾病也会袭击和破坏免疫系统,因此丧失保护身体的能力。An allergy is a disease in which the immune system makes an to a harmless antigen . Any antigen that causes an allergic reaction is called an allergen . You can be exposed to allergens by inhaling or ingesting them or by having direct skin contact with them.
::过敏是一种疾病,在这种疾病中,免疫系统使一种无危害的抗原成为无害的抗原,任何引起过敏反应的抗原都称为过敏原,可以通过吸入或摄入这些抗生素,或通过直接接触这些抗生素,接触过敏原。Allergies can vary greatly from person to person. Some people are allergic to many allergens, others to few or none. A tendency to develop allergies can be inherited, so if your mother or father has allergies, you are more likely to have them as well. Allergy symptoms may be mild or severe. They may develop immediately after exposure to an allergen or not until several days after exposure.
::人与人之间的过敏可能大不相同。 有些人对许多过敏基因过敏, 另一些人对少数或零过敏。 发展过敏的倾向可以继承, 因此, 如果你的父母有过敏, 你更有可能有过敏。 过敏症状可能是轻度或严重的。 接触过敏后, 可能会立即出现, 或者直到接触过敏后几天。Severity of Allergies
::过敏性严重性Allergy symptoms are caused by the release of histamines , the chemicals that also stimulate inflammation. The symptoms range from scarcely noticeable to potentially fatal. Typical symptoms of mild allergies include itchy , sneezing, and skin rashes. These symptoms may be uncomfortable, but they are not life threatening. Mild allergy symptoms are often treated with antihistamines . Antihistamines are drugs that reduce or eliminate the effects of histamines.
::麻黄素释放也刺激炎症的化学品 -- -- 类胺 -- -- 的释放造成过敏症状,其症状从很少见到潜在致命。轻微过敏的典型症状包括痒、喷嚏和皮疹。这些症状可能不舒服,但并不威胁生命。低过敏症状往往用抗口胺治疗。抗口炎是减少或消除甲胺影响的药物。Immunotherapy, commonly called “allergy shots,” is sometimes recommended for more severe allergies. A person with an allergy is injected with larger and larger amounts of the offending allergen over a period of months or years. This gradually desensitizes the person’s immune system to the allergen. Rather than just treating the symptoms of the allergy, immunotherapy reduces the severity of the allergy or eliminates the allergy altogether.
::免疫疗法,通常被称为“过敏注射 ” , 有时被推荐使用更严厉的过敏。 过敏者在几个月或几年的时间里被注射了数量越来越大的过敏过敏者。 这逐渐使患者的免疫系统对过敏者失去敏感性。 免疫疗法不是仅仅治疗过敏症状,而是减轻过敏的严重程度或完全消除过敏。The most severe allergic reaction is anaphylaxis . Anaphylaxis is an allergic response in which there is a sudden, massive release of histamines throughout the body. This causes collapse of the and severe constriction of the passages. Without emergency treatment, anaphylaxis is likely to be fatal. Treatment is usually an injection of epinephrine. Epinephrine is the “fight-or-flight” that your adrenal glands normally produce when you are in danger. The hormone suppresses non-emergency body processes including the immune response .
::最严重的过敏反应是厌食性反应。 抗食性反应是一种过敏反应,在这种反应中,整个身体突然大量释放了类胺。这造成通道的崩溃和严重收缩。 没有紧急治疗,过敏很可能致命。 治疗通常是注射肾上腺素。 肾上腺素是肾上腺在处于危险时通常产生的“战斗或飞行”作用。 荷尔蒙抑制非紧急身体过程,包括免疫反应。Immediate Hypersensitivity Reaction
::即时超感应反应When exposure to an antigen causes immediate allergy symptoms, the response is called an immediate hypersensitivity reaction. This is a humoral immune response . Examples of allergens that cause this type of reaction include pollens, bee stings, and peanuts. Anaphylaxis may occur if the allergy is severe.
