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  • 第12章 答复

    12.2 Introduction to the Integumentary System
    ::12.2 综合系统介绍

      Review Questions
    ::回顾问题

    1. Name the organs of the integumentary system.
      ::命名营养体系的器官。
    2. Compare and contrast the epidermis and dermis.
      ::比较和对比皮皮和皮皮。
    3. Identify functions of the skin.
      ::皮肤识别功能 。
    4. What is the composition of hair?
      ::毛发的成分是什么?
    5. Describe three physiological roles played by hair.
      ::描述毛发所扮演的三个生理角色。
    6. What do nails consist of?
      ::指甲包括什么?
    7. List two functions of nails.
      ::列出钉子的两个功能。
    8. What do the outermost surface of the skin, the nails, and hair have in common, in terms of their composition?
      ::外表的皮肤、指甲和头发 就其成分而言有什么共同之处?
    9. The innermost layer of the epidermis consists of _________ cells than the outermost layer of the epidermis.

      A. older
      ::A. 较老

      B. younger
      ::B. 更年轻

      C. more s weat glands
      ::C. 更多的出汗腺

      D. more blood vessel
      ::D. 更多的血管


      ::上皮层最深层层由细胞组成,比上皮层最深层层组成。 A. 年龄较大的B. 年轻C. 更多的汗腺 D. 更多的血管。

    10. Identify two types of cells found in the epidermis of the skin and describe their functions.
      ::识别皮肤皮皮下发现的两类细胞,并描述其功能。


      ::识别皮肤皮皮下发现的两类细胞,并描述其功能。

    11. True or False. Keratin-producing cells in the epidermis are a type of epithelial cell.
      ::奶油生细胞在后皮细胞中是一种上皮细胞。


      ::奶油生细胞在后皮细胞中是一种上皮细胞。

    12. True or False. Vasodilation is used to warm the body.
      ::是真还是假 蒸发用来给身体取暖


      ::是真还是假 蒸发用来给身体取暖

    13. Which structure and layer of skin does hair grow out of?
      ::毛发长出哪层结构和皮层?


      ::毛发长出哪层结构和皮层?

    14. Identify three main functions of the integumentary system and give an example of each.
      ::确定综合系统的三个主要功能,并举例说明每个功能。


      ::确定综合系统的三个主要功能,并举例说明每个功能。

    15. What are two ways in which the integumentary system protects the body against UV radiation?
      ::营养系统以什么两种方式保护身体免受紫外线辐射?


      ::营养系统以什么两种方式保护身体免受紫外线辐射?

    Review Answers
    ::复 复 复 复 答

    1. The organs of the integumentary system are the skin, hair, and nails.
      ::内脏系统的器官是皮肤、毛发和指甲。
    2. The epidermis and dermis are the two distinct layers of the skin. The epidermis is the thinner outer layer of the skin, and the dermis is the thicker inner layer of the skin. The epidermis consists mainly of epithelial cells called keratinocytes, whereas the dermis consists mainly of connective tissues. The dermis also contains such structures as blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat and oil glands. The epidermis, in contrast, does not contain any of these structures with the exception of sensory receptor cells called Merkel cells.
      ::皮皮和皮皮是皮肤的两个不同层。皮皮是皮肤的较薄的外层,皮是皮肤较厚的内层。皮主要是皮细胞,叫心肌细胞,而皮主要是结交组织。皮结构还包括血管、神经、毛发泡、汗和油腺等结构。与此相反,皮部不包括任何这些结构,只有感官受体细胞,叫默克尔细胞。
    3. Functions of the skin include preventing water loss from the body, serving as a barrier to the entry of microorganisms, synthesizing vitamin D, blocking UV light, and helping to regulate body temperature.
      ::皮肤的功能包括防止身体缺水,作为微生物进入的障碍,合成维生素D,阻隔紫外线光,帮助调节身体温度。
    4. Hair is composed mainly of dead keratinocytes that are filled with keratin.
      ::毛发主要由用氯丁二烯填充的死乳腺细胞组成。
    5. Answers may vary. Sample answer .  Three physiological roles played by hair are reducing heat loss from the head, filtering particles out of inhaled air in the nose, and keeping harmful substances out of the eyes.
      ::答案可能各有不同。 样本回答。 毛发的三个生理作用是减少头部的热损耗,从鼻部吸入的空气中过滤微粒,以及将有害物质挡在眼睛之外。
    6. Nails consist mainly of keratin-filled, dead keratinocytes.
      ::甲状腺主要是氯硝酸酯填充的死乳腺细胞。
    7. Answers may vary. Sample answer .  Two functions of the n ails are enhancing the sense of touch in the fingertips and protecting the ends of the fingers and toes.
      ::答案可能各有不同。 样本回答。 指甲的两个功能正在增强指尖的触摸感, 并保护手指和脚趾的端端。
    8. Answers may vary. Sample answer. The outermost surface of the skin, and the nails and hair are all mainly composed of dead cells called keratinocytes that are filled with keratin.
      ::答案可能各有不同。 样本回答。 皮肤最外层, 指甲和毛发, 主要是由死细胞组成, 叫做乳腺细胞, 里面装满氯酸盐。
    9. B
      ::BB ,B
    10. Answers may vary. Sample answer. Keratinocytes are found in the epidermis and produce keratin to provide a waterproof, protective layer. Melanocytes are another type of cell in the epidermis and they produce melanin, which protects the dermis from UV radiation.
      ::解答可能各有不同。 样本解答。 在皮层中可以找到Keratino细胞, 并生产氯丁酸, 以提供防水的保护层。 皮层中, 蛋白细胞是另一种细胞, 并产生melain, 保护皮肤免受紫外线辐射。
    11. True
      ::真实
    12. False
      ::假假
    13. Hair grows out of follicles in the dermis.
      ::发毛从皮肤的卵蛋中长出来
    14. Answers may vary. Sample answer. Three main functions of the integumentary system are to protect the body, sense the environment, and help maintain homeostasis. For example, the skin helps protect the body from pathogens; nails help enhance sensation by providing counterforce; and hair helps to maintain body temperature by preventing heat loss from the head.
      ::答案可能各有不同。 样本回答。 营养体系的三个主要功能是保护身体、感知环境和帮助保持自足。 比如,皮肤有助于保护身体免受病原体的伤害;指甲有助于通过提供抗力增强感觉;头发有助于通过防止头部热量流失来保持体温。
    15. Two ways that the integumentary system protects the body against UV radiation are melanin in the epidermis and hair on the head ­– both of which block the damaging effects of UV light.
      ::保护身体免受紫外线辐射的营养系统有两种方法,即皮下皮和头部毛发中的梅兰宁,这两种方法都阻挡了紫外线光的破坏性影响。

