4.7 皮肤癌
章节大纲
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Bathing in Sunshine
::在阳光下洗澡Summer sun may feel good on your body, but its invisible UV rays wreak havoc on your skin. Exposing the skin to UV light causes photo-aging: premature wrinkling, brown discolorations, and other unattractive signs of sun exposure. Even worse, UV light increases your risk of skin cancer .
::夏日的太阳可能让你身体感觉良好,但其无形的紫外线会对你的皮肤造成破坏。 将皮肤暴露为紫外线会导致光学成像:过早的皱纹、棕色的变色,以及太阳暴露的其他不吸引人的迹象。 更糟糕的是,紫外光增加了皮肤癌的风险。What Is Skin Cancer?
::什么是皮肤癌?Skin cancer is a disease in which skin grow out of control. It is caused mainly by excessive exposure to UV light, which damages . Therefore, skin cancer most often develops on areas of the skin that are frequently exposed to UV light. However, it can also occur on areas that are rarely exposed to UV light. Skin cancer affects people of all skin colors, including those with dark skin. It also affects more people altogether than all other cancers combined. One in five Americans develops skin cancer in his or her lifetime.
::皮肤癌是一种皮肤发育失控的疾病,主要是过度接触紫外线光造成的,这给人造成损害。因此,皮肤癌最常发生在经常接触紫外线光的皮肤部位,但也可能发生在很少接触紫外线光的地区。皮肤癌影响着各种肤色的人,包括皮肤皮肤黑的人。它也比其他所有癌症加起来影响更多人。五分之一美国人在一生中患皮肤癌。Types of Skin Cancer
::皮肤癌类型Skin cancer begins in the outer layer of skin, the epidermis . There are three common types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
::皮肤癌起源于皮肤外层,即皮皮癌,有三种常见的皮肤癌类型:巴萨尔细胞癌、肮脏细胞癌和黑瘤。Basal Cell Carcinoma
::Basal 细胞细胞癌Basal cell carcinoma occurs in basal cells of the epidermis. Basal cells are cells in the stratum basale layer that divide to form all the keratinocytes of the epidermis. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer. More than four million cases occur in the United States each year. A basal cell carcinoma may appear as a pearly or waxy bump, like the one shown . Basal cell carcinomas rarely spread (or undergo metastasis ) , so they can generally be cured with a biopsy, in which the lesion is cut out of the skin and analyzed in a medical lab.
::巴斯氏细胞癌出现在皮皮质细胞的底部细胞中; 巴斯氏细胞是底部巴萨利层的细胞,分裂成皮皮质细胞的所有细胞; 巴斯氏细胞癌是最常见的皮肤癌形式; 每年在美国有400多万例病例; 骨髓细胞癌可能是一种珍珠或蜡状的肿块,如所显示的。 巴斯氏细胞癌很少传播(或发生转移),因此通常可以通过生物心理治愈,在生物心理中,将病菌从皮肤中切除出来,并在医学实验室进行分析。Basal cell carcinoma
::Basal 细胞癌Squamous Cell Carcinoma
::肮脏的细胞细胞癌Squamous cell carcinoma occurs in squamous cells of the epidermis. Squamous cells are flattened, keratin-filled cells in upper layers of the epidermis. Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common form of skin cancer. More than two million cases occur in the United States each year. A squamous cell carcinoma may appear as a firm, red nodule, or as a flat lesion with a scaly or crusty surface, like the one pictured . Squamous cell carcinomas are generally localized and unlikely to metastasize, so they are usually curable surgically.
::皮肤癌是皮肤癌的第二常见形式,在美国每年发生200多万例,典型细胞癌可能表现为固态、红结核,也可能出现与厚重或结壳表面的扁皮瘤,如一张相片。典型细胞癌一般是局部的,不可能发生转移,因此通常可以手术治愈。Squamous cell carcinoma
::Squmous细胞癌Melanoma
::间皮瘤Melanoma occurs in melanocytes of the epidermis. Melanocytes are the melanin-producing cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis. Melanoma is the rarest type of skin cancer, accounting for less than one percent of all skin cancer cases. M elanoma, however, is the most deadly type of skin cancer. It causes the vast majority of skin cancer deaths, because melanoma is malignant. If not treated, it will metastasize and spread to other parts of the body. If melanoma is detected early and while it is still localized in the skin, most patients survive for at least five years. If melanoma is discovered only after it has already metastasized to distant organs , there is only a 17 percent chance of patients surviving for five years. You can see an example of a melanoma in the photo .
