16.5血血
章节大纲
-
血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血血
Vampires
::吸血鬼From Bram Stoker’s famous novel about Count Dracula, to the campy TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, fantasies featuring vampires (like the one pictured above) have been popular for decades. V ampires, in fact, are found in centuries-old myths from many cultures. In such myths, vampires are generally described as creatures that drink blood — preferably of the human variety — for sustenance. Dracula, for example, is based on Eastern European folklore about a human who attains immortality (and eternal damnation) by drinking the blood of others.
::从布拉姆·斯托克(Bram Stoker)关于德古拉伯爵的著名小说到吸血鬼杀手布菲(Buffy)的野营电视系列剧《吸血鬼杀手》,对吸血鬼的幻想(如上面所描述的 ) 几十年来一直很流行。 事实上,吸血鬼在来自许多文化的几百年历史的神话中被发现。 在这样的神话中,吸血鬼通常被描述为饮用血液 — — 最好是人类品种 — — 供养的动物。 比如,德古拉(Dracula)基于东欧民间传说,一个人通过饮用他人的血液获得永恒(和永恒诅咒 ) 。What Is Blood?
::"血"是什么?Blood is a fluid connective tissue that circulates throughout the body through of the . What makes blood so special that it features in widespread myths? Although blood accounts for less than ten percent of weight, it is quite literally the elixir of life. As blood travels through the vessels of the cardiovascular system, it delivers vital substances (such as nutrients and oxygen) to all of the , and carries away their metabolic wastes. It is no exaggeration to say that without blood, cells could not survive. Indeed, without the oxygen carried in blood, cells of the brain start to die within a matter of minutes.
::血液是一种流体连接组织,通过整个身体循环。是什么使血液如此特殊,以至于在广泛的神话中具有特异性?虽然血液占重量的10%以下,但它实际上是生命的精液。随着血液穿透心血管系统的血管,它将重要物质(如养分和氧气)送到所有体内,并带走其代谢废物。说没有血液,细胞就无法存活是毫不夸张的。事实上,没有血液中携带的氧气,大脑细胞就会在几分钟内死亡。The average adult body contains between 4.7 and 5.7 liters (5-6 quarts) of blood. More than half of that amount is fluid. Most of the rest of that amount consists of cells. The relative amounts of the various components in blood are illustrated in the figure. The components are also described in detail below.
::平均成人身体含4.7至5.7升(5-6夸特)的血液,其中一半以上为液体,其余大部分为细胞,图中说明了血液中各种成分的相对数量,下文将详细介绍这些成分。If blood is centrifuged (spun at high speed), it separates into its major components based on density, as shown here: plasma, leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets, and erythrocytes (red blood cells). All blood normally contains these components in about the same proportions.
::如果血液是离心的(高速度的松),则根据密度将血浆、白血球(白细胞)和小板和红细胞(红细胞)分为主要成分。 所有血液通常含有大致相同比例的这些成分。Functions of Blood
::血液功能Blood performs many important functions in the body. Major functions of blood include:
::血液在身体中履行许多重要功能。血液的主要功能包括:-
supplying
tissues
with oxygen, which is needed by all cells for
aerobic
::供氧组织,供氧,所有细胞都需要氧,以进行有氧活动。 -
supplying cells with nutrients, including
glucose
,
amino acids
, and
fatty acids
::含有养分的细胞,包括葡萄糖、氨基酸和脂肪酸 -
removing metabolic wastes from cells, including carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid
::从电池中去除新陈代谢废物,包括二氧化碳、尿素和杀菌酸 -
helping to defend the body from
and other foreign substances
::帮助保护身体不受外国物质和其他外国物质伤害 -
forming clots to seal broken blood vessels and stop bleeding
::形成凝血块,以密封破碎的血管,停止出血 -
transporting
and other messenger molecules
::和其他信使分子的运输 -
regulating the pH of the body, which must be kept within a narrow range (7.35 to 7.45)
::对身体 pH 进行调节,必须将其限制在狭窄范围内(7.35至7.45) -
helping regulate body temperature (through vasoconstriction and vasodilation)
::帮助调节身体温度(通过血管收缩和血管膨胀)
Blood Plasma
::血浆Plasma is the liquid component of human blood. It makes up about 55 percent of blood by volume. It is about 92 percent , and contains many dissolved substances. Most of these substances are , but plasma also contains trace amounts of glucose, mineral ions , hormones, carbon dioxide, and other substances. In addition, plasma contains blood cells. When the cells are removed from plasma, as in the figure above, the remaining liquid is straw yellow in color.
