20.11 避孕
章节大纲
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Family Planning Pioneer
::计划生育先锋Her name was Marie Stopes, and she was a British author and paleobotanist who lived from 1880 to 1958. She is pictured here in her lab next to her . Stopes made significant contributions to science and was the first woman on the faculty of the University of Manchester in England. Her primary claim to fame was her work as a family planning pioneer.
::她的名字是玛丽·斯托普斯,她是一位英国作家和古老的植物学家,生于1880年至1958年。她在这里的实验室里,她旁边有照片。斯托普斯对科学作出了重大贡献,是英格兰曼彻斯特大学第一位女性。她的主要名声是她作为计划生育先锋所做的工作。Along with her husband, Stopes founded the first birth control clinic in Britain. She also edited a newsletter called Birth Control News , which gave explicit practical advice on how to avoid unwanted pregnancies. In 1918, she published a sex manual titled Married Love. The book was controversial and influential, bringing the subject of contraception into wide public discourse for the first time.
::斯托普斯与丈夫一起在英国创办了首家节育诊所。 她还编辑了一份名为《节育新闻》的通讯,其中就如何避免意外怀孕提供了明确的实用建议。 1918年,她出版了一本名为《已婚爱》的性手册。 这本书引起争议并具有影响力,首次将避孕主题引入公众广泛讨论。What Is Contraception?
::什么是避孕?A bout a century after Married Love , more than half of all fertile married couples worldwide use some form of contraception. Contraception, also known as birth control, is any method or device used to prevent . Birth control methods have been used for centuries, but safe and effective methods only became available in the 20 th century, in part because of the work of people like Marie Stopes.
::大约一个世纪后,全世界所有有生育能力的已婚夫妇中有一半以上使用某种避孕方式。 避孕(又称节育)是预防避孕的任何方法或装置。 几个世纪以来一直使用节育方法,但直到20世纪才有安全有效的避孕方法,部分原因是像Marie Stopes这样的人的工作。Many different birth control methods are currently available, but they differ considerably in their effectiveness at preventing pregnancy. The effectiveness of contraception is generally expressed as the failure rate, which is the percentage of women who become pregnant using a given method during the first year of use. Virtually no one uses any method of birth control perfectly, so the failure rate with typical use is almost always higher — and often much higher — than the failure rate with perfect use. For example, with perfect use, a birth control method might have a failure rate of just one percent, whereas with typical use, the failure rate might be 25 percent. For comparison, there is an average one-year pregnancy rate of 85 percent if no contraception is used.
::目前有许多不同的节育方法,但是在预防怀孕的效果方面却有很大差异,避孕的效果一般表现为失灵率,即第一年使用某种方法怀孕的妇女的百分比,几乎没有人完美地使用任何节育方法,因此,通常使用这种方法的失灵率几乎总是比完全使用这种方法的失灵率高,而且往往要高得多,例如,节育方法的失灵率可能只有1%,而通常使用这种方法的失灵率可能为25%,相比之下,如果不使用避孕手段,平均一年怀孕率为85%。All methods of birth control have potential adverse effects, but their health risks are less than the health risks associated with pregnancy. Using contraception to space the children in a family is also good for the children’s health and , as well as for the health of the mother.
::所有节育方法都具有潜在的不利影响,但是它们的健康风险低于与怀孕有关的健康风险。 使用避孕措施让孩子在家庭中间隔,也有利于孩子的健康以及母亲的健康。Types of Contraception and Their Effectiveness
::避孕类型及其有效性Types of birth control methods include barrier methods, hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, behavioral methods, and sterilization. With the exception of sterilization, all of these methods are reversible. Examples of each type of birth control method and their failure rates with typical use are described below. Much of the information is also summarized in the figure.
::节育方法的类型包括屏障方法、荷尔蒙方法、宫内避孕器、行为方法和绝育,除绝育外,所有这些方法都是可逆的,以下举例说明了每种节育方法及其通常使用的失败率。This figure compares different contraceptive methods and devices in terms of their effectiveness at preventing pregnancies with typical use.
::这一数字比较了不同避孕方法和避孕工具在预防典型怀孕方面的效果。Barrier Methods
::障碍方法Barrier methods are devices that are used to physically block from entering the uterus . They include condoms and diaphragms.