::脑膜瘤出现在皮皮质瘤的血清中。 脑膜细胞是皮皮质瘤的骨骼骨骼骨浆中产出蛋白素的细胞。 脑膜瘤是最稀有的皮肤癌类型,占所有皮肤癌病例的不到1%。 但是,脑膜瘤是最致命的皮肤癌症类型。 它导致绝大多数皮肤癌死亡,因为乳腺瘤是恶性肿瘤。 如果不治疗,它会转移和扩散到身体的其他部分。 如果乳腺瘤被早期检测出来,并且仍然在皮肤中固定,大多数病人至少活了5年。 如果在皮肤癌转移到远方器官之后发现乳腺瘤,则只有17%的病人存活5年的可能性。 您可以在照片中看到一个黑瘤的例子。Melanoma
::间皮瘤Melanoma can develop anywhere on the body. It may develop in otherwise normal skin, or an existing mole may become cancerous. Signs of melanoma may include a:
::血浆瘤可以在身体上任何地方发展,它可能在正常皮肤中发展,或者现存的内核可能变成癌症。-
mole that changes in size, feel, or color
::mole 的大小、感觉或颜色变化 -
mole that bleeds
::流血的摩尔 -
large brown spot on the skin sprinkled with darker specks
::皮肤上大褐色斑点 喷洒着深色斑点 -
small lesion with an irregular border and parts that appear red, white, blue, or blue-black
::与非正常边界和红色、白色、蓝色或蓝黑色部分看似红色、白色、蓝色或蓝色 -
dark lesion on the palms, soles, fingertips, toes, or mucous membranes
::棕榈、鞋底、指尖、脚趾或粘膜上的阴性
Skin Cancer Risk Factors
::皮肤癌风险因素Exposure to UV radiation causes about 90 percent of all skin cancer cases. The connection between skin cancer and UV light is so strong that the World Health Organization has classified UV radiation (whether from tanning beds or the sun) as a Group 1 carcinogen (cancer-causing agent). Group 1 carcinogens are those carcinogens that are known with virtual certainty to cause . In addition to UV light, Group 1 carcinogens include tobacco and plutonium. In terms of numbers of cancers caused, UV radiation is far worse than tobacco. More people develop skin cancer because of UV light exposure than develop lung cancer because of smoking. The increase in cancer risk due to UV light is especially great if you have ever had blistering sunburns as a child or teen.
::皮肤癌与紫外线光线的关系非常密切,以至于世界卫生组织将紫外线辐射(无论是来自晒黑床还是太阳)列为第1类致癌物质(癌症致癌剂),第1类致癌物质是已知的几乎可以肯定导致癌症的致癌物质。除了紫外,第1类致癌物质包括烟草和钚。就所引发的癌症数量而言,紫外线辐射比烟草要严重得多。由于紫外线照射而患皮肤癌的人数比吸烟而患肺癌的人数要多。由于紫外线照射导致的癌症风险增加特别大,如果你在孩子或十岁时曾发炎,则会增加癌症风险。Besides UV light exposure, other risk factors for skin cancer include:
::除紫外光暴露外,皮肤癌的其他风险因素包括:-
having light colored skin
::有浅色皮肤 -
having
a lot of
moles
::有很多内鬼 -
being diagnosed with precancerous skin lesions
::被诊断患有先发性皮肤损伤 -
having a family history of skin cancer
::家庭皮肤癌史 -
having a personal history of skin cancer
::个人皮肤癌史 -
having a weakened
immune system
::免疫系统衰弱 -
being exposed to other forms of radiation or to certain toxic substances such as arsenic
::接触其他形式的辐射或某些有毒物质,如砷
Feature: My Human Body
::特质:我的人体As with most types of cancer, skin cancer is easiest to treat and most likely to be cured the earlier it is detected. The skin is one of the few organs that you can monitor for cancer yourself, as long as you know what to look for. A brown spot on the skin is likely to be a harmless mole, but it could be a sign of skin cancer. As shown in the photos , unlike moles, skin cancers may be asymmetrical, have irregular borders, may be very dark in color, and may have a relatively great diameter. These characteristics can be remembered with the acronym ABCD.