    12.3 Epidermis
    ::12.3 流行病

    Review Questions
    ::回顾问题

    1. What is the epidermis?
      ::后皮是什么?
    2. Identify the types of cells in the epidermis.
      ::识别上皮细胞的种类。
    3. Describe the layers of the epidermis.
      ::描述皮皮层。
    4. State one function of each of the four epidermal layers found all over the body.
      ::全身四层上皮层各有一功能。
    5. Explain three ways the epidermis protects the body.
      ::解释三个方法 皮皮人保护身体。
    6. What makes the skin waterproof?
      ::是什么使皮肤防水?
    7. Why is the selective permeability of the epidermis both a benefit and a risk?
      ::为什么有选择地渗透后世既是一种好处,又是一种风险?
    8. How is vitamin D synthesized in the epidermis?
      ::维他命D怎么在皮层合成的?
    9. Identify three pigments that impart color to skin.
      ::辨别三色的颜料 给皮肤带来颜色。
    10. Describe bacteria that normally reside on the skin, and explain why they do not usually cause infections.
      ::描述通常居住在皮肤上的细菌,并解释为什么它们通常不造成感染。
    11. Explain why the keratinocytes at the surface of the epidermis are dead, while keratinocytes located deeper in the epidermis are still alive.
      ::解释为什么皮皮层表面的乳腺细胞死亡,而皮皮层深处的乳腺细胞仍然活着。
    12. Which layer of the epidermis contains keratinocytes that have begun to die?
      ::上皮细胞的哪一层 含有开始死亡的乳腺细胞?
    13. True or False. The extra layer of epidermis found on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is located on the very outer surface of the skin.
      ::假的。在手掌和脚底掌上发现的额外皮层位于皮肤外表。
    14. True or False. Melanin can be found in keratinocytes.
      ::假的或假的,梅兰宁可以在乳腺细胞中找到
    15. Explain why our skin is not permanently damaged if we rub off some of the surface layer by using a rough washcloth.
      ::解释为什么我们的皮肤不会永久受损 如果我们用粗糙的毛巾擦掉表面层

    Review Answers
    ::复 复 复 复 答

    1. The epidermis is the outer and thinner of the two main layers of the skin, the other layer being the dermis.
      ::皮层是皮肤两大皮层的外皮和细皮,另一皮层是皮革。
    2. Types of cells in the epidermis include epithelial cells called keratinocytes that produce keratin; melanocytes that produce the brown pigment melanin; i mmune cells called Langerhans cells that fight pathogens; and Merkel cells that respond to light touch.
      ::上皮细胞的种类包括:皮皮细胞,称为牛皮细胞,可生产氯丁酸;脊髓灰质炎,可生产棕色色色素;免疫细胞,可抗病原体的Langerhans细胞;和默克尔细胞,可应对光触。
    3. The innermost layer of the epidermis is the stratum basale, which contains basal cells and melanocytes. The next layer is the stratum spinosum, which is the thickest  of the layers and contains Langerhans cells as well as spiny keratinocytes. The layer after that is the stratum granulosum, in which cells are nearly filled with keratin and starting to die. The stratum lucidum occurs next, but only on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It consists of stacks of translucent dead keratinocytes. The outermost layer of the epidermis is the stratum corneum, which consists of flat, dead, tightly packed keratinocytes.
      ::上皮细胞最深层的一层是直流直流体,它含有巴萨细胞和梅兰诺氏菌。下一层是直流脊髓脊髓,它是层中最厚的层,含有兰汉细胞和脊椎乳腺细胞。之后的一层是直流颗粒,细胞中几乎充满了氯拉丁,并开始死亡。下层是直流体,但仅存在于手掌和脚底的掌上。它由半透明死亡的红毛细胞堆组成。最外层是直流的角,由平坦的、死气的、紧凑的角细胞组成。
    4. Answers may vary. Sample answer .  One function of the stratum basale is producing new keratinocytes by the division of basal stem cells. One function of the stratum spinosum is fighting infections with Langerhans cells. One function of the stratum granulosum is releasing lipids to form a lipid barrier in the epidermis. One function of the stratum corneum is to provide a tough protective barrier for underlying layers of the skin.
      ::答案可能各有不同。 样本回答。 直肠的功能之一, 是用巴萨尔干细胞的划分产生新的乳腺细胞。 直肠脊髓的功能之一, 是用Langerhans细胞来对抗感染。 直肠颗粒的功能之一, 是释放脂质, 在皮层中形成脂肪屏障。 直肠角的功能之一, 是给皮肤下层提供坚固的保护屏障 。
    5. Answers may vary. Sample answer .  Three ways the epidermis protects the body is by preventing physical damage, keeping out pathogens, and absorbing UV light so it cannot damage skin cells.
      ::答案可能各有不同。 样本回答。 骨皮保护身体的三种方式是防止身体损伤、 排除病原体、 吸收紫外线光, 以免皮肤细胞受损 。
    6. The skin is waterproof because of lipids produced in the epidermis and because of tightly packed, keratin-filled epidermal cells in the stratum corneum.
      ::皮肤是防水的,因为皮皮下产生脂质,并因为在直角角有紧凑的、填满氯酸盐的上皮细胞。
    7. The selective permeability of the epidermis is a benefit because it allows the absorption of medications via topical ointments and skin patches. The selective permeability of the epidermis is a risk because it allows certain harmful substances such as lead to be absorbed through the epidermis.
      ::有选择地渗透上皮的渗透性是一种好处,因为它允许通过热点药膏和皮肤补丁吸收药物,有选择地渗透上皮的渗透性是一种风险,因为它允许某些有害物质,如导致通过皮下皮吸收的有害物质。
    8. Vitamin D is synthesized in the epidermis when UV light strikes vitamin D precursor molecules called 7-dehydrocholesterol and changes them to vitamin D3. The vitamin D3 is converted in the kidneys to calcitriol, which is the biologically active form of vitamin D.
      ::当紫外线光照射维他命D先质分子(称为7-de hitchoolesterol)并将其改为维他命D3时,维生素D3在肾脏中被转化成卡西里醇,这是维他命D的生物活性形式。
    9. The main pigment that imparts color to the skin is melanin, the dark brown pigment produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale. In skin with low levels of melanin, two other pigments are also important. They include the pigment carotene that gives skin a yellowish tint and the pigment hemoglobin in blood vessels in the dermis that gives skin a pinkish tint.
      ::给皮肤带来颜色的主要色素是梅兰尼色,是丁壳巴萨莱地区黑黑棕色,在低米兰素的皮肤中,另外两种色素也很重要,包括给皮肤带来黄色色色的颜料胡萝卜色和皮肤产生粉色色色色的皮质血管中的色素黑褐色色素。
    10. The surface of the human skin normally provides a home to countless numbers of bacteria belonging to about 1,000 bacterial species from 19 phyla. The concentrations and types of bacteria on the skin differ from one part of the body to another depending on the environment provided by the skin (such as oily or dry). The bacteria living on the skin do not usually cause infections because they keep each other in check so there is a healthy balance of microorganisms.
      ::人类皮肤表面通常为19个植物群中大约1,000种细菌物种提供了无数细菌的家园,皮肤上的细菌浓度和种类因皮肤提供的环境(如油或干)不同而各有不同,皮肤上的细菌通常不会造成感染,因为它们相互保持控制,因此微生物的健康平衡。
    11. Answers may vary . Sample answer. Keratinocytes are born in the deepest layer of the epidermis and then are pushed outwards as new keratinocytes are born. The blood vessels in the skin are located in the dermis, below the epidermis. Therefore, as the keratinocytes get pushed further away from the blood vessels and towards the outer surface of the skin, they begin to die because they can’t get needed substances from the blood.
      ::答案可能各有不同。 样本回答是: 克拉蒂诺细胞出生在皮皮层的最深层,然后随着新皮细胞的诞生被推向外。 皮肤中的血管位于皮层下,皮层下。 因此,当皮细胞被进一步推离血管和皮肤外表面时,他们开始死亡,因为他们无法获得血液中所需的物质。
    12. Stratum granulosum
      ::颗粒
    13. False
      ::假假
    14. True
      ::真实
    15. Answers may vary . Sample answer. New cells are continually being produced in the stratum basale of the epidermis and being pushed up towards the surface of the skin. So if we rub off some of the dead surface cells, new cells are there to replace them. Dead cells from the stratum corneum are continually being shed and replaced anyway – this is a normal process.
      ::答案可能各有不同。 样本答案可能各有不同。 新的细胞正在不断生成。 新的细胞正不断生成于骨骼的底部,并被推向皮肤表面。 因此,如果我们擦掉一些死去的表层细胞,新的细胞就在那里取代它们。 底部角膜的死细胞不断被挖出并被替换 — — 这是一个正常的过程。