::等离子体是人类血液的液体成分。 它按体积占血液的55%左右。 它约为92%, 含有许多溶解物质。 这些物质大多是 。 但等离子体中也有微量的葡萄糖、 矿物质离子、 荷尔蒙、 二氧化碳和其他物质。 此外, 等离子体含有血细胞。 当细胞从等离子体中除去时, 如上图所示, 剩下的液体是色色中的黄草 。Blood Cells
::血细胞The cells in blood include red blood cells , white blood cells , and platelets . These different types of blood cells are pictured in the photomicrograph and described in the sections that follow.
::血液中的细胞包括红血细胞、白血细胞和小板。 这些不同类型的血细胞在照片缩影中都有图象,并在以下各部分加以描述。Highly magnified blood cells in this image include donut-shaped red blood cells, rough-surfaced white blood cells, and small disc-shaped platelets.
::这一图像中的高放大度血细胞包括甜甜圈形红血细胞、粗白表层白血细胞和小盘形小板。Red Blood Cells
::红血细胞The most numerous cells in blood are red blood cells, also called erythrocytes. One microliter of blood contains between 4.2 and 6.1 million red blood cells, and red blood cells make up about 25 percent of all the cells in the human body. The cytoplasm of a mature red blood cell is almost completely filled with hemoglobin , the iron-containing protein that binds with oxygen and gives the cell its red color. I n order to provide maximum space for hemoglobin, m ature red blood cells lack a cell and most . They are little more than sacks of hemoglobin.
::血液中最常见的细胞是红血细胞,也称为红细胞。一个微升的血液含有420万至610万个红细胞,红细胞占人体全部细胞的25%左右。成熟红细胞的细胞图谱几乎完全充满了血红蛋白,即含铁的蛋白,与氧结合,并给细胞带来红色。为了给血红蛋白提供最大空间,成熟红细胞缺乏细胞,而且大部分是血红细胞。它们只是血红蛋白的麻袋而已。Red blood cells also carry proteins called antigens that determine . Blood type is a genetic characteristic. The best known human blood type systems are the ABO and Rhesus systems.
::血型是一种遗传特征,最著名的人类血型系统是ABO和Rhesus系统。-
In the ABO system, there are two common antigens, called antigen A and antigen B. There are four
ABO blood types
, A (only A antigen), B (only B antigen), AB (both A and B antigens), and O (neither A nor B antigen). The ABO antigens are illustrated in the figure
.
::在ABO系统中,有两种普通抗原,称为抗原A和抗原B。 有四种ABO血型,A(只有A抗原)、B(只有B抗原)、AB(A和B抗原)和O(A和B抗原)。 -
In the Rhesus system, there is just one common antigen. A person may either have the antigen (Rh+) or lack the antigen (Rh-).
::在Rhesus系统中,只有一个普通的抗原,一个人要么拥有抗原(Rh+),要么缺乏抗原(Rh-)。
Blood type is important for medical reasons. A person who needs a blood transfusion must receive blood of a compatible type. Blood that is compatible lacks antigens that the patient's own blood also lacks. For example, for a person with type A blood (no B antigen), compatible types include any type of blood that lacks the B antigen. This would include type A blood or type O blood, but not type AB or type B blood. If incompatible blood is transfused, it may cause a potentially life-threatening reaction in the patient’s blood. You can read much more about blood types in the concept Variation in Blood Types .
::需要输血的人必须获得相容血型的血液。兼容的血液缺乏抗原,病人自己的血液也缺乏抗原。例如,对于A型血液(无B抗原)的人,兼容型包括没有B型抗原的任何类型的血液。这包括A型血液或O型血液,但不包括A型血液,但不包括A型血液或B型血液。如果输血不兼容,可能会在病人的血液中造成威胁生命的反应。您可以从血液类型变异的概念中读更多关于血型的信息。Each of the ABO blood types is characterized by different glycoproteins on red blood cells.
::ABO每种血型在红细胞上都有不同的甘蓝蛋白。White Blood Cells
::白血细胞White blood cells are cells in blood that defend the body against invading microorganisms and other threats. There are far fewer white blood cells (also called leukocytes) than red blood cells in blood. There are normally only about 1,000 to 11,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood. Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells have a nucleus. White blood cells are part of the body’s immune system . They destroy and remove old or abnormal cells and cellular debris, as well as attack pathogens and foreign substances. There are five main types of white blood cells, which are described in the table below: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes , and monocytes. The five types differ in their specific immune functions.