::屏障法是用来实际阻止进入子宫的装置,包括避孕套和隔膜。Condoms
::保险套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套套Condoms are the most commonly used method of birth control globally. There are condoms for females and males, but male condoms are more widely used, less expensive, and more readily available. Both types of condoms are pictured . A male condom is placed on a man’s erect penis , and a female condom is placed inside a woman’s vagina . Whichever type of condom is used, it must be put in place before sexual intercourse occurs. Condoms work by physically blocking ejaculated sperm from entering the vagina of the sexual partner. With typical use, male condoms have an 18 percent failure rate, and female condoms have a 21 percent failure rate. Unlike virtually all other birth control methods, condoms also help prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), in addition to helping to prevent pregnancy.
::避孕套是全球最常用的节育方法。 避孕套是女性和男性最常用的节育方法。 避孕套是女性和男性最常用的节育方法。 避孕套是女性和男性最常用的节育方法。 男用避孕套的使用更为广泛,价格更低,而且更容易获得。 两种避孕套都有图象。 男用避孕套被放置在男性的勃起的阴茎上,女用避孕套被放置在女性的阴道内。 无论使用哪种保险套,都必须在性交发生之前就安装。 避孕套通过实际阻止精子射入性伴侣的阴道进行工作。 在典型的使用中,男用避孕套有18%的失灵率,女用避孕套有21%的失灵率。 与几乎所有其他的节育方法不同,避孕套除了帮助预防怀孕外,还有助于防止性传播感染的蔓延。Rolled up male condom
::男用安全套卷起来Unrolled female condom
::女用安全套Diaphragms
::隔膜Diaphragms , like the one pictured , ideally prevent sperm from passing through the cervical canal and into the uterus. A diaphragm is inserted vaginally before sexual intercourse occurs and must be placed over the cervix to be effective. It is usually recommended that a diaphragm be covered with spermicide before insertion for extra protection. It is also recommended that the diaphragm be left in place for at least six hours after intercourse. The failure rate of diaphragms with typical use is about 12 percent, which is about half that of condoms. However, diaphragms do not help prevent the spread of , and their use is also associated with an increased frequency of urinary tract infections in females.
::阴膜在性交前插入阴道,必须放在子宫颈上方才能有效; 通常建议隔膜在插入杀精剂之前先覆盖杀精剂,然后插入额外的保护; 还建议在性交后至少6小时内将隔膜留在原处; 典型使用隔膜的故障率约为12%,大约是避孕套的一半; 然而,隔膜无助于防止阴道的传播,而且其使用也与女性尿道感染的频率增加有关。A diaphragm is pictured here beside a U.S. quarter coin for size comparison. The diaphragm should fit snugly over the cervix so it blocks sperm from entering the cervical canal.
::这里的隔膜是用美国四分之一硬币来比较大小的。隔膜应该粘在子宫颈上,这样可以阻止精子进入宫颈运河。Hormonal Methods
::荷蒙方法Hormonal contraception is the administration of to prevent ovulation . Hormones can be taken orally in birth control pills, implanted under the skin, injected into a muscle, or received transdermally from a skin patch. Hormonal methods are currently available only for women, although hormonal contraceptives for men are being tested in clinical trials.
::荷尔蒙避孕是预防排卵的手段,可以口服避孕药、在皮肤下植入、注射到肌肉中或从皮肤部接受转基因手术,目前只有妇女可以使用荷尔蒙避孕法,尽管正在临床试验中测试男性的荷尔蒙避孕药。Birth control pills are the most common form of hormonal contraception. There are two types of pills: the combined pill (which contains both estrogen and progesterone) and the progesterone-only pill. Both types of pills inhibit ovulation and thicken cervical mucus . The failure rate of birth control pills is only about one percent or less, if used perfectly. However, the failure rate rises to about ten percent with typical use, because women do not always remember to take the pill at the same time every day. The combined pill is associated with a slightly increased risk of clots, but a reduced risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers. The progesterone-only pill does not increase the risk of blood clots, but it may cause irregular menstrual periods. It may take a few weeks or even months for fertility to return to normal after long-term use of birth control pills.