    12.4 Dermis
    ::12.4 义 义

    Review Questions
    ::回顾问题

    1. What is the dermis?
      ::什么是皮肤?
    2. Describe the basic anatomy of the dermis.
      ::描述皮肤的基本解剖。
    3. Compare and contrast the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis.
      ::比较和对比皮质层 和皮质层的皮质层
    4. What causes epidermal ridges, and why can they be used to identify individuals?
      ::造成上皮脊的原因是什么,为什么可以用来识别个人?
    5. Name the two types of sweat glands in the dermis, and state how they differ.
      ::列出皮肤中两种汗腺的名称,并说明它们的不同之处。
    6. What is the function of sebaceous glands?
      ::混凝土腺的功能是什么?
    7. Describe structures associated with hair follicles.
      ::描述与毛囊有关的结构。
    8. Explain how the dermis helps regulate body temperature.
      ::解释皮肤如何帮助调节体温。
    9. Identify three specific kinds of tactile receptors in the dermis and the type of stimuli they sense.
      ::在皮肤中确定三种特定的触摸受体及其感知的刺激类型。
    10. How does the dermis excrete wastes, and what waste products does it excrete?
      ::皮肤排泄物是如何排出废物的? 废物是如何排出废物的? 废物是如何排出废物的?
    11. a. What are subcutaneous tissues?

      b. Which layer of the dermis provides cushioning for subcutaneous tissues and why does this layer provide most of the cushioning instead of the other layer?
      ::b. 哪一层皮肤为皮下组织提供缓冲,为什么这一层提供大部分缓冲,而不是另一层?


      ::a. 什么是皮下组织? b. 皮下哪一层为皮下组织提供衬垫,为什么这一层提供大部分衬垫而不是另一层?

    12. For each of the following functions, describe which structure within the dermis carries it out.
      ::对于下列每一项职能,请说明在皮革内部执行这一职能的结构。

      a. Brings nutrients to and removes wastes from dermal and lower epidermal cells
      ::a. 将养分带入皮肤和下皮下皮革细胞,并将废物从皮肤和下皮革细胞中清除

      b. Causes hairs to move
      ::b. 造成毛发移动的原因

      c. Detects painful stimuli on the skin
      ::c. 检测皮肤上疼痛刺激


      ::a. 将养分带入皮肤细胞和下皮下皮下细胞,并将废物从皮肤细胞和下皮下细胞中清除。 b. 导致毛毛移动 c. 检测皮肤上的痛苦刺激

    Review Answers
    ::复 复 复 复 答

    1. The dermis is the inner of the two major layers that make up the skin.
      ::皮肤是构成皮肤的两大层的内部。
    2. The basic anatomy of the dermis is a matrix composed of connective tissues, including collagen fibers, which provide toughness, and elastin fibers, which provide elasticity. A gel-like protein substance surrounds the fibers. Virtually all skin structures such as sensory receptors, blood vessels, and glands are also located in the dermis.
      ::皮肤的基本解剖是一个由连接组织组成的矩阵,包括提供坚硬力的凝胶纤维和提供弹性的弹性纤维。 纤维周围有凝胶类蛋白质物质,几乎所有皮肤结构,如感官受体、血管和腺,也都位于皮肤中。
    3. The papillary layer is the upper and thinner layer of the dermis, whereas the reticular layer is the lower and thicker layer of the dermis. The papillary layer is composed of loosely arranged collagen fibers, whereas the reticular layer is composed of densely woven collagen fibers. The papillary layer has papillae extending upward toward the epidermis; the reticular layer lacks such papillae. Both layers contain sensory receptors and blood vessels, but other skin structures, including hair follicles and glands, are located only in the reticular layer.
      ::毛细层是皮肤的上层和薄层,而视光层是皮肤的下层和厚层。毛细层由松散排列的椰子纤维组成,而长毛层由稠密编织的椰子纤维组成。毛细层向上延伸至皮皮皮,而长毛层缺乏这种毛细层。两层都含有感应受体和血管,但其他皮肤结构,包括毛发囊和腺,只位于视光层中。
    4. Epidermal ridges are caused by the papillae of the papillary layer of the dermis in the palms of the hand and soles of the feet. Epidermal ridges can be used to identify individuals because their patterns are genetically determined so no two people (other than identical twins) have exactly the same epidermal ridge pattern.
      ::肾上腺脊是由手掌和脚底底底部皮层皮肤皮层的薄膜导致的,可使用这种皮上腺脊来识别个人,因为它们的形态是遗传确定的,因此,除双胞胎外,没有两个人具有完全相同的上皮脊型。
    5. The two types of sweat glands in the dermis are eccrine glands and apocrine glands. Eccrine glands occur all over the body and have ducts that empty through pores onto the skin surface. Apocrine glands occur only in the armpits and groin and have ducts that empty into hair follicles. Apocrine sweat then travels to the skin surface on the shafts of hairs. Eccrine sweat functions to cool the body. Apocrine sweat is an oily substance produced only after puberty. When bacteria digest apocrine sweat, it causes body odor.
      ::皮肤部的两种汗腺是角状腺和角状腺; 腺状腺遍布全身,通过孔孔向皮肤表面空出管道; 腺状腺仅存在于小腿和小肠中,有管道排入毛囊中; 皮状血流随后流入毛发口的皮肤表面; 水状汗功能使身体降温; 水状血汗是一种在发育后才产生的油质物质; 当细菌吸收水分时,它会导致身体的气味。
    6. The function of sebaceous glands is to produce the thick, oily substance called sebum, which waterproofs the hair and skin and helps prevent them from drying out.
      ::sebaceous glands的功能是产生一种叫做sebum的厚重油状物质,它防水保护头发和皮肤,帮助防止它们干涸。
    7. Structures associated with hair follicles include capillaries and nerve endings. Each hair follicle also has a sebaceous gland that secretes sebum into the follicle and a tiny arrector pili muscle that moves the follicle and causes the hair to stand up when it contracts.
      ::与毛发泡有关的结构包括毛发和神经末端。 每一个毛发末端都有一个精细的腺体,对毛发末端进行分泌,并有一个微小的气囊皮质肌肉,可以移动毛囊,使毛发在收缩时站立起来。
    8. When body temperature rises, sweat glands in the dermis secrete sweat. As the sweat evaporates, it cools the body. Blood vessels in the dermis also dilate, which brings more heat to the surface, where it can radiate into the environment. When body temperature falls, sweat glands stop producing sweat, and blood vessels in the skin constrict, thus conserving body heat. The arrector pili muscles also contract, raising hairs that trap insulating air near the surface.
      ::当体温上升,汗腺在皮肤分泌的汗流中。 当汗流蒸发时,它会冷却身体。 皮肤的血管也会膨胀,会增加表面的热量,从而可以向环境辐射。 当体温下降时,汗流腺停止产生汗,皮肤收缩中的血管停止产生血流,从而保护身体的热量。 血管皮肌肉也会收缩, 发毛, 将空气困在地表附近。
    9. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Three specific types of tactile receptors in the dermis are Meissner's corpuscles, which sense light touch ; Pacinian corpuscles, which sense pressure and vibration; and Ruffini corpuscles, which sense stretching and sustained pressure.
      ::答案可能各有不同。抽样回答:皮肤中的三种特定的触摸受体是Meissner的细胞细胞,它能感知光的触碰;帕西尼亚细胞,它能感知压力和振动;以及鲁菲尼细胞,它能感知伸展和持续的压力。
    10. The dermis excretes wastes in sweat. It excretes excess water and electrolytes and also certain metabolic wastes such as urea.
      ::皮肤排泄物在汗流中排出废物,排出过量的水和电解液以及尿素等某些新陈代谢废物。