::当接触抗原导致立即过敏症状时,反应被称为即时超敏反应。这是一种幽默的免疫反应。 导致这种反应的过敏原的例子包括授粉、蜜蜂叮当和花生。 如果过敏严重,可能会发生麻醉。Allergic rhinitis is a common immediate hypersensitivity reaction. It affects mainly mucous membranes lining the nose. Typical symptoms include having a runny nose and nasal congestion. Pollens are the most common cause of allergic rhinitis. Tiny pollens of wind-pollinated plants, like ragweed ( Figure ), are the usual culprits. Other causes of allergic rhinitis include , dander, and dust. Allergic rhinitis may occur seasonally or year-round depending on its cause.
::过敏性鼻膜炎是一种常见的即时超敏反应,主要影响鼻子内衬的粘膜膜。典型症状包括鼻鼻和鼻塞。花粉是过敏性鼻炎最常见的致因。风花植物的微量授粉,如杂草(Figure ) , 是通常的罪魁祸首。过敏性鼻炎的其他致因包括、干燥和尘埃。过敏性鼻炎可能随季节或全年发生,取决于其原因。Ragweed and poison ivy are common causes of allergies.
::长毛和毒物常春藤是过敏的常见原因。Allergic rhinitis is often called hay fever, although pollen—not hay—is the most likely cause. It is called hay fever because it is most common during the time of year when hay is cut. This is also the time of year when plant pollens are most concentrated in outdoor air.
::虽然花粉(不是干草)是最可能的原因,但常被称为干草热,因为干草热在切干草的年份最为常见,也是植物花粉最集中在户外空气的年份。Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction
::延迟过度敏感反应When an antigen causes allergy symptoms hours or days after exposure, the response is called a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. This is a cell-mediated immune response . Examples of allergens that cause delayed hypersensitivity reactions include poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac. If you have skin contact with these plants and are allergic to them, a rash, like the one in Figure , may develop.
::当一种抗原在接触后数小时或数天引起过敏症状时,反应被称为延迟超敏反应。这是一种细胞介质的免疫反应。导致延迟超敏反应的过敏原的例子包括毒藤、毒橡树和毒药。如果你与这些植物有皮肤接触并对它们过敏,那么像图中那样的皮疹可能会发作。An allergic rash caused by contact with poison ivy.
::与毒物常春藤接触导致过敏性皮疹。Summary
::摘要-
Sometimes the immune system responds to harmless foreign substances as though they were pathogens or mistakes self for non-self and launches an attack against the body’s own cells.
::有时,免疫系统对无害的外国物质作出反应,仿佛它们是病原体或非自我错误,对身体自己的细胞发动攻击。 -
Allergy symptoms are caused by the release of histamines, the chemicals that also stimulate inflammation.
::甲胺的释放造成过敏症状,这种化学品也刺激炎症。 -
Immunotherapy, commonly called “allergy shots,” is a treatment where a person with an allergy is injected with larger and larger amounts of the offending allergen over a period of months or years.
::通常称为“过敏射击”的免疫疗法是一种治疗方法,即在几个月或几年的时间里,对过敏者注射了较大量的冒犯性过敏病毒。 -
Pollens are the most common cause of allergic rhinitis, a common immediate hypersensitivity reaction.
::花粉是导致过敏性脊髓炎的最常见原因,这是一种常见的即时高敏反应。
Review
::回顾-
How is the immune system related to allergies? Can allergies be inherited?
::免疫系统如何与过敏有关?过敏可以继承吗? -
The release of what chemicals causes allergy symptoms?
::释放什么化学品会造成过敏症状? -
If you have an immediate hypersensitivity reaction to peanuts, what type of immune response is responsible for the reaction?
::如果你对花生有即时的超敏反应, 哪种免疫反应对反应负责? -
Let's say you have a rash after coming into contact with poison ivy. What kind of disease causes this?
::假设你接触了毒藤之后得了疹子 哪种疾病导致这种病?
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Sometimes the immune system responds to harmless foreign substances as though they were pathogens or mistakes self for non-self and launches an attack against the body’s own cells.
