章节大纲

  • 常规

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  • 科学方法

    What you will learn
    ::你会学到什么

    • What is a scientific investigation
      ::科学调查是什么?
    • Steps of the scientific method
      ::科学方法的步骤

    Researchers examining jars of plant specimens in a laboratory setting.

    Chances are you've heard of the scientific method. What exactly is the scientific method?
    ::你可能听说过科学方法 科学方法到底是什么?

    Is it a precise and exact way that all science must be done? Or is it a series of steps that most scientists generally follow, but may be modified for the benefit of an individual investigation?
    ::这是必须完成所有科学的准确和准确的方式吗? 还是大多数科学家通常遵循的一系列步骤,但为了个人调查的利益,可以加以修改?

    The Scientific Method  
    ::科学方法

    There are basic methods of gaining knowledge that are common to all of science. At the heart of science is scientific investigation, which is done by following the scientific method . A scientific investigation is a plan for asking questions and testing possible answers. It generally follows the steps listed in the  Figure   In reality, however, the process doesn’t always go in a straight line.
    ::获得知识的基本方法是所有科学所共有的。 科学的核心是科学调查,这是按照科学方法进行的。 科学研究是询问问题和测试可能答案的计划。 通常遵循图中所列步骤,但现实中,这一过程并不总是直线进行。

    Steps of the scientific method: observation, question, research, hypothesis, testing, conclusion, results.
    Steps of a Scientific Method. A scientific investigation typically has these steps. Scientists often develop their own steps they follow in a scientific investigation.
    DID YOU KNOW?
      Galileo Galilei is referred to as The Father of Modern Science for his contribution to the systematic and description of a scientific method.
     

    Making Observations  
    ::提出意见意见

    A scientific investigation typically begins with observations . An observation is anything detected with the , which include sight , hearing , touch, smell , and taste .  You make observations all the time. Let’s say you take a walk in the woods and observe a moth, like the one in the  Figure  , resting on a tree trunk. You notice that the moth has spots on its wings that look like . You think the eyespots make the moth look like the face of an owl.
    ::科学调查通常从观察开始。观察是指通过观察探测到的任何事物,包括视觉、听觉、触摸、嗅觉和品味。你总是做观察。让我们假设你走在树林里,观察一只飞蛾,就像图中的飞蛾,躺在树干上。你注意到,飞蛾的翅膀上有长得像猫头鹰的斑点。你认为,眼掌使飞蛾看起来像一只猫头鹰的脸。

    A moth showing eyespots on its wings, resembling an owl's face.

    Does this moth remind you of an owl?

    Asking a Question
    ::问一个问题

    Observations often lead to questions. For example, you might ask yourself why the moth has eye spots that make it look like an owl’s face. What reason might there be for this observation?
    ::观察往往引出问题。 比如,你可能会问自己,为什么蛾子有眼睛斑点,使它看起来像猫头鹰的表情。 这种观察有什么理由?

    Research Existing Knowledge About the Topic
    ::有关专题的现有知识

    No matter what you observe, you need to find out what is already known about your questions. For example, is anyone else doing research on eyespots in moths? If yes, what did they find out? Do you think that you should repeat their research to see if it can be duplicated? During your research, you might learn something that convinces you to change or refine your question. From this, you will construct your hypothesis .  
    ::无论你观察什么,你都必须弄清楚你的问题已经知道什么。例如,还有谁在研究飞蛾中的眼盆吗?如果有,他们发现了什么?你是否认为你应该重复他们的研究,看看是否可以重复?在你的研究中,你可能会学到一些东西,说服你改变或改进你的问题。从这一点上,你将构建你的假设。

    Forming a Hypothesis
    ::形成假说

    The next step in a scientific investigation is forming a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a possible answer to a scientific question, but it isn’t just any answer. A hypothesis must be based on scientific knowledge, and it must be logical. A hypothesis also must be falsifiable . In other words, it must be possible to make observations that would disprove the hypothesis if it really is false. Assume you know that some eat moths and that owls prey on other birds. From this knowledge, you reason that eye spots scare away birds that might eat the moth. This is your hypothesis.
    ::科学调查的下一步正在形成一种假设。假设是对科学问题的可能答案,但它不仅仅是任何答案。假设必须建立在科学知识的基础上,而且必须是合乎逻辑的。假设也必须是伪造的。换句话说,如果假设是真的假的,则必须能够提出反驳假设的意见。假设你知道有些人食用蛾子,猫头鹰捕食其他鸟类。根据这一认识,你有理由认为眼睛的斑点会吓跑可能食用蛾子的鸟类。这就是你的假设。

    Testing the Hypothesis
    ::测试假说

    To test a hypothesis, you first need to make a prediction based on the hypothesis. A prediction is a statement that tells what will happen under certain conditions. It can be expressed in the form: If A occurs, then B will happen. Sometimes, you may see a hypothesis written as a prediction (using an "if/then" statement), but knowing the difference is important. Based on your hypothesis that eye spots scare away birds that might eat the moth, you might make this prediction: If a moth has eyespots on its wings, then birds will avoid eating it.
    ::要测试一个假设,你首先需要根据假设作出预测。预测是一个说明在特定条件下会发生什么的预言。它可以以形式表示:如果发生A,那么B就会发生。有时,你会看到写成预测的假设(使用“如果/当时”的语句),但知道差别很重要。根据你的假设,即眼点会吓跑可能吃蛾子的鸟类,你可能会作出这样的预言:如果一只蛾子的翅膀上有眼睛罐,那么鸟儿就会避免吃它。