::白血细胞是保护人体不受入侵微生物和其他威胁的血细胞,白血细胞(也称为白血球)远远少于血红细胞(红血球),通常每个血细胞只有1 000至11 000个白细胞。与红血细胞不同,白血细胞有一个核。白血细胞是人体免疫系统的一部分。白血细胞摧毁并清除了旧的或异常的细胞和细胞残块,以及攻击性病原体和外来物质。白血细胞有五种主要类型,如下表所示:肺癌、骨细胞、巴氏细胞、淋巴细胞和单细胞。这五种类型在它们特定的免疫功能上有所不同。Major Types of White Blood Cells Type of Leukocyte
::白喉类Percent of All
::占总人口的百分比Leukocytes
::列骨球Main Function(s)
::主要职能Neutrophil
::神经元62
Phagocytize (engulf and destroy) and in blood
::以(成形和摧毁)和血液形式进行教育Eosinophil
::欧皮士2
Attack and kill large parasites ; carry out allergic responses
::攻击和杀死大型寄生虫;进行过敏反应Basophil
::巴索菲勒<1
Release histamines in inflammatory responses
::在炎症反应中释放出脑胺Lymphocyte
::淋巴细胞30
Attack and destroy virus-infected and tumor cells; create lasting to specific pathogens
::攻击和摧毁感染病毒的细胞和肿瘤细胞;创造耐特定病原体Monocyte
::单细胞5
Phagocytize pathogens and debris in tissues
::组织组织中的病原体和碎片Platelets
::发牌Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are actually cell fragments. Like red blood cells, they lack a nucleus and are more numerous than white blood cells. There are about 150 thousand to 400 thousand platelets per microliter of blood.
::热血球,也被称为血栓细胞,实际上是细胞的碎片。 和红细胞一样,它们缺乏核,比白细胞多。 每个微小的血液中大约有15万到40万个小板。The main function of platelets is blood clotting, or coagulation. This is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a plug in a damaged blood vessel. If blood clotting is successful, it results in hemostasis , which is the cessation of blood loss from the damaged vessel. A blood clot consists of both platelets and proteins, especially the protein fibrin. You can see a scanning electron photomicrograph of a blood clot in the figure .
::血小板的主要功能是血凝结或凝固。 这是血液从液体变成凝胶的过程, 在受损的血管中形成一个插头。 如果血凝结成功, 则会形成虫状, 也就是停止受损容器的血液流失。 血凝块由血小板和蛋白组成, 特别是蛋白纤维。 您可以在图中看到血块的扫描电子光谱 。Red blood cells become trapped in a coagulating clot so they cannot escape through a break in a blood vessel.
::红血细胞被困在凝固的凝血块中,因此无法通过血管断裂而逃脱。Coagulation begins almost instantly after an injury to the endothelium of a blood vessel occurs. Platelets become activated and change their shape from spherical to star-shaped, as shown in the figure . This helps them aggregate with one another at the site of injury to start forming a plug in the vessel wall. Activated platelets also release substances into the blood that activate additional platelets and start a sequence of reactions leading to fibrin formation. Strands of fibrin crisscross the platelet plug and strengthen it, much as rebar strengthens concrete.
::如图所示,小板板被激活,形状从球形变成恒星形。这有助于它们相互聚集在受伤地点,开始形成容器壁上的塞子。激活的小板还释放出物质进入血液中,激活更多的小板,并开始一系列反应,导致纤维素形成。 纤维脆的弦穿过小板塞并加固它,以及再生管混凝土。The shape of platelets after they are activated helps them to stick together and form a plug for a damaged blood vessel.
::启动后小板的形状有助于它们团结在一起,为受损的血管形成塞子。Formation and Degradation of Blood Cells
::血细胞的形成和退化Blood is considered a connective tissue, because blood cells form inside . All three types of blood cells are made in red marrow within the medullary cavity of bones in a process called hematopoiesis . Formation of blood cells occurs by the proliferation of cells in the marrow. These stem cells are self-renewing — when they divide, some of the daughter cells remain stem cells, so the pool of stem cells is not used up. Other daughter cells follow various pathways to differentiate into the variety of blood cell types. Once the cells have differentiated, they cannot divide to form copies of themselves.