::避孕药是最常见的荷尔蒙避孕形式。有两种避孕药:综合避孕药(包括雌激素和蛋白酮)和只用蛋白酮的避孕药。两种避孕药都抑制排卵和厚的宫颈肌肉。如果使用得当,避孕药的失灵率只有大约1%或更低。但是,在通常使用的情况下,失败率上升到大约10%,因为妇女并不总是记得每天同时服用避孕药。合并避孕药与凝血块的风险略有增加有关,但卵巢癌和内脏癌的风险减少。只用蛋白酮的避孕药不会增加血凝块的风险,但可能造成非正常的月经期。在长期使用节育药后,生育能力可能需要几周甚至几个月才能恢复正常。Intrauterine Devices
::宫内避孕器An intrauterine device (IUD) is a T-shaped or coiled plastic structure that is inserted into the uterus via the vagina and cervix that contains either copper or a hormone. You can see an IUD in the uterus in the drawing of the female reproductive system . An IUD is inserted by a physician and may be left in place for months or even years. A physician also must remove an IUD, using the strings attached to the device. The copper in copper IUDs prevents pregnancy by interfering with the movement of sperm so they cannot reach and fertilize an egg . The copper may also prevent implantation in the unlikely circumstance of a sperm managing to reach and fertilize an egg. The hormones in hormonal IUDs prevent pregnancy by thickening cervical mucus and trapping sperm. The hormones may also interfere with ovulation, so there is no egg to fertilize.
::宫内避孕器(宫内避孕器)是一种T型或卷状塑料结构,通过阴道和含有铜或荷尔蒙的宫颈插入子宫,含有铜或激素。在女性生殖系统的图画中,可以看到子宫内有宫内避孕器。一个宫内避孕器由医生插入,可留置数月甚至数年。医生还必须使用与该装置相连的绳索,去掉宫内避孕器。铜内宫内避孕器的铜通过干扰精子的移动来阻止怀孕,使其无法接触到卵并施肥。铜还可以防止精子在不可能的情况下移植,在精子设法接触和施肥卵时。荷尔蒙宫内避孕器中的激素通过增厚的宫颈肌肉和捕捉精来防止怀孕。荷尔蒙也可能会干扰卵子的排卵,因此没有卵可以施肥。An IUD is placed inside the uterus by a doctor and left in place to provide long-acting but reversible contraception.
::宫内避孕器由医生放在子宫内,留作长效但可逆转的避孕用具。For both types of IUDs, the failure rates are less than one percent, and failure rates with typical use are virtually the same as failure rates with perfect use. Their effectiveness is one reason that IUDs are among the most widely used forms of reversible contraception. Once removed, even after long-term use, fertility returns to normal immediately. On the other hand, IUDs do have a risk of complications, including increased menstrual bleeding and more painful menstrual cramps. IUDs are also occasionally expelled from the uterus, and there is a slight risk of perforation of the uterus by the IUD.
::对于这两种类型的宫内避孕器而言,失灵率都低于1%,而通常使用的失灵率与完全使用的失灵率几乎相同。其有效性是宫内避孕器是最广泛使用的可逆避孕方式之一。一旦去除,即使长期使用后,生育率也立即恢复正常。另一方面,宫内避孕器确实有并发症的风险,包括月经出血增加和月经抽筋更痛苦。宫内避孕器偶尔也会被从子宫开除,宫内避孕器有被宫内避孕器穿透的轻微风险。Behavioral Methods
::行为方法The least effective methods of contraception are behavioral methods. They involve regulating the timing or method of intercourse to prevent introduction of sperm into the female reproductive tract, either altogether or when an egg may be present. Behavioral methods include fertility awareness methods and withdrawal. Abstinence from sexual activity, or at least from vaginal intercourse, is sometimes considered a behavioral method, as well — but it is unlikely to be practiced consistently enough by most people to prevent pregnancy. Even t eens who receive abstinence-only sex education do not have reduced rates of pregnancy. Abstinence is also ineffective in cases of nonconsensual sex.
