章节大纲

  • 常规

    全部折叠 展开全部

  • Golgi Apparatus - 高级

    lesson content

    Why balloons?
    ::为什么是气球?

    The Golgi apparatus is said to look like a stack of deflated balloons. In essence, that is what the Golgi apparatus is. Not balloons, but plasma membrane. The Golgi apparatus is a series of stacks of membrane, with some extremely important functions.
    ::Golgi 仪器据说看起来像一堆降气气球。 本质上,这就是Golgi 仪器的本质。 不是气球,而是等离子膜。 Golgi 仪器是一系列膜,有一些极为重要的功能。

    The Golgi Apparatus
    ::Golgi 仪器

    The Golgi apparatus , which is also known as the Golgi complex or Golgi body, is a large found in most eukaryotic cells . It was identified in 1898 by the Italian physician Camillo Golgi.
    ::Golgi仪器也称为Golgi综合体或Golgi身体,在大多数表层细胞中发现很大,是意大利医生Camillo Golgi于1898年发现的。

    The Golgi apparatus is usually made up of five to eight cup-shaped, membrane-covered stacks of discs called cisternae (singular, cisterna ), as shown in Figure  . Both plant and have a Golgi apparatus. A typical mammalian cell will have 40 to 80 of these stacks. While plant cells can have up to several hundred Golgi stacks scattered throughout the cytoplasm . In plants, the Golgi apparatus contains that synthesize some of the cell wall polysaccharides .
    ::Golgi装置通常由五到八块杯状、由膜覆盖的圆盘堆叠组成,称为蓄水池,如图所示。两种装置都有一个Golgi装置。典型的哺乳动物细胞将拥有其中的40到80个。虽然植物细胞可以拥有数百块覆盖在细胞托盘中的Golgi系列。在植物中,Golgi装置含有合成细胞墙中一些多层细胞的圆形。

    The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages different substances for secretion out of the cell, or for use within the cell. The Golgi apparatus is found close to the of the cell where it modifies that have been delivered in transport vesicles from the RER. It is also involved in the transport of around the cell. Pieces of the Golgi membrane pinch off to form vesicles that transport molecules around the cell. The Golgi apparatus can be thought of as similar to a post office; it packages and labels "items" and then sends them to different . The Golgi apparatus tends to be larger and more numerous in cells that synthesize and secrete large quantities of materials; for example, the plasma B cells and the antibody-secreting cells of the immune system have prominent Golgi complexes.
    ::Golgi 装置修改、分类和包装不同物质,以便分解出细胞,或在细胞内使用。 Golgi 装置在细胞附近被发现,靠近细胞,在RER运输的输卵管中进行修改。它也参与细胞周围的运输。Golgi 膜的碎片切下来形成将分子传送到细胞周围的输卵管。Golgi 装置可以被视为类似于邮局;它的包件和标签是“项目”,然后把它们发送到不同的地方。Golgi 装置在合成和隐藏大量材料的细胞中往往更大,数量更多;例如,等离子B 细胞和免疫系统的抗体保密细胞有突出的Golgi 复合体。

    The stack of cisternae has four functional regions: the cis-Golgi network, medial-Golgi, endo-Golgi, and trans-Golgi network. Vesicles from the ER fuse with the network and subsequently progress through the stack from the cis- to the trans-Golgi network, where they are packaged and sent to their destination. Each cisterna includes special Golgi enzymes which modify or help to modify proteins that travel through it. Proteins may be modified by the addition of a group (glycosylation) or phosphate group (phosphorylation). These modifications may form a signal sequence on the protein, which determines the final destination of the protein. For example, the addition of a mannose-6-phosphate signals the protein for lysosomes .
    ::Cis-Golgi 网络、 medial-Golgi、 elo- Golgi 和 Trans- Golgi 网络等四个功能区域。ER 网络的血管与网络的引信,随后从Cis- 网络到跨Golgi 网络的堆叠中,它们被包装并送往目的地。每个蓄水池包括特殊的Golgi 酶,这些酶可以改变或帮助改变通过它穿透的蛋白质。通过添加一组(胶合物)或磷酸盐组(磷磷磷)来修改蛋白质。这些修改可以形成蛋白质的信号序列,确定蛋白的最后目的地。例如,添加一个芒诺-6-磷酸酯,以表示淋染物的蛋白质。

    Animal Cell
    This animal cell depicts the Golgi apparatus as a stack of flattened discs. The nucleus with the adjacent endoplasmic reticulum, and numerous mitochondria are also easily identifiable.

    The Endomembrane System
    ::内膜系统

    Together with the ER and transport vesicles, the Golgi apparatus is part of the cell's endomembrane system, which transports molecules around the cell. This system transports molecules, such as proteins, in vesicles. The vesicles that leave the RER are transported to the cis face of the Golgi apparatus, where they fuse with the Golgi membrane and empty their contents into the lumen. Once inside the lumen, the molecules are modified, then sorted for transport to their next destinations. In addition to the ER, Golgi apparatus, the endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope , lysosomes, vacuoles , vesicles, peroxisomes and the .
    ::Golgi装置与ER和输卵管一起,是细胞内膜系统的一部分,细胞内膜系统将分子传送到细胞周围。这个系统将分子(如蛋白质)传送到卵囊中。离开RER的卵囊被运到Golgi装置的皮层,它们与Golgi膜结合,将内装物清空到润滑剂中。一旦进入润滑剂中,分子就会被修改,然后排序,运到下一个目的地。除了ER、Golgi装置外,内膜系统还包括核包、淋病、真空、排卵器、过氧化物和核包件。

    Those proteins destined for areas of the cell other than the ER or Golgi apparatus are moved towards the trans face of the Golgi complex, to a complex network of membranes and associated vesicles known as the trans-Golgi network (TGN) . This area of the Golgi is the point at which proteins are sorted and shipped to their intended destinations by their placement into one of at least three different types of vesicles, depending upon the molecular signal they carry.
    ::用于ER或Golgi装置以外的细胞区域的蛋白质将移到Golgi综合体的反面,移到一个称为跨Golgi网络(TGN)的复合膜和相关的排卵器网络。Golgi的这个区域是蛋白质分拣并运到预定目的地的地点,根据它们携带的分子信号,将蛋白分解到至少三种不同的输卵器之一。

    lesson content
    The secretory process (vesicular transport) from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi apparatus. Note how the ER is attached to the nuclear envelope and the flow of vesicles from the cis to the trans face of the Golgi apparatus.

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The Golgi apparatus is a large organelle that is usually made up of five to eight cup-shaped, membrane-covered discs called cisternae.
      ::Golgi仪器是一个大型风琴机,通常由五到八个杯状、膜覆盖的圆盘组成,称为水晶盘。
    • The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages different substances for secretion out of the cell, or for use within the cell.
      ::Golgi装置修改、分类和包装不同的物质,以便分泌出细胞,或用于细胞内部。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Describe the structure and role of the Golgi apparatus.
      ::描述Golgi机器的结构和作用。
    2. Describe the endomembrane system.
      ::描述内骨膜系统。