章节大纲

  • 常规

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  • 男性生殖系统紊乱

    Offering to the Gods
    ::向众神献祭

    The marble penis and scrotum depicted above comes from ancient Rome, during the period from about 200 BCE to 400 CE. During that time, offerings like this were commonly given to the gods by people with health problems, either in the hopes of a cure, or as thanks for receiving one. The offerings were generally made in the shape of the afflicted body part. Scholars think this marble penis and scrotum may have been an offering given in hopes of  —  or thanks for  —  a cure for impotence, known medically today as erectile dysfunction.
    ::上面描述的大理石阴茎和阴囊来自古罗马,从大约200个BCE到400个CE。 在此期间,有健康问题的人通常会向神提供这种服务,希望得到治疗,或者感谢上帝的帮助。 提供这种服务通常以身体受创部分的形式进行。 学者们认为,这种大理石阴茎和阴囊可能是希望——或者感谢——治疗无能的礼物,今天医学上称之为勃起功能障碍。

    Erectile Dysfunction
    ::直白元元函数

    Erectile dysfunction (ED) is sexual dysfunction characterized by the regular and repeated inability of a sexually mature male to obtain or maintain an erection. It is a common disorder that affects about 40 percent of males, at least occasionally.
    ::性功能障碍(ED)是性功能障碍,其特点是性成熟的男性经常和反复无法勃起或保持勃起,这是一种常见的紊乱,至少偶尔会影响到40%的男性。

    Causes of Erectile Dysfunction
    ::断分功能的原因

    The penis normally stiffens and becomes erect when the columns of spongy tissue within the shaft of the penis (the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum in the figure ) become engorged with . Anything that hampers normal blood flow to the penis may therefore interfere with its potential to fill with blood and become erect. The normal nervous control of sexual arousal or penile engorgement may also fail and lead to problems obtaining or maintaining an erection.
    ::阴茎通常会僵硬,当阴茎轴内的海绵组织柱子(图中的Corpora colora colornosa和pample pongiosum)被塞入阴茎中时,阴茎就会勃起。任何妨碍正常血液流入阴茎的任何因素都可能因此干扰其充血和勃起的潜力。正常的神经控制性激素或硬质黄瓜也可能会失败,并导致获得或保持勃起的问题。

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    The columns of spongy tissue within the penis normally become engorged with blood during an erection.
    ::阴茎内海绵组织柱子在勃起时通常会用血附着。

    Specific causes of ED include both physiological and psychological causes. Physiological causes include the use of therapeutic drugs (such as antidepressants), aging, kidney failure , diseases (such as or multiple sclerosis), tobacco smoking, and treatments for other disorders (such as prostate cancer). Psychological causes are less common, but may include stress, performance anxiety, or mental disorders. The risk of ED may also be greater in men with obesity , , poor dietary habits, and overall poor physical health. Having an untreated hernia in the groin may also lead to ED.
    ::ED的具体原因包括生理和心理原因,生理原因包括使用治疗药物(如抗抑郁剂)、老龄化、肾衰竭、疾病(如或多发性硬化症)、吸烟、治疗其他疾病(如前列腺癌),心理原因较少,但可能包括压力、性能焦虑或精神障碍,患ED的风险在肥胖、饮食习惯差和身体健康总体不良的男子中可能更大,在腹股沟中未治疗的性腺炎也可能导致ED。