    Next, you must gather evidence to test your prediction. Evidence is any type of data that may either agree or disagree with a prediction, so it may either support or disprove a hypothesis. Evidence may be gathered by an . Assume that you gather evidence by making more observations of moths with eyespots. Perhaps you observe that birds really do avoid eating moths with eyespots. This evidence agrees with your prediction.
    ::接下来,你必须收集证据来测试你的预测。证据是任何类型的数据,可能同意或不同意预测,因此可以支持或否定一个假设。证据可以由一个假设来收集。假设你收集证据的方式是用眼睛罐对飞蛾进行更多的观察。也许你可以看到鸟确实避免用眼睛罐吃飞蛾。这个证据与你的预测一致。

    Check your understanding!
    ::检查你的理解!

    Drawing Conclusions
    ::绘图结论

    Evidence that agrees with your prediction supports your hypothesis. Does such evidence prove that your hypothesis is true? No; a hypothesis cannot be proven conclusively to be true. This is because you can never examine all of the possible evidence, and someday evidence might be found that disproves the hypothesis. Nonetheless, the more evidence that supports a hypothesis, the more likely the hypothesis is to be true.
    ::与你的预测一致的证据支持你的假设。这些证据是否证明你的假设是真实的? 不,一个假设不能被确凿地证明是真实的。这是因为你永远无法审查所有可能的证据,而且总有一天可能会发现有证据证明这种假设是站不住脚的。 尽管如此,越是证据支持一种假设,假设就越有可能是真实的。

    Communicating Results
    ::传播结果

    The last step in a scientific investigation is communicating what you have learned with others. This is a very important step because it allows others to test your hypothesis. If other researchers get the same results as yours, they add support to the hypothesis. However, if they get different results, they may disprove the hypothesis.
    ::科学调查的最后一步是将你学到的东西告诉其他人。这是一个非常重要的步骤,因为它允许其他人测试你的假设。如果其他研究人员得到与你的相同的结果,他们就会为假设增加支持。然而,如果他们得到不同的结果,他们可能会反驳这一假设。

    When scientists share their results, they should describe their methods and point out any possible problems with the investigation. For example, while you were observing moths, perhaps your presence scared birds away. This introduces an error into your investigation. You got the results you predicted (the birds avoided the moths while you were observing them), but not for the reason you hypothesized. Other researchers might be able to think of ways to avoid this error in future studies.
    ::当科学家分享其结果时,他们应该描述自己的方法,并指出调查中可能出现的任何问题。例如,当你观察飞蛾时,也许你的出现吓跑了鸟。这在你的调查中引入了一个错误。你得到了你预测的结果(鸟儿在观察时避免了飞蛾),但并不是因为你假设的大小。其他研究人员也许能够在未来的研究中想出避免这一错误的方法。

    KQED: Why I Do Science
    ::为什么我做科学

    Dan Costa, Ph.D. is a professor of Biology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and has been studying life for well over 40 years. He is a leader in using satellite tags, time and depth recorders and other sophisticated electronic tags to gather information about the amazing depths to which elephant seals dive, their routes and how they use oceanographic features to hunt for prey as far as the international dateline and the Alaskan Aleutian Islands. 
    ::丹·科斯塔博士是加利福尼亚大学圣克鲁斯大学生物学教授,研究生命已经超过40年了,他率先使用卫星标记、时间和深度记录器和其他尖端电子标记收集大象海豹潜水的惊人深度、路线和如何利用海洋特征寻找猎物的信息,直至国际日期线和阿拉斯加阿利乌提群岛。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • At the heart of science is the scientific investigation, which is done by following the scientific method. A scientific investigation is a plan for asking questions and testing possible answers.
      ::科学的核心是科学调查,它采用科学方法进行,科学调查是提出问题和测试可能答案的计划。
    • A scientific investigation typically begins with observations. Observations often lead to questions.
      ::科学调查通常从观察开始,意见往往引出问题。
    • A hypothesis is a possible logical answer to a scientific question, based on scientific knowledge.
      ::假设是科学问题的一个可能的逻辑答案,基于科学知识。
    • A prediction is a statement that tells what will happen under certain conditions.
      ::预测是一个说明在某些条件下将会发生什么的报表。
    • Evidence is any type of data that may either agree or disagree with a prediction, so it may either support or disprove a hypothesis. Conclusions may be formed from evidence.
      ::证据是可能同意或不同意预测的任何类型的数据,因此可以支持或否定假设,结论可以从证据中得出。
    • The last step in a scientific investigation is the communication of results with others.
      ::科学调查的最后一步是与其他方面交流结果。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Outline the steps of a scientific investigation.
      ::概述科学调查的步骤。
    2. What is a scientific hypothesis? What characteristics must a hypothesis have to be useful in science?
      ::科学假设是什么? 假设必须具有哪些特征才能对科学有用?
    3. Give an example of a scientific question that could be investigated with an experiment. Then give an example of a question that could not be investigated.
      ::举一个可以实验调查的科学问题的例子。然后举一个无法调查的问题的例子。
    4. Can a hypothesis be proven true? Why or why not?
      ::假设能否被证明是真实的?为什么或为什么不是?
    5. Why do scientists communicate their results? 
      ::为什么科学家们要交流他们的研究成果?