::血液被视为连接组织,因为血细胞是内部形成的。所有三种血细胞都是在骨骼的内腔内以红骨髓制成的,其过程称为肝蛋白;血细胞的形成是由于骨髓细胞扩散造成的;这些干细胞是自我更新的——当它们分开时,有些女儿细胞是干细胞,所以干细胞的集合没有被利用;其他女儿细胞通过多种途径区分血细胞的种类;一旦细胞有差异,它们就不能分裂成自己的复制品。Eventually, blood cells die and must be replaced through the formation of new blood cells from proliferating stem cells. After blood cells die, the dead cells are phagocytized (engulfed and destroyed) by white blood cells, and removed from the circulation. This process most often takes place in the spleen and liver .
::最终,血细胞会死亡,而且必须通过从扩散的干细胞中形成新的血细胞来取而代之。 血细胞死后,死细胞会被白血细胞截肢(受孕和被摧毁 ) , 并被从循环中去除。 这一过程通常发生在脾脏和肝脏中。Blood Disorders
::血液疾病Many human disorders primarily affect the blood. They include cancers, , poisoning by toxins, infections, and nutritional deficiencies.
::许多人类疾病主要影响血液,包括癌症、毒素中毒、感染和营养不良。-
Leukemia
is a group of cancers of the blood-forming tissues in the
bone marrow
. It is the most common type of
in children, although most cases occur in adults. Leukemia is generally characterized by large numbers of abnormal white blood cells. Symptoms may include excessive bleeding and bruising, fatigue, fever, and an increased risk of infections. Leukemia is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
::白血病是骨髓血型组织癌症的一组,是儿童最常见的类型,尽管大多数病例发生在成年人,白血病通常以大量异常白细胞为特征,症状可能包括过多出血和瘀伤、疲劳、发烧和感染风险增加,白血病被认为是遗传和环境因素综合造成的。 -
Hemophilia
refers to any of several genetic disorders that cause dysfunction in the blood clotting process. People with hemophilia are prone to potentially uncontrollable bleeding, even with otherwise inconsequential injuries. They also commonly suffer bleeding into the spaces between
, which can cause crippling.
::血友病是指导致血液凝结过程功能失调的数种遗传疾病中的任何一种。 血友病患者很容易出现无法控制的出血,即使有其他间接伤害,也容易发生无法控制的出血。 他们通常也会在血液凝结过程之间的间隙出血,这可能造成瘫痪。 -
Carbon monoxide
poisoning
occurs when inhaled carbon monoxide (in fumes from a faulty home furnace, for example) binds irreversibly to the hemoglobin in red blood cells. As a result, oxygen cannot bind to the red cells for transport throughout the body, and this can quickly lead to suffocation. Carbon monoxide is extremely dangerous, because it is colorless and odorless, so it cannot be detected in the air by human
.
::一氧化碳中毒发生于吸入一氧化碳(例如来自有缺陷的家庭炉的烟雾)与红细胞中的血红蛋白不可逆地结合。 结果,氧无法与红细胞结合,以便整个身体的迁移,这可以很快导致窒息。 一氧化碳极其危险,因为它无色无味,因此人体无法在空气中检测到。 -
is a
that infects certain types of white blood cells and interferes with the body’s ability to defend itself from pathogens and other causes of illness. HIV infection may eventually lead to AIDS (acquired
syndrome). AIDS is characterized by rare infections and cancers that people with a healthy immune system almost never acquire.
::艾滋病是一种感染某些种类的白细胞并干扰身体抵御病原体和其他疾病原因的能力的疾病。 艾滋病毒感染最终可能导致艾滋病(后发综合症 ) 。 艾滋病以罕见的感染和癌症为特征,拥有健康的免疫系统的人几乎从未获得过这些疾病。 -
Anemia
is a disorder in which the blood has an inadequate volume of red blood cells, reducing the amount of oxygen that the blood can carry, and potentially causing weakness and fatigue. These and other signs and symptoms of anemia are shown in the figure
. Anemia has many possible causes, including excessive bleeding, inherited disorders (such as sickle cell hemoglobin), or nutritional deficiencies (iron, folate, or B12). Severe anemia may require transfusions of donated blood.