    Treatments for Erectile Dysfunction
    ::切分元功能的处理

    Treatment of ED depends on its cause or contributing factors. For example, for tobacco smokers, smoking cessation may bring significant improvement in ED. Improving overall physical health by losing weight and exercising regularly may also be beneficial. T he most common first-line treatment for ED, however, is the use of oral prescription drugs, known by brand names such as Viagra® and Cialis®. These drugs help ED by increasing blood flow to the penis. Other potential treatments include topical creams applied to the penis, injection of drugs into the penis, or the use of a vacuum pump that helps draw blood into the penis by applying negative pressure. More invasive approaches may be used as a last resort if other treatments fail. These usually involve surgery to implant inflatable tubes or rigid rods into the penis.
    ::例如,对于吸烟者来说,戒烟可能会大大改善ED。通过减肥和定期锻炼改善整体身体健康也是有益的。然而,最常见的一线治疗是口服处方药物,以Viagra和Cialis等品牌闻名。这些药物通过增加阴茎的血液流来帮助ED。其他可能的治疗方法包括:对阴茎施用热液奶油、向阴茎注射毒品,或使用真空泵帮助通过负压将血吸进阴茎。如果其他治疗失败,则可以使用更多的侵入性方法作为最后手段。这些通常包括手术将可充气管或硬棒植入阴茎。

    Ironically, the world’s most venomous spider —the Brazilian wandering spider (see ) — may offer a new treatment for ED. The venom of this spider is known to cause priapism in human males. Priapism is a prolonged erection that may damage the reproductive organs and lead to infertility if it continues too long. Researchers are investigating one of the components of the spider’s venom as a possible treatment for ED, if taken in minute quantities.
    ::具有讽刺意味的是,世界上最毒的蜘蛛 — — 巴西流浪蜘蛛(见) — — 可能为ED提供新的治疗。 众所周知,这种蜘蛛的毒液导致男性的皮条客。 私有化是一种长期勃起,如果持续太久,可能会损害生殖器官,导致不孕症。 研究人员正在调查蜘蛛毒液的成分之一,作为ED的可能治疗方法,如果用少量剂量的话。

    The venom of a Brazilian wandering spider may be deadly, but one of its components might lead to a new treatment for ED.
    ::巴西漫游蜘蛛的毒液可能是致命的, 但其中的一个成分可能导致对ED进行新的治疗。

    Epididymitis
    ::脑膜炎

    Epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymis . The epididymis is one of the paired organs within the scrotum where mature and are stored. You can see its location in the figure . Discomfort or pain and swelling in the scrotum are typical symptoms of epididymitis, which is a relatively common condition, especially in young men. In the U.S. alone, more than half a million cases of epididymitis are diagnosed annually in men between the ages of  18 to 35.
    ::肾上腺炎是肾上腺炎的发炎。肾上腺炎是成熟和储存的阴囊内的配对器官之一。你可以从数字中看到它的位置。腹部不适或疼痛和肿胀是肾上腺炎的典型症状,这是一种相对常见的症状,特别是在年轻人中。仅在美国,每年18至35岁的男性中诊断出50多万例肾上腺炎。

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    Each of the two epididymes nestles against one of the pair of testes inside the scrotum.
    ::两个相近的动物 都围在阴囊里 的一对睾丸上

    Acute vs. Chronic Epididymitis
    ::急性与慢性肾炎

    Epididymitis may be acute or chronic. Acute diseases are generally short-term conditions, whereas chronic diseases may last years — or even lifelong.
    ::急性疾病一般是短期疾病,而慢性疾病可能持续数年,甚至终生。

    Acute Epididymitis
    ::急性肾上腺炎

    Acute epididymitis generally has a fairly rapid onset, and is most often caused by a bacterial infection. in the urethra can back-flow through the urinary and reproductive structures to the epididymis. In sexually active males, many cases of acute epididymitis are caused by sexually transmitted bacteria. Besides pain and swelling, common symptoms of acute epididymitis include redness and warmth in the scrotum, and a fever. There may also be a urethral discharge.
    ::急性肾上腺炎一般发病较快,而且往往是细菌感染引起的。在尿道里,尿道可以从尿道和生殖结构回流到肾上腺炎。在性活跃的男性中,许多急性肾上腺炎是由性传染细菌引起的。除了疼痛和肿胀外,急性肾上腺炎的常见症状包括阴囊中的红和温暖以及发烧。还可能出现尿道释放。