    11. a. Tissues that are below the skin.
      ::a. 皮肤之下的组织。

      b. Answers may vary. Sample answer. The reticular layer of the dermis provides cushioning for subcutaneous tissues because it is thicker and composed of densely woven collagen and elastin fibers. The papillary layer of the dermis is thinner and is composed of more loosely arranged collagen fibers, so it can’t provide as much cushioning for the tissues below.  
      ::b. 答案可能各有不同。样本回答:皮肤的视光层为皮下组织提供衬垫,因为它较厚,由高密度交织的钴和弹性纤维组成。皮肤的毛细层较薄,由较为松散的椰子纤维组成,因此无法为下面的组织提供同样多的衬垫。


      ::a. 皮肤下的组织。b. 答案可能各有不同。抽样回答。皮肤的视网膜层为皮下组织提供衬垫,因为它较厚,由高密度交织的钴和弹性纤维组成。皮肤的毛细层较薄,由较为松散的合金纤维组成,因此无法为下面的组织提供同样多的衬垫。

    12. a. Blood vessels
      ::a. 血管血管

      b. Arrector pili muscles
      ::b. 亚弧硅肌肉

      c. Free nerve endings
      ::c. 自由神经末端


      ::c. 自由神经末端

    12.5 Hair
    ::12.5 毛发

    Review Questions
    ::回顾问题

    1. Compare and contrast the hair root and hair shaft.
      ::对比和对比头发根和发道
    2. Describe hair follicles.
      ::描述毛发囊。
    3. Identify the three zones of a hair shaft.
      ::确定一个发道的三个区域
    4. Explain variation in human hair color.
      ::解释人类发色的变异
    5. What factors determine the texture of hair?
      ::是什么因素决定了头发的纹理?
    6. Describe two functions of human hair.
      ::描述人类头发的两个功能。
    7. What hypotheses have been proposed for the loss of body hair during human evolution?
      ::在人类进化过程中,对人体毛发的丧失提出了何种假设?
    8. Discuss the social and cultural significance of human hair.
      ::讨论人类头发的社会和文化意义。
    9. Describe one way in which hair can be used as a method of communication in humans.
      ::描述头发可以用来作为人类交流方法的一种方式。
    10. Why don’t people have hair on the palms of their hands, but can have hair on the backs of their hands?
      ::为何人们不把头发放在手掌上, 却可以把头发放在手背上?
    11. Explain why waxing or tweezing body hair, which typically removes hair down to the root, generally keeps the skin hair-free for a longer period of time than shaving, which cuts hair off at the surface of the skin.
      ::通常将头发脱到根部的毛发打蜡或纹理身体毛发,通常比剃毛在皮肤表面剪掉毛的剃须更长时间,一般都保持皮肤无毛。
    12. True or False . Eyelashes can have a sensory function. 
      ::真实的或假的 眼睫毛可能有感官功能
    13. True or False. Blond hair is a different color than brown hair, primarily because it has a different kind of melanin.
      ::金发和棕色头发的颜色不同, 主要是因为它有不同种类的梅兰宁。
    14. Curly hair:

      A. Comes from round follicles
      ::A. 圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆圆

      B. Often has an oval shaft
      ::B. 经常有一个oval井

      C. Protects against damage from UV light
      ::C. 防止紫外光光损害的保护

      D. B and C
      ::D. B和C


      ::卷毛:A. 来自圆圆圆的圆柱形B. 经常有一个奥瓦尔轴C. 防止紫外光D. B. 和C. 损害的防护措施

    15. Hair consists mainly of:
      ::毛发主要包括:

      A. Melanocytes
      ::A. 梅拉诺细胞

      B. Keratinocytes
      ::B. 克拉蒂诺细胞

      C. Epidermocytes
      ::C. 流行病细胞

      D. Hirocytes
      ::D. 广细胞


      ::毛发主要包括: A. Melanocytes B. Keratinocytes C. Epidermocytes D. Hirocytes。

    Review Answers
    ::复 复 复 复 答

    1. The hair root is the part of the hair that is inside the hair follicle, whereas the hair shaft is the part of the hair that is outside the hair follicle and above the surface of the skin. The only living part of a hair is the hair root. The hair shaft consists of dead cells.
      ::毛发根是毛发囊内毛发的部分,而毛发管是毛发囊外和皮肤表面之上的部分。毛发的唯一活部分是毛发根。毛发管由死细胞组成。
    2. Hair follicles are structures in the dermis containing stem cells that can keep dividing and allow hair to grow. Hair follicles have sebaceous glands that produce sebum, which lubricates and waterproofs hair. Hair follicles also have tiny arrector pili muscles that make hairs stand up when they contract.
      ::毛发毛发是含有干细胞的皮肤结构,可以保持分裂并允许毛发生长。毛发毛发的毛发有产润滑油和防水毛的精细腺。毛发的毛发还有微小的气压皮质肌肉,使毛发在收缩时站立起来。
    3. Three zones of a hair shaft are the cuticle, which is the outermost layer; the cortex, which is the middle layer; and the medulla, which is the innermost layer.
      ::发道的三个区域是外层的切片;中间层的皮层;最深层的中层的中层的中层和中层的中层。
    4. Hair color is due to the presence or absence of two different forms of the pigment melanin: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Eumelanin is the dominant pigment in brown hair and black hair, and pheomelanin is the dominant pigment in red hair. Blond hair is the result of having only a small amount of melanin. Gray and white hair occur when melanin production slows down and eventually stops.
      ::发色是两种不同的色素色素的出现或缺乏的原因:埃梅拉宁和菲奥美拉宁。 欧梅拉宁是棕色头发和黑色头发的主要色素,而黄花拉宁是红发的主要色素。 棕色头发是仅有少量梅兰宁的结果。 当梅拉宁生产减慢并最终停止时,灰色和白色头发就会出现。
    5. Factors that determine the texture of hair include curl pattern (due, in turn, to the shape of the hair follicle and hair shaft), thickness (which depends on follicle size), and consistency (the result of follicle volume and how open the cuticle is).
      ::确定毛发纹理的因素包括卷发图案(依毛囊和发轴的形状而定)、厚度(取决于毛囊大小)和一致性(圆柱体体积的结果和切口的开口)。
    6. Answers may vary. Sample answer: One function of human head hair is to help the body retain heat and protect the skin on the head from UV light. A function of hair all over the body is to enhance the sense of touch.
      ::答案可能各有不同。 样本回答: 人体头发的一个功能是帮助身体保持热量,保护头部的皮肤免受紫外线照射。 全身的头发功能是增强触感。
    7. One hypothesis for the loss of body hair during human evolution is that it would have made sweating more efficient for cooling the body because sweat evaporates more quickly from less hairy skin. Another hypothesis is that it would have led to fewer parasites on the skin, which might have been especially important when humans started living together in larger, more crowded social groups.
      ::人体进化过程中人体毛发损失的一个假设是,它会提高出汗效率,使身体降温,因为汗水从毛皮较少的皮肤中蒸发得更快。 另一个假设是,它会导致皮肤上寄生虫减少,而当人类开始在更大、更拥挤的社会群体中生活时,这种寄生虫可能会变得特别重要。
    8. The social significance of hair includes its roles as indicators of biological sex, age, and ethnicity. For example, males tend to have more body hair than females, and facial hair is a notable secondary male sex characteristic. White hair is a sign of older age, and hair color and texture can be a sign of ethnic ancestry. Culturally, hairstyle may be an indicator of social group membership. Many religious practices also involve the hair. For example, Sikh men grow their hair long and cover it with a turban.
      ::毛发的社会意义包括它作为生物性别、年龄和种族指标的作用;例如,男性的毛发往往多于女性,面部毛发是男性的次要性特征;白发是老年的标志,头发颜色和纹理可以是民族血统的标志;文化上,发型可能是社会群体成员的一个标志;许多宗教习俗也涉及头发;例如,锡克族男子长发,用头巾遮盖头发。
    9. Answers may vary. Sample answer . Humans can use the position of their eyebrows to communicate nonverbally to each other.
      ::答案可能各有不同。抽样回答。人类可以使用眉毛的位置来相互进行非言语的交流。
    10. There are no hair follicles on the palms of the hands, so hair cannot grow there. Most other areas of the body, including the backs of the hands, have hair follicles.
      ::手掌上没有毛囊,所以头发不能在那里长,身体的多数其它部分,包括手背,都有毛囊。
    11. Answers may vary. Sample answer . When you remove a hair down to the root, it will take a longer time for a new hair to grow back through the dermis and epidermis and out to the surface of the skin, compared to shaving where the cut tip remains right at the surface of the skin.
      ::答案可能各有不同。 样本回答。 当你把头发移到根部时, 新的头发需要更长的时间才能从皮肤和皮皮上长回来, 并长到皮肤表面, 而不是刮胡子, 切片在皮肤表面。
    12. True
      ::真实
    13. False
      ::假假
    14. D
      ::D D
    15. B
      ::BB ,B

    12.6 Nails
    ::12.6奈针

    Review Questions
    ::回顾问题

    1. What are nails?
      ::什么是钉子?
    2. Describe three parts of the nail.
      ::描述指甲的三部分
    3. Explain why most of the nail plate looks pink.
      ::解释为什么指甲板大部分看起来是粉红色的
    4. Describe a lunula.
      ::描述一个乳房。
    5. Explain how a nail grows.
      ::解释指甲怎么长的
    6. Identify three functions of nails.
      ::确定钉子的三个功能。
    7. Give several examples of how nails are related to health.
      ::举几个例子说明指甲与健康的关系。
    8. True or False . Nails grow from the distal end to the proximal end of your fingers and toes.
      ::指甲从阴端长到手指和脚趾的接近尾端
    9. True or False . The nail bed refers to the middle portion of the hard nail plate.
      ::指甲床是指硬指甲板的中间部分
    10. Nails are composed mainly of a protein called:

      A. Elastin
      ::A. 灭蚁灵

      B. Collagen
      ::B. 科拉根

      C. Keratin
      ::C. 喀拉亭

      D. Melanin
      ::D. 米拉宁


      ::甲壳虫主要由一种蛋白质组成,叫做:A. Elastin B. Collagen C. Keratin D. Melanin。

    11. a. What is the cuticle of the nail composed of?
      ::a. 指甲的切片由什么组成?

      b. What is the function of the cuticle?
      ::b. 切割器的功能是什么?

      c. Why is it a bad idea to cut the cuticle during a manicure?
      ::c. 为什么在修指甲时切切小可爱是个坏主意?


      ::a. 指甲的切片由什么组成? b. 指甲的功能是什么? c. 为什么在修指甲时切切片是个坏主意?

    12. What is the name of the part of the nail that you trim?
      ::你修剪的指甲的那部分叫什么来着?


      ::你修剪的指甲的那部分叫什么来着?

    13. Is the nail plate composed of living or dead cells?
      ::指甲板是由活细胞还是死细胞组成的?


      ::指甲板是由活细胞还是死细胞组成的?

