31.70 生育成人
Section outline
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What's the main difference between an adorable little baby and a teenager?
::一个可爱的小宝宝和一个十几岁的孩子有什么区别?This quiet little baby will soon grow into someone who talks and expresses feelings and attitudes. What's the main difference between an adorable little baby and a teenager? Plenty.
::这个安静的小宝宝很快会成长成一个说话和表达感情和态度的人。一个可爱的小宝宝和一个十几岁的孩子之间有什么主要区别?很多。From Birth to Adulthood
::从出生到成年For the first year after birth, a baby is called an infant . Childhood begins at age two and continues until adolescence . Adolescence is the last stage of life before .
::出生后第一年,婴儿被称为婴儿,童年从2岁开始,一直持续到青春期,青春期是生命的最后阶段。Infancy
::进数is the first year of life after birth. Infants are born with a surprising range of abilities. For example, they have well-developed of touch, hearing , and smell . They can also communicate their needs by crying. During their first year, they develop many other abilities, including those described below.
::婴儿出生时具有惊人的能力,例如,他们有着良好的触摸、听力和嗅觉,他们也可以哭泣来表达自己的需要,在第一年,他们发展了许多其他能力,包括下文所述的能力。By 6 weeks after birth, infants typically start smiling (see Figure ) and making vocal sounds. By 6 months, infants are babbling. They have also learned to sit and are starting to crawl. The deciduous teeth (baby teeth) have started to come in. By 12 months, infants may be saying their first words. They usually can stand with help and may even have started to walk.
::婴儿出生6周后开始微笑(见图)并发出声响。6个月后,婴儿开始胡言乱语。他们还学会坐下,开始爬行。低落的牙齿(婴儿牙齿)开始进来。到12个月后,婴儿可能开始说他们的第一个字。他们通常可以站着帮助,甚至开始走路。A baby’s first smile is an early milestone in infant development.
::婴儿的第一个微笑是婴儿发育的早期里程碑。Infancy is the period of most rapid growth after birth. Growth is even faster during infancy than it is during . By the end of the first year, the average baby is twice as long as it was at birth and three times as heavy.
::孕期是出生后增长最快的时期,婴儿期的增长率甚至比婴儿期快。 到一年级末,平均婴儿的寿命是出生时的两倍,体重是婴儿的三倍。Childhood
::童 童 童A toddler is a child aged 1 to 3 years. Children of this age are learning to walk, or “toddle.” Growth is still relatively rapid during the toddler years but it has begun to slow down. During the next three years, children achieve many more milestones.
::幼儿是1至3岁的儿童,这一年龄的儿童正在学习走路或“滑行 ” 。 幼儿的成长速度仍然相对较快,但开始放缓。 在今后三年中,儿童取得了更多的里程碑。-
By age 4, most children can run, climb stairs, and scribble with a crayon. They know many words and use simple sentences. The majority are also toilet trained.
::到4岁时,大多数儿童可以跑步、爬楼梯和用蜡笔乱写,他们知道许多字,使用简单的句子,大多数也是受过训练的厕所。 -
By age five, children are able to carry on conversations, recognize letters and words, and use a pencil to trace letters. They can usually tie their own shoelaces and may be learning to ride a bicycle, swing a bat, kick a ball and play other games (
Figure
).
::5岁时,儿童可以进行交谈,识别字母和文字,用铅笔追踪字母。 他们通常可以绑上自己的鞋带,学习骑自行车、挥棒、踢球和玩其他游戏(图 ) 。 -
By age 6, most children begin losing their deciduous teeth, and their permanent teeth start coming in. They speak fluently and are learning to read and write. They spend more time with peers and develop friendships.
::到了6岁,大多数儿童开始失去衰弱的牙齿,永久的牙齿开始长进来。他们讲流利的话,学习读写。他们与同龄人相处的时间更多,发展友谊。
Five year olds can usually play various games.
::五岁的孩子通常可以玩各种游戏。Older children continue to grow slowly until they start the adolescent growth spurt during puberty. They also continue to develop mentally, emotionally, and socially. Think about all the ways you have changed since you were as young as the child in Figure . What milestones of did you achieve during these childhood years?
::年龄较大的儿童继续缓慢成长,直到他们在青春期开始青春期的青春期发育潮流。他们还在继续发展精神、情感和社会方面的发展。想想你从小到小在图中发现的所有变化方式。在这些童年时期,你取得了哪些里程碑式的成就?Puberty
::肺结核Puberty is the stage of life when a child becomes sexually mature. Puberty begins when the pituitary gland tells the testes to secrete testosterone in boys, and in girls the pituitary gland signals the ovaries to secrete estrogen . Changes that occur during puberty are discussed in the and concepts.
::胚胎是儿童性成熟的人生阶段。 胚胎始于垂死腺告诉睾丸在男孩体内分泌睾丸激素,而垂死腺在女孩体内则指示卵巢分泌雌激素。 青春期期间发生的变化在概念和概念中都得到了讨论。Adolescence
::青少年 青少年Adolescence is the period of transition between the beginning of puberty and adulthood. Adolescence is also a time of significant mental, emotional, and social changes. For example:
::青少年是从青春期开始到成年的过渡阶段,青少年也是在精神、情感和社会方面发生重大变革的时期。-
Adolescents generally develop the ability to think abstractly.
::青少年一般发展抽象思考的能力。 -
Adolescents may have mood swings because of surging
.
::青少年可能因为情绪暴涨而情绪波动。 -
Adolescents usually try to be more independent from their parents.
::青少年通常试图更加独立于父母。 -
Adolescents typically spend much of their time with peers.
::青少年通常大部分时间与同龄人在一起。 -
Adolescents may start to develop intimate relationships.
::青少年可能开始发展亲密关系。
Science Friday : The Real Guide to Imaginary Companions
::科学星期五:想象伙伴的真实指南Children often have imaginary friends of various shapes and sizes. In this two-part video series by Science Friday , psychologists Marjorie Taylor and Tracy Gleason discuss why kids create these companions, and the roles that these companions play in development.
::孩子们常常有不同形状和大小的想象朋友。 在这由科学星期五(Science Friday)制作的两部分系列视频中,心理学家Marjorie Taylor和Tracy Gleason讨论了为什么孩子会创造这些伴侣,以及这些伴侣在发展中扮演的角色。Summary
::摘要-
Growth and development are most rapid during infancy and slower throughout the rest of childhood until adolescence.
::在婴儿时期,成长和发展速度最快,在童年的其余部分直到青春期,成长和发展速度较慢。 -
Adolescence involves mental, emotional, and social changes in addition to the physical changes of puberty.
::除了青春期的身体变化之外,青少年还涉及精神、情感和社会变化。
Review
::回顾-
Distinguish infancy from childhood.
::将婴儿与童年区分开来。 -
What is a toddler?
::什么是学龄前儿童? -
List two abilities of an infant.
::列出婴儿的两种能力。 -
Describe three changes associated with adolescence.
::描述与青春期有关的三个变化。 -
Think about all the ways you have changed since you were a five year old child. List milestones of development you have achieved since then.
::想想你从5岁起就改变过的所有方式。请列出从那时起你所实现的发展里程碑。
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By age 4, most children can run, climb stairs, and scribble with a crayon. They know many words and use simple sentences. The majority are also toilet trained.