::最无效的避孕方法是行为方法,它们涉及调节性交的时间或方法,以防止将精子引入女性生殖器官,无论是全部或当可能存在蛋时;行为方法包括提高生育意识的方法和退出;性活动禁欲,或至少是阴道性交,有时也被视为一种行为方法,但大多数人不可能始终如一地采用这种方法来防止怀孕;即使接受禁欲性教育的青少年也没有降低怀孕率;对非自愿性行为的禁欲也是无效的。Fertility Awareness Methods
::提高生育能力意识的方法Fertility awareness methods involve estimating the most fertile days of the and then avoiding unprotected vaginal intercourse on those days. The most fertile days are generally a few days before ovulation occurs, the day of ovulation, and another day or two after that. Unless unprotected sex occurs on those days, pregnancy is unlikely. Techniques for estimating the most fertile days include monitoring and detecting minor changes in basal body temperature or cervical secretions. This requires daily motivation and diligence, so it is not surprising that typical-use failure rates of these methods are at least 20 to 25 percent, and for some individuals may be as high as using no contraception at all (85 percent).
::提高生育意识的方法包括估计这些天最肥沃的日子,然后避免在那些日子进行无保护的阴道性交; 最肥沃的日子通常是排卵前几天,排卵之日,以及其后的一天或两天; 除非在那些日子发生无保护的性行为,否则怀孕是不可能的; 估计最肥沃的日子的技术包括监测和发现肌肉体温或宫颈分泌的微小变化; 这需要每天的动力和勤奋,因此,这些方法的典型使用失败率至少达到20%至25%,对一些人来说可能高达完全没有避孕的20%至25%(85%)。Basal body temperature is the lowest body temperature when the body is at rest (usually during sleep). It is most often estimated by a temperature measurement taken immediately upon awakening in the morning and before any physical activity has occurred. Basal body temperature normally rises after ovulation occurs, as shown in the graph . The increase in temperature is small but consistent and may be used to determine when ovulation occurs, around which time unprotected intercourse should be avoided to prevent pregnancy. However, basal body temperature only shows when ovulation has already occurred, and it cannot predict in advance when ovulation will occur. Sperm can live for up to a week in the female reproductive tract, so determining the occurrence of ovulation only after the fact is a major drawback of this method.
::Basal 身体温度是身体休息时(通常在睡觉时)身体温度最低的,最常见的是上午和任何身体活动发生之前立即进行的温度测量。如图所示,在排卵发生后,Basal 身体温度通常会上升。温度的上升很小,但始终如一,并可用于确定何时进行排卵,在什么时候应避免进行无保护的性交以防止怀孕。但是,Basal 身体温度只显示排卵已经发生时,不能预先预测排卵何时会发生。Sperm在女性生殖器官中可以活到一个星期,因此只有在这一方法的主要缺陷之后,才能确定排卵的发生情况。A woman’s basal body temperature rises slightly when ovulation occurs and stays slightly elevated until the start of the next menstrual period.
::当排卵发生时,女性的巴萨身体温度略有上升,在下一个月经期开始之前保持略高。Monitoring cervical mucus has the potential for being more effective than monitoring basal body temperature, because it can predict ovulation ahead of time. As ovulation approaches, cervical secretions usually increase in amount and become thinner (which helps sperm swim through the cervical canal). By recognizing the changing characteristics of cervical mucus, a woman may be able to predict when she will ovulate. From this information, she can determine when she should avoid unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy.
::宫颈粘膜监测有可能比监测巴萨体温更有效,因为它可以提前预测排卵情况。 随着排卵方法的临近,宫颈分泌通常会增加数量并变瘦(这有助于精子在宫颈运河中游荡 ) , 通过认识宫颈粘膜不断变化的特征,妇女可能能够预测何时排卵。根据这些信息,她可以确定何时应该避免无保护的性行为以防止怀孕。Withdrawal
::退 退 退 退Withdrawal (also called coitus interruptus) is the practice of withdrawing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation occurs. The main risk of the withdrawal method is that the man may not perform the maneuver correctly or in a timely manner. Fluid typically released from the penis before ejaculation occurs may also contain some sperm. In addition, if sperm are ejaculated just outside of the vagina, there is a chance they will be able to enter the vagina and travel through the female reproductive tract to fertilize an egg. For all these reasons, the withdrawal method has a relatively high failure rate of about 22 percent with typical use.
