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  • Ggene 表达式管理规则 - 高级

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    Can your expression change at any moment?
    ::您的表达式随时会改变吗 ?

    As you know, a person's expression can change moment by moment. The expression that is demonstrated is usually appropriate for that moment's feelings. Gene expression is the use of a gene whose product is necessary for that moment. It may be a moment during , it may be a moment of increased anxiety, or it may be in response to an environmental change. Whenever a particular is needed, gene expression provides it.
    ::如您所知, 一个人的表达方式可以瞬间改变。 所展示的表达方式通常适合这一时刻的情感。 基因表达方式是使用一个其产品对于这一时刻是必要的基因。 可能是在..., 可能是在..., 可能是更焦虑的瞬间, 也可能是环境变化的反应。 当需要某个特定的东西时, 基因表达方式提供它。

    Regulation of Gene Expression
    ::基因表达式的调制

    Each of your has about 22,000 genes. In fact, all of your cells have the same genes. So do all of your cells make the same proteins? Do all 22,000 genes get turned into proteins in every cell? Of course not. If they did, then all your cells would do the same thing. And it would be a devastating waste of energy .
    ::你们每个人都有大约22,000个基因。事实上,你们所有的细胞都有相同的基因。你们所有的细胞都具有同样的蛋白质吗?你们所有的细胞都具有同样的蛋白质吗?所有22,000个基因是否在每个细胞中都变成蛋白质?当然不是。如果是,那么你们所有的细胞都会做同样的事情。这将是对能量的毁灭性浪费。

    You have cells with different functions because you have cells with different proteins. And your cells have different proteins because they “use” different genes. The regulation of gene expression , or gene regulation , includes the mechanism to turn genes “on” and transcribe those gene into . Any aspect of a gene's expression may be regulated, from the onset of to the post-translational modification of a protein.
    ::有不同功能的细胞,因为你的细胞有不同的蛋白质。而你的细胞有不同的蛋白质,因为它们“使用”不同的基因。基因表达或基因调节的调节包括了将基因“在”和基因转换为“在”的机制。基因表达的任何方面都可以得到规范,从蛋白质的翻译后修改到翻译后修改。

    In general terms, gene regulation may occur in the following stages of gene expression:
    ::一般而言,基因管制可能发生在基因表达的以下阶段:

    • transcription,
      ::转录
    • post-transcriptional modification,
      :伤心c) 事后注销修改,
    • RNA transport,
      ::RNA运输,
    • ,
    • mRNA degradation, and/or
      ::mRNA降解和/或
    • post-translational modifications.
      ::翻译后修改。

    It is this regulation that determines when and how much of a protein to make, giving a cell its specific structure and function. The process of gene expression is used by all living organisms , from the simplest to the most complex eukaryote . And each cell in these organisms regulates gene expression to produce only the necessary proteins.
    ::正是这一规定决定了一个蛋白质的制造时间和数量,给一个细胞提供了它的具体结构和功能。 基因表达过程被所有活生物体使用,从最简单到最复杂的eukaryote。 这些生物体中的每个细胞都对基因表达方式进行调节,只生产必要的蛋白质。

    Gene regulation gives the cell control over its structure and function. Thus, gene regulation is the basis for cellular differentiation and morphogenesis. Though gene regulation occurs at the cellular level, it controls the versatility and adaptability of any organism, from single celled organisms to organisms made of trillions of cells. Gene regulation also has a role in and evolution, as the timing, location, and amount of gene expression can have a significant effect on the functions of the gene product, which can have a profound effect on the functions of a cell, tissue , organ , organ system or even organism. Gene regulation of the bacterial lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be identified and described. François Jacob and Jacques Monod (together with André Lwoff) were awarded the 1965 in Physiology or Medicine for their work .
    ::基因调节也具有作用和演变作用,因为基因表达的时间、地点和数量可对基因产品的功能产生重大影响,对细胞、组织、器官、器官系统甚至生物体的功能产生深远影响。基因调节是细胞层面的基因调节的基础。尽管基因调节是细胞层面的基因调节,但它控制着任何生物体的多功能性和适应性,从单细胞生物到由数万亿细胞组成的生物体。基因调节还具有作用和演化作用,因为基因表达的时机、位置和数量可对基因产品的功能产生重要影响,从而对细胞、组织、器官、器官系统甚至生物体的功能产生深远影响。细菌拉克授精的基因调节是第一个有待确定和描述的遗传调节机制。 1965年,François Jacob和Jacques Monod(与André Lwoff一起)在物理学或医学上获得了工作奖项。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The regulation of gene expression determines which genes are expressed and when those genes are expressed.
      ::对基因表达方式的规范决定了表达哪些基因和何时表达这些基因。
    • This regulatory process is instrumental in determining the structure and function of a cell.
      ::这一监管程序有助于确定一个单位的结构和职能。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is meant by gene expression, and why is this an important cellular mechanism?
      ::基因表达的含义是什么,为什么这是一个重要的细胞机制?
    2. At what stages of gene expression is regulation possible?
      ::在基因表达的什么阶段可以进行监管?
    3. What is the lac operon?
      ::什么是 Lac 活动台?