    Review Answers
    ::复 复 复 复 答

    1. Nails are accessory organs of the skin made of sheets of dead keratinocytes. They are on the distal ends of the digits.
      ::指甲是用死乳腺细胞床铺制成的皮肤辅助器官,在数字的分形端上。
    2. Three parts of the nail are the nail root, nail plate, and free margin. The nail root is the portion of the nail under the surface of the skin at the proximal end of the nail. The nail plate is the visible portion of the nail that is external to the skin. The free margin is the distal end of the nail.
      ::指甲的三部分是指甲根、指甲板和自由边距。指甲根是指甲最接近尾端皮肤表面下的指甲部分。指甲板是指甲外的可见部分。自由边是指甲的斜面。
    3. Most of the nail plate looks pink because the pink color of the underlying nail bed shows through the nail. The nail bed is pink because its dermal layer contains capillaries.
      ::指甲板大部分看起来是粉红色的,因为指甲床的粉红色颜色在指甲中显示出来。指甲床是粉红色的,因为它的皮肤层含有刺青。
    4. A lunula is a whitish crescent shape that shows through the nail plate at the proximal end of a nail. This is where a small amount of the nail matrix is visible under the nail plate.
      ::Lunula 是一种微小的新月形状, 它通过指甲近尾的指甲板显示。 这是指甲板下有少量指甲矩阵可见的地方 。
    5. A nail grows from a deep layer of living epidermal tissues, called the nail matrix, at the proximal end of the nail. Stem cells in the nail matrix keep dividing to allow nail growth, forming first the nail root and then the nail plate as the nail continues to grow longer and becomes visible.
      ::指甲从指甲最接近尾端的称为指甲基体的深层活的上皮组织层中生长而来。 指甲基体中的尖细胞保持分裂,以允许指甲生长,首先形成指甲根,然后随着指甲的继续长长和可见而形成指甲板。
    6. Answers may vary. Sample answer .  Three functions of nails are protecting the ends of the digits, enhancing sensations and precise movements in the fingertips, and acting as tools.
      ::答案可能各有不同。 样本回答。 钉子的三个功能在保护数字的终点, 增强手指的感知和精确移动, 并起到工具的作用 。
    7. Answers may vary. Sample answer .  Several examples of how nails are related to health are: the color of the nail bed can be used to quickly assess a patient’s oxygen and blood flow; how the nail plate grows out can reflect recent health problems; and nails can absorb several harmful substances that can cause health problems.
      ::答案可能各有不同。 抽样回答。 指甲与健康的关系有几个例子:指甲床的颜色可以用来快速评估病人的氧气和血液流;指甲板的生长方式可以反映最近的健康问题;指甲可以吸收几种可能造成健康问题的有害物质。
    8. False
      ::假假
    9. False
      ::假假
    10. C
      ::C 中 C
    11. a. The cuticle of the nail is composed of dead epithelial cells.

      b. The function of the cuticle is to seal the edge of the nail to prevent infection.
      ::b. 切割器的功能是密封钉子边缘以防感染。

      c. Cutting the cuticle can create breaks in the skin that allow infectious agents to enter.
      ::c. 切开切片可造成皮肤断裂,使感染性物剂进入。


      ::a. 指甲指甲的切片由死亡的上皮细胞组成。 b. 指甲的功能是密封指甲的边缘以防止感染。 c. 切开指甲可造成皮肤断裂,使感染剂进入。

    12. The free margin
      ::自由边距


      ::自由边距

    13. Dead cells
      ::死细胞


      ::死细胞

    12.7 Skin Cancer
    ::12.7 皮肤癌

    Review Questions
    ::回顾问题

    1. What is skin cancer?
      ::什么是皮肤癌?
    2. How common is skin cancer?
      ::皮肤癌有多常见?
    3. Compare and contrast the three common types of skin cancer.
      ::比较和对比三种常见的皮肤癌。
    4. Identify factors that increase the risk of skin cancer.
      ::查明增加皮肤癌风险的因素。
    5. How does exposure to UV light cause skin cancer?
      ::接触紫外线光照射如何导致皮肤癌?
    6. In which layer of the skin does skin cancer normally start?
      ::皮肤癌通常从哪一层皮肤开始?
    7. Which two skin cancers described in this section start in the same sublayer? Include the name of the sublayer and the cells affected in each of these cancers in your answer.
      ::本节描述的两种皮肤癌是从同一个子层开始的吗? 在您的答复中包含子层的名称和每个这些癌症中受影响的细胞的名称 。
    8. If a type of skin cancer spreads to other organs, which type is it most likely to be? Explain your answer.
      ::如果某种皮肤癌蔓延到其他器官,最有可能的是哪种类型的皮肤癌?请解释您的答复。
    9. True or False . A mole is a form of cancer.
      ::假的还是假的 内鬼是癌症的一种形式
    10. True or False . Exposure to UV light can contribute to wrinkles.
      ::暴露于紫外线光下会增加皱纹。
    11. True or False . Skin cancers are always dark in color.
      ::皮肤癌总是颜色暗淡
    12. Which form of skin cancer is the most deadly?
      ::哪种皮肤癌是最致命的?
    13. What are some ways people can reduce their risk of getting skin cancer? Explain your answer.
      ::如何降低皮肤癌的风险?
    14. True or False . UV radiation causes more cancers than tobacco use.
      ::紫外线辐射导致的癌症多于吸烟。

    Review Answers
    ::复 复 复 复 答

    1. Skin cancer is a disease in which skin cells grow out of control due to DNA damage. It begins in the epidermis of the skin.
      ::皮肤癌是一种疾病,皮肤细胞由于DNA损伤而失去控制,从皮肤的皮皮皮开始。
    2. Skin cancer is more common than all other cancers combined. One in five Americans develops skin cancer in his or her lifetime.
      ::皮肤癌比所有其他癌症的总和更为常见。 五分之一的美国人在一生中患皮肤癌。
    3. The three common types of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Carcinomas are more common and unlikely to metastasize. Melanoma is rare and likely to metastasize. It causes most skin cancer deaths.
      ::三种常见的皮肤癌类型是巴萨细胞癌、肮脏细胞癌和黑瘤;癌瘤更常见,不太可能转移;梅兰瘤很少,而且可能转移;它导致大多数皮肤癌死亡。
    4. Factors that increase the risk of skin cancer include first and foremost exposure to UV light. The increase in cancer risk due to UV light is especially great in people who have had blistering sunburns at a young age. Besides UV light exposure, other risk factors for skin cancer include having light colored skin, having many moles, being diagnosed with precancerous skin lesions, having a family history of skin cancer, having a personal history of skin cancer, having a weakened immune system, and being exposed to other forms of radiation or to certain toxic substances.
      ::增加皮肤癌风险的因素首先包括紫外线照射;紫外线照射导致的癌症风险增加,在年轻时晒太阳发炎的人中尤为严重;除了紫外光照射,皮肤癌的其他风险因素还包括浅色皮肤、多颗摩尔、被诊断患有先发性皮肤损伤、有家族皮肤癌史、个人皮肤癌史、免疫系统衰弱以及接触其他形式的辐射或某些有毒物质。
    5. UV light damages DNA in the skin, and damaged DNA can result in cancer.
      ::UV光破坏皮肤上的DNA,而损坏的DNA可能导致癌症。
    6. The epidermis
      ::皮皮尔底
    7. Basal cell carcinoma and melanoma both start in the stratum basale layer of the epidermis. Basal cell carcinoma occurs in the basal cells and melanoma starts in the melanocytes.
      ::Basal细胞癌和黑素瘤都始于皮皮层的底层,Basal细胞癌发生在底部细胞中,黑素瘤开始于黑素细胞中。
    8. Melanoma, because the other types are unlikely to spread, or metastasize.
      ::乳房瘤,因为其他类型不太可能扩散或转移。
    9. False
      ::假假
    10. True
      ::真实
    11. False
      ::假假
    12. Melanoma
      ::间皮瘤
    13. Answers may vary. Sample answer. Since UV radiation causes the vast majority of cases of skin cancer, the risk of skin cancer can be reduced by avoiding exposure to UV light. This can be done by using sunblock or sunscreen, staying in the shade, and wearing protective clothing. Also, children and teenagers should be particularly protected from the sun since having blistering sunburns early in life greatly increases the risk of skin cancer.
      ::答案可能各有不同。抽样回答。由于紫外线辐射导致绝大多数皮肤癌病例,通过避免暴露在紫外线下可以降低皮肤癌的风险。这可以通过使用防晒霜或防晒霜、遮蔽阴凉和穿防护服来实现。此外,儿童和青少年应特别免受太阳的伤害,因为幼年晒太阳会发炎,这大大增加了皮肤癌的风险。
    14. True
      ::真实