    Chronic Epididymitis
    ::慢性脑膜炎

    Chronic epididymitis is epididymitis that lasts for more than three months. In some men, the condition may last for years. It may occur with or without a bacterial infection being diagnosed. Sometimes, it is associated with lower back pain that occurs after  an activity that stresses the lower back, such as heavy lifting or a long period spent driving a vehicle.
    ::慢性肾上腺炎是一种持续超过三个月的肾上腺炎,在有些男子中,这种病情可能持续数年,可能发生于诊断出细菌感染或未诊断出细菌感染的情况,有时与后背疼痛降低有关,后背疼痛在压力较低者的活动之后发生,例如重型举重或驾驶车辆的时间过长。

    Treatment of Epididymitis
    ::治疗脑膜炎

    If a bacterial infection is suspected, b oth acute and chronic epididymitis are generally treated with antibiotics . For chronic epididymitis, antibiotic treatment may be prescribed for as long as four to six weeks to ensure the complete eradication of any possible bacteria. Additional treatments often include anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce inflammation of the tissues, and painkillers to control the pain, which may be severe. Physically supporting the scrotum and applying cold compresses may also be recommended to help relieve swelling and pain.
    ::如果怀疑有细菌感染,则一般都用抗生素治疗急性和慢性肾上腺炎;对于慢性肾上腺炎,可开出4至6周的抗生素治疗,以确保彻底消灭任何可能的细菌;其他治疗通常包括减少组织炎症的抗炎药物,以及控制疼痛的止痛药,因为疼痛可能很严重;还可以建议为阴囊提供身体支持并施用冷压缩剂,帮助缓解肿胀和疼痛。

    Regardless of symptoms, treatment is important for both acute and chronic epididymitis, because major complications may occur otherwise. Untreated acute epididymitis may lead to an abscess — which is a buildup of pus — or to the infection spreading to other organs. Untreated chronic epididymitis may lead to permanent damage to the epididymis and testis , and it may even cause infertility.
    ::不论症状如何,治疗对急性和慢性肾上腺炎都很重要,因为主要并发症可能在其他情况下发生,未经治疗的急性肾上腺炎可能导致不孕症——这是幼崽的积累——或传染到其他器官,未经治疗的慢性肾上腺炎可能导致对肾上腺炎和睾丸的永久损害,甚至可能导致不孕症。

    Male Reproductive Cancers
    ::男性生殖癌症

    Why does the Brazilian hospital pictured have a huge blue mustache on its “face”? The mustache is a symbol of “Movember.” This is an international campaign to raise awareness of prostate , as well as money to fund prostate cancer research.
    ::巴西医院的“脸”上为什么会有一个巨大的蓝色胡子? 胡子是“Movenber”的象征。 这是一个提高前列腺意识的国际运动,也是资助前列腺癌症研究的资金。

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    The mustache is a symbol for “Movember,” a campaign against prostate cancer.
    ::胡子是“Movenber”反对前列腺癌运动的象征。

    Prostate Cancer
    ::前列腺癌

    The prostate gland is an organ located in the male pelvis (see figure ). The urethra passes through the prostate gland after it leaves the bladder and before it reaches the penis. The function of the prostate is to secrete  zinc and other substances into semen during an ejaculation . In the United States, prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men, and the second leading cause of cancer death in men. About 80 percent of American men will have cancerous in their prostate gland by the age of 80. Prostate cancer occurs at higher rates in rich nations like the United States, but the rates are increasing everywhere.
    ::前列腺是位于男性骨盆中的器官(见图 ) 。 尿道在膀胱离开后和到达阴茎之前通过前列腺。 前列腺的作用是在精液射精过程中将锌和其他物质分泌到精液中。 在美国,前列腺癌是男性最常见的癌症类型,也是男性癌症死亡的第二大原因。 大约80%的美国男性在80岁前会在前列腺患癌症,前列腺癌在美国等富裕国家发病率较高,但发病率却在不断上升。