::贫血是一种疾病,血液中的红细胞数量不足,减少了血液可以携带的氧气量,并可能造成虚弱和疲劳,图中显示了这些症状和其他症状以及贫血症状。 贫血有许多可能的原因,包括过度出血、遗传性疾病(如镰状细胞血红蛋白)或营养缺乏(铁、叶酸或B12),严重贫血可能需要输血。
Anemia has wide-ranging effects on the human body because oxygen is essential for normal functioning of cells in every organ system.
::贫血对人体产生广泛影响,因为氧气对于每个器官系统中细胞正常运转至关重要。Feature: Myth vs. Reality
::特征:神话对现实Donating blood saves lives. In fact, with each blood donation, as many as three lives may be saved. The feeling that comes from knowing you have saved lives is well worth the short amount of time it takes to make a blood donation. Nonetheless, only a minority of potential donors actually donate blood. There are many myths about blood donation that may help explain the small percentage of donors. Knowing the facts may reaffirm your decision to donate if you are already a donor — and if you aren’t a donor already, getting the facts may help you decide to become one.
::捐血可以拯救生命。 事实上,每次捐血都会拯救多达三条生命。 了解你拯救了生命后产生的感觉与捐血所需的短暂时间相当。 尽管如此,只有少数潜在捐赠者实际捐血。 有关捐血的许多神话也许有助于解释捐血者比例很小的原因。 了解事实或许会再次证明如果你已经是捐血者 — — 而且如果你不是捐赠者 — — 就会做出捐赠决定,获得事实也许有助于你决定成为捐血者。Myth: Your blood might become contaminated with an infection during the donation.
::传说:在捐赠期间,你的血液可能会受到感染。Reality: There is no risk of contamination because only single-use, disposable catheters, tubing, and other equipment are used to collect blood for a donation.
::实际情况:不存在污染风险,因为只有一次性使用、一次性导管、管管和其他设备用于为捐血收集血液。Myth: You are too old (or too young) to donate blood.
::传说:你太老(或太年轻),不能捐血。Reality : There is no upper age limit on donating blood, as long as you are healthy. The minimum age is 16 years.
::实际情况:只要身体健康,捐献血液没有年龄上限,最低年龄为16岁。Myth: You can’t donate blood if you have high .
::传说:如果你身高高, 就不能捐血。Reality: As long as your blood pressure is below 180/100 at the time of donation, you can give blood. Even if you take blood pressure medication to keep your blood pressure below this level, you can donate.
::现实:只要捐赠时你的血压低于180/100, 你可以献血。即使您服用了血压药物,将血压保持在这一水平以下,您也可以捐献。Myth: You can’t give blood if you have high cholesterol.
::传说:如果你有高胆固醇,就不能献血。Reality: Having high cholesterol does not affect your ability to donate blood. Taking cholesterol-lowering medication also does not disqualify you.
::事实:高胆固醇并不影响你捐血的能力。服用胆固醇低效药物也不取消你的资格。Myth: You can’t donate blood if you have had a flu shot.
::传说:如果你得了流感,Reality: Having a flu shot has no effect on your ability to donate blood. You can even donate on the same day that you receive a flu shot.
::现实: 注射流感疫苗不会影响你捐血的能力。 甚至可以在接受流感疫苗的同一天捐血。Myth: You can’t donate blood if you take medication.
::传说:吃药不能捐血。Reality: As long as you are healthy, in most cases, taking medication does not preclude you from donating blood.
::现实:只要你身体健康,在多数情况下,服药并不妨碍你捐血。Myth: Your blood isn’t needed if it’s a common blood type.
::传说:如果血液是常见的血型,就不需要你的血。Reality: All types of blood are in constant demand.
::真实性:所有类型的血液需求不变。Summary
::摘要-
Blood is a fluid connective tissue that circulates throughout the body in the cardiovascular system. Blood supplies tissues with oxygen and nutrients and removes their metabolic wastes. Blood helps defend the body from pathogens and other threats, transports hormones and other substances, and helps keep the body’s pH and temperature in homeostasis.
::血液是一种流体连接组织,在心血管系统中贯穿整个身体。 血液为组织提供氧气和养分,并去除代谢废物。 血液有助于保护身体免受病原体和其他威胁、转移荷尔蒙和其他物质,并有助于保持身体的pH值和恒温。 -
Plasma is the liquid component of blood, and it makes up more than half of blood by volume. It consists of water and many dissolved substances. It also contains blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
::等离子体是血液的液体成分,其体积占血液的一半以上,包括水和许多溶解物质,还包括血细胞,包括红血细胞、白血细胞和小板。 -
Red blood cells are the most numerous cells in blood. They consist mostly of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen. Red blood cells also carry antigens that determine blood types.