    12.8 Case Study  Conclusion and Chapter 12 Summary
    ::12.8 案例研究结论和第12章摘要

    Chapter Summary Review Questions
    ::" 简要审议 " 章次 问 题

    1. Describe one way in which the integumentary system works with another organ system to carry out a particular function.
    ::1. 说明编组系统与另一机关系统合作履行特定职能的一种方式。

    2. Put the following layers of skin in order, from the deepest layer to the layer closest to the surface.
    ::2. 将以下各层皮肤排列顺序,从最深层到最接近表面的层。

    papillary layer; stratum basale; reticular layer; stratum spinosum
    ::毛细层; 直流巴萨; 直流层; 直流脊柱

    3. The basement membrane is between the:
    ::3. 地下室膜介于:

    A. The dermis and epidermis
    ::A. 皮肤和皮皮

    B. The dermis and the subcutaneous tissues beneath it
    ::B. 皮肤和下面的皮下组织

    C. The dermis and the hair in the follicle
    ::C. 卵蛋的皮肤和头发

    D. The nail matrix and the nail bed
    ::D. 指甲矩阵和指甲床

    4. For each of the descriptions below (a-d), match it to the protein that is best described by it.
    ::4. 以下(a-d)项中的每一项说明都与蛋白质相匹配,蛋白质最好由它来描述。

    Protein choices: keratin; collagen; melanin; elastin
    ::蛋白质选择:氯拉丁;科拉根;米拉宁;弹性素

    a. Helps provide strength and elasticity in the lower layer of the dermis
    ::a. 在皮肤下层提供强度和弹性的帮助

    b. Makes up the loosely arranged fibers in the upper layer of the dermis
    ::b. 构成皮肤上层松散安排的纤维

    c. The predominant protein in hair, skin, and nails
    ::c. 毛发、皮肤和指甲中的主要蛋白质

    d. Protects against damage from UV light.
    ::d. 防止紫外线光线损害的保护。

    5. Keratinocytes are found in:
    ::5. 甲状腺细胞见:

    A. Skin
    ::A. 皮肤

    B. Hair
    ::B. 毛发

    C. Nails
    ::C. 指甲

    D. All of the above
    ::D. 以上所有情况

    6. Papillae extend:
    ::6. Papillae延伸:

    A. From the sebaceous glands to the surface of the skin
    ::A. 从冰冻的腺到皮肤表面

    B. From the sweat glands to the surface of the skin
    ::B. 从汗花腺到皮肤表面

    C. From the epidermis down into the dermis
    ::C. 从皮层到皮层

    D. From the dermis up into the epidermis
    ::D. 从皮革到皮革

    7. Describe two types of waterproofing used in the integumentary system. Include the types of molecules and where they are located in your answer.
    ::7. 描述在编织系统中使用的两种防水方法,包括分子的类型和分子在回答中的位置。

    8. Explain why nails enhance touch sensations.
    ::8. 解释为什么指甲会增加触摸感。

    9. Why do you think light colored skin is a risk factor for skin cancer?
    ::9. 为什么你认为浅色皮肤是皮肤癌的风险因素?

    10. Which vitamin is synthesized by the skin?
    ::10. 皮肤合成哪一种维生素?

    A. Vitamin A
    ::A. 维生素A

    B. Vitamin D
    ::B. 维生素D

    C. Vitamin B9
    ::C. 维生素B9

    D. Vitamin E
    ::D. 维生素E

    11. Describe the similarities between how the epidermis, hair, and nails all grow.
    ::11. 描述下皮、头发和钉子是如何生长的相似之处。

    12. True or False. The inside of the mouth is considered to be epidermal tissue.
    ::12. 真实的或假的,口内被认为是上皮组织。

    13. True or False. Epidermal cells are filled with an increasing amount of keratin as they go from the lowest layer to the outermost layer.
    ::13. 真实的或假的,在从最低层到最外层的中间细胞中填充着越来越多的氯丁酸。

    14. True or False. Cells in the stratum corneum of the skin do not have a nucleus or organelles.
    ::14. 真实的或假的,皮肤直角的细胞没有核或风琴。

    15. What does the whitish crescent-shaped area at the base of your nails (towards your hands) represent? What is its function?
    ::15. 指甲底部的Whattish新月形区域(指向手)代表什么?其功能是什么?

    16. What is one difference between human hair and the hair of non-human primates?
    ::16. 人的头发与非人类灵长类动物的头发有什么区别?

    17. Approximately how long does it take new keratinocytes at the lowest level of the epidermis to reach the surface of the epidermis?
    ::17. 大约需要多久才能达到皮层表面? 大约需要多久才能达到皮层最低层的新的乳腺细胞?

    A. 1.5 days
    ::A. 1.5天

    B. 1.5 weeks
    ::B. 1.5周

    C. 1.5 months
    ::C. 1.5个月

    D. 1.5 years
    ::D. 1.5岁

    18. True or False. Blood vessels extend through the entire thickness of the skin.
    ::18. 真实的或假的,血筒穿透整个皮肤厚度。

    19. True or False. Cells that produce melanin are located in the dermis of the skin.
    ::19. 真实的或假的,产生梅拉宁的细胞位于皮肤皮下。

    20. Describe the relationship between skin and hair.
    ::20. 描述皮肤和头发之间的关系。

    21. What kind of skin cancer is a cancer of a type of stem cell?
    ::21. 何种皮肤癌是某种干细胞的癌症?

    22. For the skin and hair, describe one way in which they each protect the body against pathogens.
    ::22. 对于皮肤和头发,请说明它们各自保护身体免受病原体伤害的一种方式。

    23. If sweat glands are in the dermis, how is sweat released to the surface of the body?
    ::23. 如果汗腺在皮肤中,如何将汗水释放到身体表面?