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    How Prostate Cancer Occurs
    ::Pro States癌症的发生方式

    Prostate cancer occurs when glandular cells of the prostate mutate into tumor cells. Eventually, the tumor, if undetected, may invade nearby structures, such as the seminal vesicles . Tumor cells may also metastasize and travel in the bloodstream or to organs elsewhere in the body. Prostate cancer most commonly metastasizes to the , lymph nodes , rectum , or lower urinary tract organs.
    ::当前列腺突变的腺细胞变成肿瘤细胞时,就会产生前列腺癌。 最终,肿瘤如果不被发现,可能会侵入附近的结构,如精液囊。 肿瘤细胞也可能在血液中或身体其他器官中发生转移和移动。 最常见的前列腺癌会转移到淋巴结、直肠或下小尿道器官。

    Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
    ::前列腺癌症状

    Early in the course of prostate cancer, there may be no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they mainly involve urination , because the urethra passes through the prostate gland. The symptoms typically include frequent urination, difficulty starting and maintaining a steady stream of urine , blood in the urine, and painful urination. Prostate cancer may also cause problems with sexual function, such as difficulty achieving erection or painful ejaculation.
    ::在前列腺癌早期,可能没有症状,当症状发生时,主要包括尿道,因为尿道通过前列腺,症状通常包括经常尿、难开始和保持稳定的尿流、尿液中的血液和痛苦的尿道。 前列腺癌还可能造成性功能问题,如难以勃起或痛苦的射精。

    Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer
    ::前列腺癌风险因素

    Some factors that increase the risk of prostate cancer can be changed, and others cannot. 
    ::一些增加前列腺癌风险的因素可以改变,而其他因素则不能改变。

    • Risk factors that can be changed include a diet high in meat, a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and high .
      ::可以改变的风险因素包括肉类饮食高、定居生活方式、肥胖和高。
    • Risk factors that cannot be changed include older age, a family history of prostate cancer, and African ancestry. Family history is an important risk factor, so genes are clearly involved. Many different genes have been implicated.
      ::不能改变的风险因素包括年老、前列腺癌的家族史和非洲血统。 家庭史是一个重要的风险因素,因此基因显然牵涉其中。 许多不同的基因都牵涉其中。
    Diagnosing Prostate Cancer
    ::诊断前列腺癌

    The only definitive test to confirm a diagnosis of prostate cancer is a biopsy. In this procedure, a small piece of the prostate gland is surgically removed and then examined microscopically. A biopsy is done only after less invasive tests have found evidence that a patient may have prostate cancer. 
    ::证实前列腺癌诊断的唯一决定性测试是活体检查。 在这一过程中,一小块前列腺被手术切除,然后进行微镜检查。 活体检查只有在发现一个病人可能患有前列腺癌的证据后才能进行。

    A routine exam by a doctor may find a lump on the prostate, which might be followed by a blood test that detects an elevated level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). PSA is a secreted by the prostate that normally circulates in the blood. Higher-than-normal levels of PSA can be caused by prostate cancer, but they may also have other causes. Ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) might also be undertaken to provide images of the prostate gland and additional information about the cancer.
    ::医生的例行检查可能在前列腺上发现一个肿块,然后进行血检,检测出高水平的前列腺特定抗原(PSA),PSA是通常在血液中循环的前列腺的秘密,PSA可能由前列腺癌造成高于正常的水平,但也可能有其他原因。还可能进行超声波或磁共振成像(MRI),以提供前列腺图像和关于癌症的其他信息。