::退出(也称为性交中断)是指在射精前将阴茎从阴道中取出的做法; 退出方法的主要风险是,男子可能无法正确或及时地操作; 通常在射精前从阴茎中释放出来的流体也可能含有一些精子; 此外,如果精子在阴道外射出,她们就有可能进入阴道,通过雌性生殖道施肥; 由于所有这些原因,退出方法的失败率较高,达到22%左右,而且具有典型的使用率。Sterilization
::绝育The most effective contraceptive method is sterilization. In both sexes, sterilization generally involves surgical procedures that are considered irreversible. Additional surgery may be able to reverse a sterilization procedure, but there are no guarantees. Male sterilization is generally less invasive and less risky than female sterilization.
::最有效的避孕方法是绝育,在男女两性中,绝育一般都涉及被视为不可逆转的外科手术,额外的外科手术可能能够扭转绝育手术,但没有任何保障,男性绝育一般比女性绝育较少侵入性,风险也较小。Male Sterilization
::男性绝育Male sterilization is usually achieved with a vasectomy. In this surgery, the vas deferens from each testis is clamped, cut, or otherwise sealed (see figure ). This prevents sperm from traveling from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts and being ejaculated from the penis. The same amount of semen will still be ejaculated, but it will not contain any sperm, making impossible. After a vasectomy, the testes continue to produce sperm, but the sperm are reabsorbed. It usually takes several months after a vasectomy for all remaining sperm to be ejaculated or reabsorbed. In the meantime, another method of birth control should be used.
::男性绝育通常是用输精管结扎术完成的。 在这一手术中,每个睾丸的血管延后器被夹住、切除或以其他方式密封(见图 ) 。 这使得精子无法从胃部切到阴道,从阴茎中射出。 同样的精子量仍然会射精, 但它不会含有任何精子, 使得不可能。 在输精管切除术之后, 睾丸会继续产生精子, 但精子会重新吸附。 输精管切除后通常需要几个月的时间才能将剩下的精子射出或重新吸附。 与此同时, 还应使用另一种节育方法。The red line (F) shows where each vas deferens (K) is clamped or cut in a vasectomy. The other structures are: A. penis, B. urethra, C. scrotum, D. testis, E. epididymis, G. prostate, H. seminal vesicle, I. bladder, J. pubic bone.
::红线( F) 显示每个血管延后( K) 在输精管切除或切切中。 其他结构是: A. 阴茎、 B. 尿素拉、 C. 阴囊、 D. 睾丸、 E. 肾上腺素、 G. 前列腺、 H. 精液囊、 I. 膀胱、 J. 阴骨。Female Sterilization
::女性绝育The procedure undertaken for female sterilization is usually tubal ligation . The Fallopian tubes may be tied or cut in a surgical procedure, which permanently blocks the tubes. Alternatively, tiny metal implants may be inserted into the Fallopian tubes in a nonsurgical procedure. Over time, scar tissue grows around the implants and permanently blocks the tubes. Either method stops eggs from traveling from the ovaries through the Fallopian tubes, where fertilization usually takes place.
::女性绝育手术通常是输卵管结扎手术,输卵管可以被捆绑或切开手术,永久封塞输卵管;或者,小金属植入器可以以非外科手术的方式插入输卵管;随着时间的推移,疤痕组织在植入器周围生长,并永久封塞输卵管;两种方法都可以阻止卵从卵巢通过输卵管通过输卵管(通常进行授精)。Emergency Contraception
::紧急避孕Emergency contraception is any form of contraception that is used after unprotected vaginal intercourse. One method is the so-called “morning-after” pill. This is essentially a high-dose birth control pill that helps prevent pregnancy by temporarily preventing ovulation. It works only if ovulation has not already occurred, and when taken within five days after unprotected sex. The sooner the pill is taken, the more likely it is to work. Another method of emergency contraception is the IUD. An IUD that is inserted up to five days after unprotected sex can prevent nearly 100 percent of pregnancies. It keeps sperm from reaching and fertilizing an egg, or inhibits implantation if an egg has already been fertilized. The IUD can then be left in place to prevent future pregnancies.