    24. Explain why you think that physicians usually insist that patients remove any nail polish before having surgery.
    ::24. 解释一下为什么你认为医生通常坚持要求病人在手术前切除指甲油。

    25. True or False. Langerhans cells are immune cells located in the epidermis.
    ::25. 真实或假细胞:Langerhans细胞是位于皮层的免疫细胞。

    26. True or False. Fingerprints are due to structures on the surface of the epidermis.
    ::26. 真实的或假的,指印是因皮层表面的结构造成的。

    27. Describe generally how the brain gets touch information from the skin.
    ::27. 一般描述大脑如何从皮肤获得触摸信息。

    Chapter Summary Review Answers 
    ::" 概述 " 章次概述审查的答复

    1. Answers will vary. Sample answer. The skin of the integumentary system works with the cardiovascular system to help regulate body temperature through vasoconstriction or vasodilation of blood vessels in the dermis.
    ::1. 答案将有所不同:抽样回答:内脏系统的皮肤与心血管系统合作,帮助通过皮肤血管压缩或血管血管血管血管血管血管血管膨胀调节体温。

    2. reticular layer; papillary layer; stratum basale; stratum spinosum
    ::2. 矩形图层;毛细图层;直流直流;直流脊髓

    3. A
    ::3. A. 3.A

    4. a. elastin
    ::4.a. 弹性体

    b. collagen
    ::b. 科林

    c. keratin
    ::c. 氯丙烯

    d. melanin
    ::d. 美拉宁

    5. D
    ::5. D 5 D

    6. D
    ::6. D 级

    7. Answers will vary. Sample answer. The stratum corneum, the uppermost layer of the epidermis, is made of tightly packed, dead keratinocytes that are filled with keratin. This provides a waterproof barrier for the skin. Oily sebum produced by the sebaceous glands at the hair follicles helps to waterproof the hair.
    ::7. 答案各有不同。抽样回答:直角角,即顶部的顶层,由装满氯丁二烯的紧身、死心细胞组成,为皮肤提供了防水屏障,由毛发囊上的精细腺生成的液膜有助于为毛发防水。

    8. Nails enhance touch sensations because they are hard and provide counterpressure to the tips of the digits. Therefore, this enhances the detection of touch sensations by the sensory receptors in the skin.
    ::8. 指甲增强触摸感,因为它们硬,对数位数的小指提供抗压,因此,这加强了皮肤感官受体触摸感知的检测。

    9. Answers may vary. Sample answer. Light colored skin is a risk factor for skin cancer because it contains less melanin that darker skin. Melanin protects the skin from UV radiation, and UV radiation can cause cancer. Therefore, people with lighter skin are at more risk of getting skin cancer.
    ::9. 答案可能各有不同:抽样回答:浅色皮肤是皮肤癌的一个风险因素,因为它含有较深的皮肤中较少的美兰素;梅兰宁保护皮肤不受紫外线辐射的影响,紫外线辐射可能导致癌症;因此,皮肤较轻的人更容易患皮肤癌。

    10. B
    ::10. B. 10 B

    11. Answers may vary. Sample answer. The epidermis, hair, and nails all grow through the division of stem cells that produce keratinocytes. The new cells are born at the base of the structure (the stratum basale; base of the hair follicle; and nail matrix, respectively) and push the older cells out.
    ::11. 答案可能各有不同:抽样回答:上皮细胞、头发和钉子都通过产生乳腺细胞的干细胞的分解而生长;新细胞出生在结构底部(底部巴萨勒;毛发囊底部;指甲矩阵),并将老细胞排出。

    12. False
    ::12. 假

    13. True
    ::13. 正确

    14. True
    ::14对

    15. The whitish crescent-shaped area at the base of our nails is called the lunula and consists of the part of the nail matrix that shows through the nail plate. The nail matrix contains blood vessels and nerves as well as stem cells that divide to produce keratinocytes, which make up the nail. Division of these cells allows nail growth.
    ::15. 我们指甲底部的Whattish 日新月形区域称为乳房,由指甲矩阵通过指甲板显示的部分组成,指甲矩阵包括血管和神经以及干细胞,这些细胞分裂以产生乳腺细胞,构成指甲,这些细胞的分裂可以使指甲生长。

    16. Answers may vary. Sample answer. Humans have much less body hair than non-human primates.
    ::16. 答案可能各有不同:抽样回答:人类的头发比非人类灵长类人少得多。

    17. C
    ::17. C. 17 C

    18. False
    ::18. 假

    19. False
    ::19. 假

    20. Answers may vary. Sample answer. Hair originates from hair follicles, which are found in the dermis of the skin. Hairs then travel up through the dermis and epidermis to emerge from the surface of the skin. Most of our bodies are covered in hair follicles. Also, sebaceous glands in the dermis secrete sebum that travels up the hair shaft to protect it, and arrector pili muscles in the dermis allow hairs to move.
    ::20. 答案可能各有不同。抽样回答:毛发源自毛发泡,在皮肤皮质中发现;毛发经过皮肤和皮皮,从皮肤表面露出;我们的身体大部分覆盖在毛发泡中;另外,毛发密质薄膜中存在塞巴塞,上到毛发井来保护它;皮肤皮质肌允许毛发移动。

    21. Basal cell carcinoma
    ::21. 巴萨细胞癌

    22. Answers may vary. Sample answer. The skin provides a physical barrier against pathogens because the outer surface consists of tightly packed keratinocytes. Hairs in the nose trap pathogens and prevent them from entering deeper into the body.
    ::22. 答案可能各有不同:抽样回答:皮肤对病原体构成物理屏障,因为外表由严格包装的心肌细胞组成;鼻部诱杀病原体,防止它们进入更深的体内。

    23. Sweat glands are in the dermis, but they have ducts that either travel through the epidermis to the surface of the skin directly, or to hair follicles so that sweat can be wicked up along the hair. This allows sweat that is produced in the glands to be released at the surface of the skin.
    ::23. 羊毛腺在皮肤部位,但是它们有管道,要么穿透皮层,直接穿透皮肤表面,要么穿透毛发,使毛发上毛发发发泡,使毛发上散发出汗水,从而在皮肤表面释放出在腺中产生的汗水。

    24. Answers may vary. Sample answer. Patients should remove nail polish before planned surgery, because the color of the nail bed gives an indication of the oxygenation of the blood. If the surgical team cannot easily monitor this because of the presence of nail polish, it could seriously affect the health of the patient.
    ::24. 答案可能各有不同:抽样回答:病人应在计划手术前除去指甲油,因为指甲床的颜色表明血液的氧化情况,如果手术小组由于指甲油的存在而不能轻易监测这一点,就会严重影响病人的健康。

    25. True
    ::25. 正确

    26. False
    ::26. 假假

    27. Answers may vary. Sample answer. Information about touch stimuli is detected by sensory receptors in the dermis of the skin. These receptors then send the information via nerve impulses to the brain, which then interprets the stimuli.
    ::27. 答案可能各有不同。抽样回答:有关触摸刺激的信息由皮肤皮肤的感官受体检测,然后通过神经脉冲将信息传送到大脑,然后由大脑解释刺激。