::与大多数癌症类型一样,皮肤癌最容易治疗,而且最有可能尽早治愈。皮肤是你自己可以监测癌症的少数器官之一,只要您知道需要寻找什么。皮肤上的棕色斑点可能是无害的摩尔,但可能是皮肤癌的征兆。正如照片所示,与摩尔不同,皮肤癌可能是不对称的,有不规律的边界,颜色可能非常暗,直径可能相对较大。这些特征可以用缩略语ABCD来记忆。ABCDs of skin cancer
::皮肤癌的ABCDWith the help of mirrors, you should check all of your skin regularly. Look for new skin growths or changes in any existing moles, freckles, bumps, or birthmarks. Report anything suspicious or different to your doctor.
::在镜子的帮助下, 您应该定期检查您的皮肤 。 寻找新的皮肤增长或任何现有内鬼、 雀斑、 撞痕或胎记的变化 。 向您的医生报告任何可疑或不同的信息 。If you have risk factors for skin cancer, it’s a good idea to have an annual skin check by a dermatologist. This helps ensure that cancerous or precancerous lesions will be detected before they grow too large and become difficult to cure, or in the case of melanoma, before they metastasize.
::如果你有皮肤癌的风险因素,那么每年由皮肤科医生进行皮肤检查是一个好主意。 这有助于确保癌症或先发性损伤在肿瘤或先发性损伤变大和难以治愈之前得到检测,或者在乳腺瘤发生转移之前得到检测。Summary
::摘要-
Skin cancer is a disease in which skin cells grow out of control. It is caused mainly by excessive exposure to UV light, which damages DNA. Skin cancer affects more Americans than all other cancers combined.
::皮肤癌是一种皮肤细胞发育失控的疾病,主要是过度接触紫外线光造成的,它损害DNA。 皮肤癌对美国人的影响大于所有其他癌症的总和。 -
There are three common types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Carcinomas are more common and unlikely to metastasize. Melanoma is rare and likely to metastasize. It causes most skin cancer deaths.
::皮肤癌有三种常见类型:巴萨尔细胞癌、肮脏细胞癌和黑瘤;癌瘤更常见,不太可能转移;梅兰诺瘤很少,而且可能转移;导致大多数皮肤癌死亡。 -
Besides exposure to UV light, risk factors for skin cancer include having light colored skin,
having lots of
moles, and a family history of skin cancer, among several others.
::除了接触紫外光外,皮肤癌的风险因素包括皮肤浅色、多颗摩尔和家族皮肤癌史等。
Review
::回顾1. What is skin cancer?
::1. 什么是皮肤癌?2. How common is skin cancer?
::2. 皮肤癌有多常见?3. Compare and contrast the three common types of skin cancer.
::3. 比较和比较三种常见的皮肤癌。4. Identify factors that increase the risk of skin cancer.
::4. 查明增加皮肤癌风险的因素。5. How does exposure to UV light cause skin cancer?
::5. 接触紫外光如何导致皮肤癌?6. In which layer of the skin does skin cancer normally start?
::6. 皮肤癌通常从哪一层皮肤开始?7. Which two skin cancers described in this section start in the same sublayer? Include the name of the sublayer and the cells affected in each of these cancers.
::7. 本节所描述的两种皮肤癌是从同一个子层开始的?包括子层的名称和这些癌症中受影响的细胞。8. W hich type of skin cancer is most likely to spread to other organs ? Explain your answer.
::8. 哪种皮肤癌最有可能传播到其他器官?9. True or False: A mole is a form of cancer.
::9. 真实或假:内鬼是癌症的一种形式。10. True or False: Exposure to UV light can contribute to wrinkles.
::10. 真实或假:接触紫外线光会增加皱纹。11. True or False: Skin cancers are always dark in color.
::11. 真实或假:皮肤癌总是颜色暗淡。12. Which form of skin cancer is the most deadly?
::12. 哪种形式的皮肤癌是最致命的?13. What are some ways people can reduce their risk of getting skin cancer? Explain your answer.
::13. 人们有哪些方法可以降低皮肤癌的风险?解释你的答复。14. True or False: UV radiation causes more cancers than tobacco use.
::14. 真实或假:紫外线辐射造成的癌症多于吸烟。Explore More
::探索更多Watch this TED talk to learn more about UV light and skin cancer.
::观看TED的演讲以了解更多有关紫外线光和皮肤癌的知识。Check out this video to learn more about vulvar cancer, a type of skin cancer not typically caused by sun exposure.
::查看这段视频以了解更多有关Vulvar癌症的知识, 一种皮肤癌通常不是由太阳照射引起的。 -
mole that changes in size, feel, or color