::红血细胞是血液中数量最多的细胞,大部分是携带氧气的血红蛋白,还含有确定血型的抗原。 -
White blood cells are less numerous than red blood cells and are part of the body’s immune system. They protect the body from abnormal cells, microorganisms, and other harmful substances. There are several different types of white blood cells that differ in their specific immune functions.
::白血细胞比红血细胞少很多,并且是人体免疫系统的一部分。 它们保护身体免受异常细胞、微生物和其他有害物质的伤害。 白血细胞有几种不同种类的白血细胞,它们的具体免疫功能不同。 -
Platelets are cell fragments that play important roles in blood clotting, or coagulation. They stick together at breaks in blood vessels to form a clot and stimulate the production of fibrin, which strengthens the clot.
::切片是细胞碎片,在凝血或凝凝过程中起着重要作用。 它们会在血管破裂时凝聚在一起,形成凝血块,刺激纤维素的产生,从而强化凝血块。 -
All blood cells form by proliferation of stem cells in red bone marrow in a process called hematopoiesis. When blood cells die, they are phagocytized by white blood cells and removed from the circulation.
::红骨髓干细胞在一种称为血解蛋白的过程中扩散而形成的所有血细胞,如果血细胞死亡,就会被白血细胞截裂,从循环中分离出来。 -
Disorders of the blood include leukemia, which is cancer of the bone-forming cells; hemophilia, which is any of several genetic blood-clotting disorders; carbon monoxide poisoning, which prevents red blood cells from binding with oxygen and causes suffocation; HIV infection, which destroys certain white blood cells and
can
cause AIDS; and anemia, in which there are not enough red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to body tissues.
::血液的紊乱包括:白血病,这是骨形细胞的癌症;血友病,是几种遗传性血细胞分布障碍中的任何一种;一氧化碳中毒,防止红细胞与氧气结合并造成窒息;艾滋病毒感染,它摧毁了某些白血细胞并可能导致艾滋病;贫血,其中红血细胞没有足够的氧气携带到人体组织中。
Review
::回顾1. What is blood? Why is blood considered a connective tissue?
::1. 血液是什么?为什么血液被视为连接组织?2. Identify four physiological roles of blood in the body.
::2. 确定体内血液的四个生理作用。3. Describe plasma and its components.
::3. 描述等离子体及其成分。4. Define red blood cells and their major function.
::4. 界定红细胞及其主要功能。5. What are white blood cells? Which body system — besides the cardiovascular system — includes white blood cells?
::5. 白血细胞是什么?除了心血管系统外,哪个身体系统包括白血细胞?6. Explain how platelets cause coagulation.
::6. 解释小板块如何导致凝聚。7. Summarize the formation and degradation of blood cells.
::7. 概述血细胞的形成和退化情况。8. Identify three blood disorders.
::8. 查明三种血液紊乱。9. For each of the descriptions below, choose the blood cell that best fits the description.
::9. 对于以下每一说明,选择最适合说明的血细胞。Blood cells: red blood cells; white blood cells; platelets
::血细胞:红血细胞;白血细胞;血小板a. has a nucleus
::a. 有一个核心b. responsible for blood clotting
::b. 造成血凝胶的责任c. carbon monoxide binds to a protein in these cells
::c. 一氧化碳与这些细胞中的蛋白质结合10. What is another name for erythrocytes? What is another name for leukocytes?
::10. 红血球的另一个名称是什么?白血球的另一个名称是什么?11. True or False: Plasma refers to the cytoplasm within blood cells.
::11. 真实或假:等离子体指血细胞内的细胞顶板。12. True or False: Platelets are cell fragments.
::12. 真实或假:小白板是细胞碎片。Explore More
::探索更多In this TED talk, inventor Joe Landolina talks about his potentially life-saving invention — a medical gel that can instantly stop bleeding.
::在本次TED演讲中,发明家乔·兰多利纳谈到他潜在的救生发明,即可以立即止血的医疗凝胶。Check out this video to learn about synthetic blood and how it could be the w orld's solution to blood shortage:
::以及这如何成为世界解决血源短缺的办法: -
supplying
tissues
with oxygen, which is needed by all cells for
aerobic