    Treatment of Prostate Cancer
    ::治疗前列腺癌

    The average age at which men are diagnosed with prostate cancer is 70. Prostate cancer typically is such a slow-growing cancer that  elderly  patients may not require treatment . Instead, the patients are watched carefully over the subsequent years to make sure the cancer isn’t growing and posing an immediate threat — an approach that is called active surveillance. It is used for at least 50 percent of patients who are expected to die from other causes before their prostate cancer causes symptoms.
    ::男性被诊断患有前列腺癌的平均年龄是70岁。 前列腺癌通常是一种缓慢增长的癌症,老年病人可能不需要治疗。 相反,在接下来的几年里,病人会受到仔细的观察,以确保癌症不会增加,并立即构成威胁 — — 这种方法被称为积极监控。 至少有50%的预计死于其他原因的患者在前列腺癌导致症状之前都会死于其他原因。

    Treatment of younger patients — or those with more aggressively growing tumors — may include surgery to remove the prostate, chemotherapy , and/or radiation therapy (such as brachytherapy, see photo ). All of these treatment options can have significant side effects, such as erectile dysfunction or urinary incontinence. Patients should learn the risks and benefits of the different treatments, and discuss them with their healthcare provider to decide on the best treatment options for their particular case.
    ::对较年轻的病人的治疗,或那些肿瘤增长较激烈的病人的治疗,可包括手术以移除前列腺、化疗和/或放射治疗(如近距离治疗,见照片),所有这些治疗方案都可能产生重大的副作用,如立体功能障碍或尿尿失禁,病人应了解不同治疗的风险和好处,并与保健提供者讨论这些风险和好处,以便决定他们具体案例的最佳治疗办法。

    Brachytherapy is a form of radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Radioactive “seeds” like the ones shown here are inserted into the prostate gland. The seeds give off radiation that kills cancer cells.
    ::核子疗法是前列腺癌的一种辐射治疗形式。 放射性“种子”和这里显示的一样被插入前列腺。 种子释放出辐射,导致癌症细胞死亡。

    Testicular Cancer
    ::睾丸癌

    The reproductive cancer that most commonly affects young men is testicular cancer. The testes are the paired reproductive organs in the scrotum that produce sperm and secrete testosterone . Although testicular cancer is rare, it is one of the few cancers that is more common in younger than older people. In fact, cancer of the testis is the most common cancer in males between the ages of 20 and 39 years. The risk of testicular cancer is about four to five times greater in men of European than African ancestry. The cause of this difference is unknown.
    ::最经常影响到年轻男子的生殖癌症是睾丸癌,睾丸是阴囊中产生精子和秘密睾丸酮的配对生殖器官,虽然睾丸癌很少见,但这是少数几例癌症中较年长者更为常见的癌症之一,事实上,睾丸癌是20至39岁男性最常见的癌症,欧洲男性的睾丸癌风险比非洲血统高四至五倍,这种差异的原因不明。

    Signs and Symptoms of Testicular Cancer
    ::睾丸癌的标志和症状

    One of the first signs of testicular cancer is often a lump or swelling in one of the two testes. The lump may or may not be painful. If pain is present, it may occur as a sharp pain or a dull ache in the lower abdomen or scrotum. Some men with testicular cancer report a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum. Testicular cancer does not commonly spread beyond the testis, but if it does, it most often spreads to the lungs , where it may cause shortness of breath or a cough.
    ::睾丸癌的最初症状之一往往是两次睾丸之一的肿块或肿胀。 肿块可能是也可能不是痛苦的。 如果疼痛存在,它可能作为尖锐的疼痛或低腹部或阴囊的枯痛而出现。 一些患有睾丸癌的男子报告在阴囊中有一种重度感。 睾丸癌通常不蔓延到睾丸之外,但如果蔓延到肺部,通常会传播到肺部,导致呼吸短促或咳嗽。