::紧急避孕是无保护阴道性交后使用的任何避孕形式,一种方法是所谓的“早产”避孕药,基本上是一种有助于通过暂时防止排卵来预防怀孕的高剂量避孕药,只有在没有排卵的情况下和在无保护的性行为发生后5天内服用时有效;避孕药使用得越早,就越有可能发挥作用;另一种紧急避孕方法是宫内避孕药;在无保护的性行为后插入的宫内避孕药可以防止近100%的怀孕;它使精子不接触和施肥卵子,如果卵子已经受精,则抑制植入;然后,可以留下宫内避孕药以防今后怀孕。Summary
::摘要-
More than half of all fertile couples worldwide use contraception (birth control), which is any method or device used to prevent pregnancy. Different methods of contraception vary in their effectiveness, typically expressed as the failure rate, or the percentage of women who become pregnant using a given method during the first year of use. For most methods, the failure rate with typical use is much higher than the failure rate with perfect use.
::全世界半数以上的育龄夫妇使用避孕(生育控制),这是预防怀孕的任何方法或手段,不同避孕方法的效果各不相同,通常表现为失灵率,或者在第一年使用特定方法时怀孕的妇女比例,对大多数方法来说,典型使用失败率大大高于完全使用失败率。 -
Types of birth control methods include barrier methods, hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, behavioral methods, and sterilization. Except for sterilization, all of the methods are reversible. All of the methods have health risks, but they are less than the risks of pregnancy.
::节育方法的类型包括屏障方法、激素方法、宫内避孕器、行为方法和绝育。除绝育外,所有方法都是可逆的。所有方法都有健康风险,但低于怀孕风险。 -
Barrier methods are devices that block sperm from entering the uterus. They include condoms and diaphragms. Of all birth control methods, only condoms can also prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections.
::屏障法是阻止精子进入子宫的装置,包括避孕套和隔膜,在所有节育方法中,只有避孕套也能防止性传播感染的蔓延。 -
Hormonal methods involve the administration of hormones to prevent ovulation. Hormones can be administered in various ways, such as in an injection, through a skin patch, or — most commonly — in birth control pills. There are two types of birth control pills: those that contain estrogen and progesterone, and those that contain only progesterone. Both types are equally effective, but they have different potential side effects.
::荷尔蒙方法涉及对荷尔蒙的施用以防止排卵,荷尔蒙可以以各种方式施用,例如注射、通过皮肤补丁或——最常见的是——避孕药,有两种避孕药:含有雌激素和蛋白酮的避孕药,以及只含有蛋白酮的避孕药,这两种药物同样有效,但具有不同的潜在副作用。 -
An intrauterine device (IUD) is a small T-shaped plastic structure containing copper or a hormone that is inserted into the uterus by a physician and left in place for months or even years. It is highly effective even with typical use, but it does have some risks, such as increased menstrual bleeding and, rarely, perforation of the uterus.
::宫内避孕器(IUD)是一种小T型塑料结构,内含铜或激素,由医生插入子宫,并留置数月甚至数年,即使通常使用,也非常有效,但确实存在一些风险,如月经出血增加,而且很少对子宫穿孔。 -
Behavioral methods involve regulating the timing or method of intercourse to prevent introduction of sperm into the female reproductive tract, either altogether or when an egg may be present. In fertility awareness methods, unprotected intercourse is avoided during the most fertile days of the cycle, as estimated by basal body temperature or the characteristics of cervical mucus. In withdrawal (coitus interruptus), the penis is withdrawn from the vagina before ejaculation occurs. Behavioral methods are the least effective methods of contraception.
::行为方法涉及调节性交的时间或方法,以防止将精子引入女性生殖器官,无论是全部还是当可能存在蛋时,在提高生育意识的方法中,避免在周期最肥沃的几天内进行无保护的性交,根据巴萨身体温度或宫颈肌肉特征的估计,在抽取(阴道断裂)时,阴茎在射精前从阴道中抽出,行为方法是最无效的避孕方法。 -
Sterilization is the most effective contraceptive method, but it requires a surgical procedure and may be irreversible. Male sterility is usually achieved with a vasectomy, in which the vas deferens are clamped or cut to prevent sperm from being ejaculated in semen. Female sterility is usually achieved with a tubal ligation, in which the Fallopian tubes are clamped or cut to prevent sperm from reaching and fertilizing eggs.
