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  • 遗传理论理论 - 高级

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    Do you look like your parents?
    ::你长得像你父母吗?

    What about if you're a lion, or dog, or pea plant? Do you look like your parents? You probably have some traits in common with each of your parents. Mendel's work provided the basis to understand the passing of traits from one generation to the next, which is heredity .
    ::如果你是狮子,还是狗,还是豆种呢?你长得像你的父母吗?你可能和你的父母都有共同的特征。门德尔的工作为人们提供了一个基础,可以理解这些特征从一代传到下一代,也就是异教徒的传承。

    Mendel's Theory of Heredity
    ::门德尔的遗传理论

    Based on his observations , developed four hypotheses . These hypotheses are known as Mendel’s theory of heredity. The hypotheses explain a simple form of inheritance in which two of a gene are inherited to result in one of several traits in offspring. An allele in an alternative form of a gene, and a gene is a segment of that has the information to encode a polypeptide or molecule. Mendel called these "heritable factors" or "heritable units," as, during Mendel's time, DNA had not yet been identified. In modern terms, these hypotheses are:
    ::根据他的观察,发展了四个假设。这些假设被称为Mendel的遗传理论。这些假设解释了一种简单的继承形式,在这种继承形式中,遗传了两个基因,形成后代的几个特性之一。一种基因的异变形式,一种基因,一种基因是其中的一个部分,它具有将聚虫或分子编码的信息。Mendel称这些“遗传因素”或“遗传单位 ” , 正如在Mendel时代,DNA还没有被确定。在现代,这些假设是:

    1. There are different versions of genes . These different versions account for variations in characteristics. For example, there is a “yellow-pod” allele and a “green pod” allele of the gene for pod color. The blending inheritance hypothesis was discredited by Mendel’s allele hypothesis.
      ::基因有不同版本。 这些不同版本反映了不同特性的差异。 比如,有一个“黄蜂”Allele和一个“绿豆”Allele。 混合继承假设被Mendel的“平等假设”抹黑了。
    2. When two different alleles (heritable factors) are inherited together, one may be expressed, while the effect of the other may be “silenced.” In the case of pod color, the allele for green pods is always expressed and is dominant . The allele for yellow pods, which is not expressed, is recessive . For instance, if a plant inherits a “yellow-pod” allele and a “green pod” allele, it will have only green pods.
      ::当两种不同的异系物(可遗传因素)被一起继承时,可以表示一种,而另一种的效果可能是“静态的 ” 。 在聚变色的情况下,绿色聚物的异系物总是被表达和支配。 黄色聚物的异系物(没有表达)是休眠的。 比如,如果植物继承了“黄牛卵”异系物和“绿聚物 ” 异系物,那么它将只有绿聚物。
    3. For each characteristic, an organism inherits two alleles (heritable factors), one from each parent. Mendel noted that offspring could inherit their traits from either parent. In the case of the expressed trait, it did not matter whether it was the male gamete or female gamete that supplied the gene.
      ::对于每一个特征,一个生物体继承两个异变(遗传因素),每个父母各继承一个。门德尔指出,后代可以继承父母任一方的特性。 在表现的特性方面,无论提供基因的是男性色子还是女性色子,都无关紧要。
    4. When gametes are formed, the two alleles (heritable factors) of each gene are separated ( Figure ). During , each male or female gamete receives one allele for a trait. When the male and female gametes are fused at , the resulting zygote contains two alleles of each gene. Keep in mind that Mendel developed this hypothesis without knowledge of meiosis.
      ::当组合组合形成时,每种基因的两种异变(可遗传因素)被分离(图 ) 。 在( 图表 ) 中, 每一个男的或女的复变都有一个异变。 当男女复变组合在一起时, 由此产生的zygote 包含每个基因的两个异变。 记住, Mendel 开发了这个假设, 却不知道美化 。

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    Alleles on homologous chromosomes are randomly separated during gamete formation. Upon fertilization, the fusion of a male and female gametes results in new combinations of alleles in the resulting zygote.
    ::相异染色体的异性在调味板形成时会随机分离。 在施肥后,男女交织的配色板会形成新组合的异性。

    Random Segregation of Alleles
    ::Alleles 随机隔离

    Mendel summarized his findings in two laws: the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment . The Law of Segregation is based on his findings from his first set of . Mendel stated that heritable factors are segregated during gamete formation. More precisely, this law states that a pair of alleles is separated, or segregated, during the formation of gametes. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are randomly separated. Each resulting gamete has an equal or chance of receiving either of the two alleles. In other words, each gamete has only one allele for each gene.
    ::Mendel将其调查结果归纳为两部法律:《隔离法》和《独立组别法》。《隔离法》基于他从第一套法律中得出的结论。Mendel指出,在游戏形成期间,遗传因素是隔离的。更确切地说,该法规定,在游戏形成期间,一对异系是分离的,或者是隔离的。在沉思期间,同族染色体是随机分离的。每个结果的调子都具有接受两种异系的相同或机会。换句话说,每个调子每个基因只有一个异系。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Mendel developed a theory that explained simple patterns of inheritance in which two alleles are inherited to result in one of several traits in offspring.
      ::门德尔开发了一种理论 解释了简单的继承模式 即两个异性继承
    • The law of segregation states that a pair of alleles is segregated during the formation of gametes and that each gamete has an equal chance of getting either one of the allele.
      ::隔离法规定,在编织调子的过程中,将一对异性恋隔离开来,每个异性恋都有同等机会获得其中之一的异性恋。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Identify the relationship between genes and alleles.
      ::确定基因和异灵之间的关系。
    2. What were Mendel's four hypotheses?
      ::曼德尔的四个假设是什么?
    3. Summarize the law of segregation.
      ::概述隔离法。