    Diagnosis of Testicular Cancer
    ::睾丸癌诊断

    The main way that testicular cancer is diagnosed is by detection of a lump in the testis. This is likely followed by further diagnostic tests. A n ultrasound may be done to determine the exact location, size, and characteristics of the lump. Blood tests may be done to identify and measure tumor-marker proteins in the blood that are specific to testicular cancer. CT scans may also be done to determine whether the disease has spread beyond the testis. However, unlike the case with prostate cancer, a biopsy is not recommended, because it increases the risk of cancer cells spreading into the scrotum.
    ::诊断睾丸癌的主要方式是检测睾丸中的一块块,然后很可能进行进一步的诊断检测; 进行超声波检查,以确定块块的确切位置、大小和特性; 进行血液检测,以确定和测量睾丸癌特有的血液中的肿瘤标记蛋白质; 进行CT扫描,以确定该疾病是否已经扩散到睾丸之外; 但是,与前列腺癌的情况不同,不建议进行生物检查,因为这增加了癌症细胞蔓延到阴囊的风险。

    Treatment of Testicular Cancer
    ::睾丸癌治疗

    Testicular cancer has one of the highest cure rates of all cancers. Three basic types of treatment for testicular cancer are surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy. Generally, the initial treatment is surgery to remove the affected testis. If the cancer is caught at an early stage, the surgery is likely to cure the cancer, and has nearly  a 100 percent five-year survival rate. When just one testis is removed, the remaining testis (if healthy) is adequate to maintain fertility, production, and other normal male functions. Radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy may follow surgery to kill any tumor cells that might exist outside the affected testis, even when there is no indication that the cancer has spread. In many cases, however, surgery is followed by surveillance instead of additional treatments.
    ::睾丸癌是所有癌症的最高治愈率之一。三种基本的睾丸癌治疗基本类型是手术、辐射治疗和(或)化疗。一般而言,最初的治疗是切除受到影响的睾丸的手术。如果癌症是早期感染,手术很可能治愈癌症,并有近100%的5年存活率。只要切除一个睾丸,剩下的(如果健康)睾丸就足以保持生育力、生产和其他正常的男性功能。放射疗法和(或)化疗可以在手术后杀死任何可能存在于受感染的睾丸之外的任何肿瘤细胞细胞,即使没有迹象表明癌症已经蔓延。但是,在许多情况下,手术之后是监视而不是额外的治疗。

    Feature: My Human Body
    ::特质:我的人体

    Testicular self-exams may catch testicular cancer at a relatively early stage, when a cure is most likely. The American Urological Association recommends monthly testicular self-exams for all male adolescents and young men (to about age 35), whereas the American Cancer Society recommends the self-exams only for certain men, especially those with a family history of testicular cancer. T here is no medical consensus on testicular self-exams, however, and some medical organizations even recommend against them. The latter argue that the potential harms of self exams — which include false positive results, anxiety, and risks from diagnostic procedures — outweigh the potential benefits, given the very low incidence and high cure rate of even advanced testicular cancer.  If you are a young male, you should discuss with your physician whether you should perform routine testicular self-exams. The self-exam is quick, easy, and painless to do. You can see how to perform a testicular self-exam by watching one or both of the following videos:
    ::美国泌尿协会建议所有男青少年和年轻男性(约35岁)每月进行睾丸自我检查,而美国癌症协会建议只对某些男性进行自我检查,特别是那些有睾丸癌家庭历史的男性。但是,在睾丸自我检查方面没有医学共识,一些医疗组织甚至建议对他们进行治疗。后者认为,自我检查的潜在伤害——包括假的正面结果、焦虑和诊断程序的风险——超过潜在的好处,因为即使高级睾丸癌的发病率非常低,治愈率也很高。如果你是男性,你应该与医生讨论是否应该进行常规的睾丸自我检查。自我检查是快速、容易和痛苦的。你看以下录像或两种录像,可以看到如何进行睾丸自我检查:

     

    Regardless of whether you perform regular testicular self-exams, if you notice any of the following signs or symptoms, you should be examined by a doctor:
    ::无论是否进行定期的睾丸自我检查,如果注意到下列任何症状或症状,医生应检查:

    • a lump in one testis
      ::a. 在一个睾丸中一块块;
    • a change in size of one testis
      ::单睾丸体积的变化
    • pain or tenderness in the testis
      ::睾丸中的疼痛或体温
    • blood in the semen during ejaculation
      ::射精时精液中的血血
    • blood in the urine
      ::尿液中的血血
    • build-up of fluid in the scrotum
      ::囊中积积液体,

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a disorder characterized by the regular and repeated inability of a sexually mature male to obtain and maintain an erection. ED is a common disorder that occurs when normal blood flow to the penis is disturbed, or when there are problems with the nervous control of penile engorgement or arousal.
      ::性功能障碍(ED)是一种障碍,其特征是性成熟的男性经常和反复无法获得和保持勃起,当正常的血液流入阴茎时,或者当神经控制有问题时,或当正常的血液流入阴茎时,或当神经控制有问题时,ED是一种常见的紊乱。
    • Possible physiological causes of ED include aging, illness, drug use, tobacco smoking, and obesity, among others. Possible psychological causes of ED include stress, performance anxiety, and mental disorders.
      ::ED的可能生理原因包括老龄化、疾病、吸毒、吸烟和肥胖等,ED的可能心理原因包括压力、性能焦虑和精神紊乱。
    • Treatments for ED may include lifestyle changes, such as stopping smoking, adopting a healthier diet, and regular exercise. T he first-line treatment, however, is prescription drugs such as Viagra® or Cialis® that increase blood flow to the penis. Vacuum pumps or penile implants may be used to treat ED if other types of treatment fail.
      ::对ED的治疗可能包括改变生活方式,如戒烟、采用更健康的饮食和定期锻炼,但第一线治疗是处方药,如Viagra或Cialis等,增加进入阴茎的血液流动,如果其他治疗失败,可使用真空泵或阴道植入器治疗ED。
    • Epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymis. It is a common disorder, especially in young men. It may be acute or chronic, and is often caused by a bacterial infection. Treatments may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and painkillers. Treatment is important to prevent the possible spread of infection, permanent damage to the epididymis or testes, and even infertility.
      ::肾上腺炎是一种常见的疾病,特别是在年轻人中,可能是急性或慢性的,而且经常是由细菌感染引起的;治疗方法包括抗生素、抗炎药物和止痛药;治疗对于防止感染的可能蔓延、对肾上腺素或睾丸的永久性损害,甚至不孕症非常重要。
    • Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men, and the second leading cause of cancer death in men. If there are symptoms, they typically involve urination, such as frequent or painful urination. Risk factors for prostate cancer include older age, family history, high-meat diet, and sedentary lifestyle, among others.
      ::前列腺癌是男性最常见的癌症类型,也是男性癌症死亡的第二大原因,如果有症状,通常涉及尿道,例如频繁或痛苦的尿道,前列腺癌的风险因素包括老年、家庭史、高血糖饮食和定居生活方式等。
    • Prostate cancer may be detected by a physical exam or a high level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood, but a biopsy is required for a definitive diagnosis. Prostate cancer is typically diagnosed relatively late in life and is usually slow growing, so treatment may not be necessary. In younger patients or those with faster-growing tumors, treatment is likely to include surgery to remove the prostate, followed by chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.
      ::前列腺癌可以通过身体检查或血液中前列腺特定抗原(PSA)高浓度检测出来,但确诊需要进行活体检查,前列腺癌通常被诊断为寿命较晚,而且发育缓慢,因此治疗可能没有必要。 在较年轻的病人或肿瘤生长较快的病人中,治疗可能包括手术以移除前列腺,然后是化疗和(或)放射治疗。
    • Testicular cancer, or cancer of the testes, is the most common cancer in males between the ages of 20 and 39 years. It is more common in males of European than African ancestry. A lump or swelling in one testis, fluid in the scrotum, and testicular pain or tenderness are possible signs and symptoms of testicular cancer.
      ::睾丸癌或睾丸癌是20至39岁男性最常见的癌症,在欧洲男性中比非洲男性更常见。 睾丸癌、睾丸癌或睾丸癌是睾丸癌的可能征兆和症状。
    • Testicular cancer can be diagnosed by a physical exam and diagnostic tests, such as ultrasound or blood tests. Testicular cancer has one of the highest cure rates of all cancers. It is typically treated with surgery to remove the affected testis, and this may be followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. I f the remaining testis is healthy, n ormal male reproductive functions are still possible after one testis is removed.
      ::睾丸癌可以通过身体检查和诊断性检查,如超声波或血液检测等诊断性检查诊断出来; 睾丸癌是所有癌症的最高治愈率之一; 通常通过手术进行治疗,以切除受到影响的睾丸; 之后可以进行放射治疗和/或化疗; 如果其余的睾丸是健康的,在切除一个睾丸后仍有可能正常的男性生殖功能。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is erectile dysfunction? When does it occur?
    ::1. 勃起功能障碍是什么?何时发生的?

