25.16 替代补偿

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  替代反应

  

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  Just breathe deeply.
  ::深呼吸 深呼吸 好吗? Just breathe deep.

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  Organic compounds can be used for a wide variety of applications. One organic is halothane, an . This material is used as a general anesthetic for surgical procedures. When it was first developed in 1956, it was very popular, but has had limited use more recently because of toxicity issues, especially liver damage. Halothane is now used mainly as an anesthetic for children since the risk of harm is much less in these patients.
  ::有机化合物可以广泛用于多种用途。一种有机物是卤丹,一种。这种材料被用作外科手术的一般麻醉剂。当它于1956年首次开发时,非常流行,但最近由于毒性问题,特别是肝脏损伤,使用量有限。现在,氟他烷主要用作儿童的麻醉剂,因为这些病人的伤害风险要小得多。

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  Substitution Reactions
  ::替代反应

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  A substitution reaction is a reaction in which one or more atoms replace another or group of atoms in a molecule. Alkyl halides are formed by the substitution of a halogen atom for a hydrogen atom. When methane reacts with chlorine , ultraviolet light can act as a for the reaction.
  ::替代反应是指一种反应,其中一种或多种原子在分子中取代另一种或一组原子。用卤素原子替代氢原子,形成阿尔基尔卤化物。当甲烷与氯发生反应时,紫外光可以作为反应的一种作用。

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  $$\begin{array}{r}{\text{CH}}_4(g)+{\text{Cl}}_2(g)\stackrel{\text{UV light}}{\to }{\text{CH}}_3\text{Cl}(g)+\text{HCl}(g)\end{array}$$

  
  ::CH4(g)+Cl2(g)+Cl2(g)+UV 轻CH3Cl(g)+HCl(g)

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  The reaction produces chloromethane and hydrogen chloride. When the is allowed to react for longer periods of time further substitution reactions may occur.
  ::该反应产生氯甲烷和氯化氢,当允许反应时间较长时,可能会发生进一步的替代反应。

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  $$\begin{array}{r}{\text{CH}}_3\text{Cl}(g)+{\text{Cl}}_2(g)\stackrel{\text{UV light}}{\to }{\text{CH}}_2{\text{Cl}}_2(g)+\text{HCl}(g)\end{array}$$

  
  ::CH3Cl(g)+Cl2(g)+Cl2(g)+UV轻CH2Cl2(g)+HCl(g)

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  The product above is dichloromethane. Further substitution produces trichloromethane and tetrachloromethane, commonly called carbon tetrachloride. A mixture of products occurs in the reaction, with the relative amounts dependent upon the time that the reaction is allowed to proceed. Chlorofluorocarbons are produced by reacting chloroalkanes with hydrofluoric (HF) because the fluorine atom bonds preferentially to the carbon.
  ::上述产品是二氯甲烷,进一步替代生产三氯甲烷和四氯甲烷,通常称为四氯化碳,一种产品混合物在反应中发生,其相对数量取决于允许反应持续的时间。氯氟化碳是用氟化烃(HF)对氯烷进行反应产生的,因为氟原子离子比碳更为有利。

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  $$\begin{array}{r}{\text{CCl}}_4(g)+\text{HF}(g)\stackrel{{\text{SbF}}_5}{\to }{\text{CCl}}_3\text{F}(g)+\text{HCl}(g)\end{array}$$

  
  ::CCl4(g)+HF(g)+SbF5CCl3F(g)+HCl(g)

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  The fluorine atom substitutes for a chlorine atom in the reaction.
  ::氯原子在反应中的氟原子替代品。

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  Benzene is a fairly stable and unreactive molecule due to the delocalization around the six-membered ring. The treatment of benzene with a halogen in the presence of an iron catalyst causes the substitution of a halogen atom for a hydrogen atom. The resulting molecule is called an aryl halide.
  ::由于六人环环周围的迁移,苯是一种相当稳定且无反应的分子,在铁催化剂面前用卤素处理苯导致卤素原子替代氢原子,由此产生的分子被称为卤化亚烯。

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  $$\begin{array}{r}{\text{C}}_6{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}(l)+{\text{Br}}_2(l)\stackrel{{\text{FeBr}}_3}{\to }{\text{C}}_6{\text{H}}_5\text{Br}(l)+\text{HBr}(g)\end{array}$$

  
  ::C6H6(l)+BR2(l)+FeBr3C6H5Br(l)+HBr(g)

  

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  Alkyl groups can be introduced onto a benzene ring by the reaction of benzene with an alkyl halide, using aluminum chloride as the catalyst. In the reaction below, benzene reacts with chloroethane to produce ethylbenzene.
  ::使用氯化铝作为催化剂,苯与卤化烷发生反应后,可以将Alkyl集团引入苯环。在以下反应中,苯与氯乙烷发生反应,生产乙基苯。

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  $$\begin{array}{r}{\text{C}}_6{\text{H}}_6(l)+{\text{CH}}_3{\text{CH}}_2\text{Cl}(g)\stackrel{{\text{AlCl}}_3}{\to }{\text{C}}_6{\text{H}}_5{\text{CH}}_2{\text{CH}}_3(l)+\text{HCl}(g)\end{array}$$

  
  ::C6H6(l)+CH3CH2Cl(g)+CH3CH2Cl(g)+ALCl3C6H5CH2CH3(l)+HCl(g)

  

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  The reaction of an alkyl halide with an inorganic hydroxide at elevated temperature produces an . The molecular reaction to produce methanol from iodomethane and sodium hydroxide is shown below.
  ::烷基卤化物在高温下与无机氢氧化物发生反应,会产生一种反应。

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  $$\begin{array}{r}{\text{CH}}_3\text{I}(l)+\text{NaOH}(aq)\stackrel{{100}^{\circ }\text{C}}{\to }{\text{CH}}_3\text{OH}(l)+\text{NaI}(aq)\end{array}$$

  
  ::CH3I(l)+NaOH(aq)100CCH3OH(l)+NaI(aq)

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  Review
  ::回顾

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  1. What is common to all of the reactions shown above?
     ::上述所有反应有什么共同之处?
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  2. Name the product of the reaction between ethane and chlorine gas.
     ::说明乙烷和氯气之间反应的产物。
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  3. What molecule would you use to react with benzene if you wanted to make propylbenzene?
     ::如果你想制造丙基苯,你会用什么分子来对苯作出反应?