11.1 案例研究:激素与健康
章节大纲
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Case Study: Hormonal Havoc
::案例研究:Hormonal HavocEighteen-year-old Gabrielle checks her calendar. It has been 42 days since her last menstrual period, which is two weeks longer than the length of the average woman’s menstrual cycle. Although many women would suspect pregnancy if their period was late, Gabrielle has not been sexually active. She is not even sure she is “late,” because her period has never been regular. Ever since her first period when she was 13 years old , her cycle lengths have varied greatly, and there are months where she does not get a period at all. Her mother told her that a girl’s period is often irregular when it first starts, but five years later, Gabrielle’s still has not become regular. She decides to go to the student health center on her college campus to get it checked out.
::18岁的Gabrielle检查了她的日历。 自她上一个月经期(比平均妇女月经周期的长度长两周)以来,已经42天了。 虽然许多妇女怀疑怀孕期过迟,但Gabrielle并没有性活动。 她甚至不确定她是否“迟到 ” , 因为她的时期从来就没有正常过。 自从她13岁时的第一个时期以来,她的周期长度差异很大,而且有几个月她根本得不到任何时间。 她的母亲告诉她,女孩的月经期在最初开始的时候往往不正常,但五年之后,她仍然不固定。 她决定去大学校园的学生保健中心检查。The doctor asks her about the timing of her menstrual periods and performs a pelvic exam. She also notices that Gabrielle is overweight, has acne, and excess facial hair. As she explains to Gabrielle, while these physical characteristics can be perfectly normal, in combination with an irregular period, they can be signs of a disorder of the endocrine — or hormonal — system called polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
::医生问她月经期的时间安排,并进行骨盆检查。她还发现加布里埃尔超重,有腹肌,面部毛发过长。她向加布里埃尔解释说,这些生理特征虽然完全正常,但结合不定期的时期,可能是内分泌系统(或荷尔蒙)紊乱的症状,称为多细胞卵巢综合症(PCOS )。In order to check for PCOS, the doctor refers Gabrielle for a pelvic ultrasound and sends her to the lab to get blood work done. When her lab results come back, Gabrielle learns that her levels of androgens (a group of hormones) are high, and so is her blood glucose (sugar). The ultrasound showed that she has multiple fluid-filled sacs (known as cysts) in her ovaries. Based on Gabrielle’s symptoms and test results, the doctor tells her that she does indeed have PCOS.
::为了检查PCOS系统,医生将Gabrielle转介给Gabrielle进行骨盆超声波检查,并送她去实验室做血液检查。 当她的化验结果回来时,Gabrielle得知她的血糖(一组荷尔蒙)水平很高,她的血糖(糖 ) 也很高。 超声波显示她卵巢里有多个含液体的囊囊(称为细胞囊 ) 。 根据Gabrielle的症状和测试结果,医生告诉她她确实有PCOS系统。PCOS is common in young women. It is estimated that one in ten to 20 women of childbearing age have PCOS — as many as five million women in the United States. You may know someone with PCOS, or you may have it yourself.
::据估计,每10至20名育龄妇女中就有1名育龄妇女拥有PCOS——美国有多达500万妇女,你可能认识有PCOS的人,或自己拥有PCOS的人。Read the rest of this chapter to learn about the glands and hormones of the endocrine system, their functions, how they are regulated, and the disorders — such as PCOS — that can arise when hormones are not regulated properly. At the end of the chapter, you will learn more about PCOS, its possible long-term consequences (including fertility problems and diabetes), and how these negative outcomes can sometimes be prevented with lifestyle changes and medications.
::阅读本章的其余部分了解内分泌系统的腺和荷尔蒙、它们的功能、如何加以调节,以及当荷尔蒙没有得到适当调节时可能出现的病症(如PCOS ) 。 在本章末尾,你会更多地了解PCOS 、 其可能的长期后果(包括生育问题和糖尿病),以及如何通过改变生活方式和药物有时防止这些负面后果。Chapter Overview: Endocrine System
::章节概览:内分泌系统In this chapter, you will learn about the endocrine system, a system of glands that secrete hormones that regulate many of the body’s functions. Specifically, you will learn about:
::在本章中,您将了解内分泌系统,即一种分泌荷尔蒙的腺系统,它管理着人体的许多功能。具体地说,您将了解:-
The glands that make up the endocrine system, and how hormones act as chemical messengers in the body
::构成内分泌系统的腺 以及荷尔蒙如何成为体内的化学信使 -
The general types of endocrine system disorders
::内分泌系统紊乱的一般类型 -
The types of endocrine hormones — including steroid hormones (such as sex hormones) and non-steroid hormones (such as insulin) — and how they affect the functions of their target cells by binding to different types of receptor proteins
::内分泌激素类型——包括类固醇激素(如性激素)和非类固醇激素(如胰岛素)——以及它们如何通过与不同类型的受体蛋白结合而影响目标细胞的功能 -
How the levels of hormones are regulated mostly through negative, but sometimes through positive, feedback loops
::如何调节激素水平,主要是通过消极的,但有时是通过正面的反馈循环来调节激素水平 -
The master gland of the endocrine system, the pituitary gland, which controls other parts of the endocrine system through the hormones that it secretes,
as well as
how the pituitary itself is regulated by hormones secreted from the hypothalamus of the brain
::内分泌系统的主干腺,即脑下垂干腺,通过内分泌系统分泌的荷尔蒙控制内分泌系统的其他部分,以及内分泌系统本身如何受脑下脑膜下脑分泌的荷尔蒙调节。 -
The thyroid gland and its hormones — which regulate processes
including
metabolism and calcium homeostasis — how the thyroid is regulated, and the disorders that can occur when there are problems in thyroid hormone regulation (such as hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism)
::甲状腺及其荷尔蒙——调节包括新陈代谢和碱性钙在内的过程——甲状腺及其荷尔蒙——如何调节甲状腺,以及在甲状腺荷尔蒙调节问题(如超甲状腺和甲状腺机能不足)时可能发生的紊乱。 -
The adrenal glands — which secrete hormones that regulate processes such as metabolism, electrolyte balance, responses to stress, and reproductive functions — and the disorders that can occur when there are problems in adrenal hormone regulation, such as Cushing’s syndrome and Addison’s disease
::肾上腺——这种肾上腺是分泌控制新陈代谢、电解平衡、应对压力和生殖功能等过程的激素的隐秘性激素——以及当肾上激素调控有问题时可能发生的疾病,如Cushing综合症和Addison病。 -
The pancreas, which secretes hormones that regulate blood glucose levels (such as insulin), and disorders of the pancreas and its hormones, including diabetes
::胰腺,分泌调节血糖(如胰岛素)水平的激素,以及胰腺和包括糖尿病在内的激素紊乱
Later chapters in this book will discuss the glands and hormones involved in the reproductive and immune systems in more depth.
::这本书的后几章将更深入地讨论生殖和免疫系统所涉及的腺和荷尔蒙。As you read this chapter, think about the following questions:
::当你读到本章时,请考虑以下问题:1. Why can hormones have such broad range effects on the body, as we see in PCOS?
::1. 为什么荷尔蒙会对身体产生如PCOS所见的广泛影响?2. Which hormones normally regulate blood glucose? How is this related to diabetes?
::2. 哪些荷尔蒙通常调节血糖?这与糖尿病有何关系?3. What are androgens? How do you think their functions relate to some of the symptoms that Gabrielle is experiencing?
::3. 加布里埃尔所经历的一些症状与他们的功能有何关系? -
The glands that make up the endocrine system, and how hormones act as chemical messengers in the body