::绝育是最有效的避孕方法,但需要外科手术,而且可能是不可逆转的。男性绝育通常通过输精管切除术实现,在输精管切除或切除后,防止精子射入精液中;女性绝育通常通过输卵管切除术实现,在输卵管切除或切除时,防止精子到达卵和受精卵。 -
Emergency contraception is any form of contraception used after unprotected vaginal intercourse. One method is the “morning after” pill, which is a high-dose birth control pill that can be taken up to five days after unprotected sex. Another method is an IUD, which can be inserted up to five days after unprotected sex.
::紧急避孕是无保护阴道性交后使用的任何避孕形式,一种方法是“后天”避孕药,这是一种高剂量避孕药,可以在无保护性行为后5天服用,另一种方法是宫内避孕药,可以在无保护性行为后5天插入。
Review
::回顾1. Define contraception. Globally, how prevalent is the use of contraception by fertile married couples?
::1. 避孕药具的定义:在全球范围内,育龄已婚夫妇使用避孕药具的情况有多普遍?2. How is the effectiveness of contraceptive methods typically measured?
::2. 避孕方法的有效性通常如何衡量?3. List five different types of birth control methods. Which (if any) methods are reversible? Which (if any) methods can prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections, as well as pregnancies?
::3. 列出五种不同的节育方法:哪些(如果有)方法可以逆转?哪些(如果有)方法可以防止性传播感染和怀孕的传播?4. What are barrier methods? Give two examples.
::4. 什么是屏障方法?请举两个例子。5. Describe hormonal contraception. What is the most commonly used form of hormonal contraception?
::5. 描述荷尔蒙避孕:什么是最常用的荷尔蒙避孕形式?6. What is an IUD?
::6. 什么是宫内避孕器?7. Generally describe behavioral methods of contraception, and identify two specific behavioral methods.
::7. 一般描述行为避孕方法,并确定两种具体的行为方法。8. Discuss sterilization as a birth control method. How is sterilization typically achieved in males? In females?
::8. 讨论绝育作为一种节育方法的问题:男性通常如何实现绝育?女性如何实现绝育?9. What is emergency contraception? When is it used? What are two forms of emergency contraception?
::9. 什么是紧急避孕?何时使用?两种紧急避孕形式是什么?10. How does the thickness of cervical mucus relate to fertility? How do two methods of contraception take advantage of this relationship?
::10. 宫颈粘结厚度与生育力有何关系?两种避孕方法如何利用这种关系?11. Arrange the following methods of contraception in order of typical effectiveness, from the least effective to most effective:
::11. 将下列避孕方法按典型效果排列,从最无效到最有效:birth control pill; fertility awareness method; IUD; male condom
::避孕避孕药丸;提高生育意识的方法;宫内避孕器;男用避孕套12. If a newly developed method of contraception had a 35 percent failure rate, would you consider this to be an effective method? Explain your answer.
::12. 如果新开发的避孕方法的失灵率达到35%,你是否认为这是一个有效的方法?解释你的答复。13. Which method of contraception prevents ovulation?
::13. 哪种避孕方法防止排卵?a. female condom
::a. 女用避孕套b. tubal ligation
::b. 输卵管结扎c. birth control pill
::c. 避孕药d. fertility awareness method
::d. 提高生育意识的方法14. True or False: A vasectomy prevents the production of sperm.
::14. 真实或假:输精管切除法阻止精子的生产。15 . True or False: If a man and woman have unprotected intercourse four days before ovulation occurs, the woman cannot get pregnant.
::15. 真实或虚假:如果男女在排卵前四天进行无保护性交,则该妇女不能怀孕。Explore More
::探索更多For as long as men and women have been having children, they have also been looking for ways not to. Learn more here:
::只要男人和女人有孩子,他们也一直在寻找不生育的方法。Recent research has shown promising results which may advance the development of a male contraceptive medication. Check out this video to learn more:
::最近的研究显示,有望推动男性避孕药物的研制工作,结果颇有希望。 -
More than half of all fertile couples worldwide use contraception (birth control), which is any method or device used to prevent pregnancy. Different methods of contraception vary in their effectiveness, typically expressed as the failure rate, or the percentage of women who become pregnant using a given method during the first year of use. For most methods, the failure rate with typical use is much higher than the failure rate with perfect use.