    2. Underlying causes of erectile dysfunction may include physiological and/or psychological factors. Identify some of these factors.
    ::2. 勃起功能障碍的根本原因可能包括生理和/或心理因素,指出其中的一些因素。

    3. Discuss types of treatment for erectile dysfunction.
    ::3. 讨论勃起功能障碍的治疗类型。

    4. Define epididymitis. What is its most common cause?
    ::4. 流行性口炎的定义:最常见的原因是什么?

    5. Identify possible treatments for epididymitis. Why is treatment important, even when there are no symptoms?
    ::5. 查明可能治疗肾上腺炎的治疗方法:为什么治疗很重要,即使没有症状?

    6. Rank prostate cancer as a cause of cancer and cause of cancer death in men. What are some of the symptoms of prostate cancer?
    ::6. 将前列腺癌列为导致男性癌症和癌症死亡的原因之一,前列腺癌的症状是什么?

    7. List risk factors for prostate cancer.
    ::7. 列出前列腺癌的风险因素。

    8. How is prostate cancer detected?
    ::8. 如何发现前列腺癌?

    9. In many cases, treatment for prostate cancer is unnecessary. Why? When is treatment necessary, and what are treatment options?
    ::9. 在许多情况下,前列腺癌治疗是不必要的,为什么?何时治疗是必要的,什么是治疗选择?

    10. Testicular cancer is generally rare, but it is the most common cancer in one age group. What age group is it?
    ::10. 睾丸癌一般很少见,但这是一个年龄组最常见的癌症,是哪个年龄组?

    11. Identify possible signs and symptoms of testicular cancer.
    ::11. 查明睾丸癌的可能征兆和症状。

    12. How can testicular cancer be diagnosed?
    ::12. 如何诊断睾丸癌?

    13. Describe how testicular cancer is typically treated.
    ::13. 说明睾丸癌通常如何治疗。

    14. Which of the following is common in younger men (i.e. under age 39)?
    ::14. 在较年轻的男子(即39岁以下)中,以下哪一种是常见的?

    a. prostate cancer
    ::a. 前列腺癌

    b. testicular cancer
    ::b. 睾丸癌

    c. epididymitis
    ::c. 肾上腺炎

    d. B and C
    ::d. B和C

     

    15. A biopsy is important in cases of suspected _____________.
    ::15. 在怀疑为_________的情况下,进行活体检查很重要。

    a. epididymitis
    ::a. 肾上腺炎

    b. testicular cancer
    ::b. 睾丸癌

    c. prostate cancer
    ::c. 前列腺癌

    d. B and C
    ::d. B和C

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Up to three percent of all full-term male babies are born with undescended testicles. Learn more here:
    ::在所有成年男性婴儿中,有3%出生的睾丸不精密。

    Watch below to learn about the dangers of  "herbal viagra":
    ::了解“草原草原草原”的危险性: