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  • 人权机构

    lesson content

    Do work together?
    ::一起工作吗?

    Cells, like these nerve cells, do not work in isolation. To send orders from your brain to your legs, for example, signals pass through many nerve cells. These cells work together to perform a similar function. Just as muscle cells work together, cells and many other cells do as well. A group of similar cells that work together is known as tissue .
    ::与这些神经细胞一样, 细胞不能孤立地工作。 例如, 将指令从大脑发送到腿部, 信号通过许多神经细胞。 这些细胞一起工作, 来发挥类似的功能。 就像肌肉细胞一起工作, 细胞和许多其他细胞一起工作一样。 一组类似的细胞一起工作, 被称为组织。

    Organization of Your Body: Cells, Tissues, Organs
    ::贵机构的组织:细胞、组织、机关

    Cells are grouped together to carry out specific functions. A group of cells that work together form a tissue . Your body has four main types of tissues, as do the bodies of other . These tissues make up all structures and contents of your body. An example of each tissue type is pictured in the Figure .
    ::细胞被组合在一起以履行特定功能。一组细胞一起组成一个组织。你的身体有四种主要组织类型,与其他身体一样。这些组织构成你身体的所有结构和内容。每个组织类型的例子见图一。

    The four main types of tissue are nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue, and muscle tissue
    Your body has four main types of tissue: nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue, and muscle tissue. They are found throughout your body.
    1. Epithelial tissue is made up of layers of tightly packed cells that line the surfaces of the body. Examples of epithelial tissue include the skin, the lining of the mouth and nose, and the lining of the .
      ::上皮组织包括皮肤、嘴和鼻子的内衬以及内衬。
    2. Connective tissue is made up of many different types of cells that are all involved in supporting and binding other tissues of the body. Examples include tendons , cartilage , and bone. is also classified as a specialized connective tissue.
      ::连接组织由许多不同类型的细胞组成,这些细胞都参与支撑和捆绑身体的其他组织,例子包括管子、软骨和骨骼,还被归类为专门的连接组织。
    3. Muscle tissue is made up of bands of cells that contract and allow movement .
      ::肌肉组织由细胞带组成,这些细胞系合在一起并允许移动。
    4. Nervous tissue is made up of nerve cells that sense stimuli and transmit signals. Nervous tissue is found in nerves, the spinal cord , and the brain.
      ::神经组织由神经细胞组成,它能感知刺激和传递信号。神经组织在神经、脊髓和大脑中被发现。

    Groups of Tissues Form Organs
    ::组织集团组成机构

    A single tissue alone cannot do all the jobs that are needed to keep you alive and healthy. Two or more tissues working together can do a lot more. An organ is a structure made of two or more tissues that work together. The heart ( Figure ) is made up of four types of tissues.
    ::单靠一个组织无法完成维持你的生命和健康所需的全部工作。 两个或两个以上的组织一起工作可以做得更多。一个器官是由两个或两个以上的组织共同工作组成的结构。心脏(图)由四种类型的组织组成。

    Illustration of how the four tissue types work together in the heart
    The four different tissue types work together in the heart as they do in the other organs.

    Groups of Organs Form Organ Systems
    ::组成机关的各类机构组成系统

    Your heart pumps blood around your body. But how does your heart get blood to and from every cell in your body? Your heart is connected to such as veins and arteries . Organs that work together form an organ system . Together, your heart, blood, and blood vessels form your .
    ::你 的 心脏 在 你 身体 周围 抽血 。 但 你 的 心脏 、 如何 从 你 身体 的 每一个 细胞 获得 血液 呢 . 你 的 心脏 、 与 血管 、 动脉 、 彼此 相连 . 共同 工作的 器官 、 形成 器官 系统 . 你 的 心脏 、 血液 、 血管 、 共同 形成 你 的 。

    What other organ systems can you think of?
    ::你能想到别的器官系统吗?

    Organ Systems Work Together
    ::机构系统共同工作

    Your body’s 12 organ systems are shown below ( Table ). Your organ systems do not work alone in your body. They must all be able to work together.
    ::您身体的12个器官系统如下表所示(表 ) 。 您的器官系统不能单独在身体上工作,它们必须能够一起工作。

    For example, one of the most important functions of organ systems is to provide cells with oxygen and nutrients and to remove toxic waste products such as carbon dioxide. A number of organ systems, including the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, all work together to do this.
    ::例如,器官系统最重要的功能之一是为细胞提供氧气和养分,以及清除二氧化碳等有毒废物,许多器官系统,包括心血管和呼吸系统,都为此共同努力。

    Organ System Major Tissues and Organs Function
    Cardiovascular Heart; blood vessels; blood Transports oxygen, , and nutrients to the . Moves wastes and carbon dioxide away from cells.
    Lymphatic Lymph nodes ; lymph vessels Defend against infection and disease, moves lymph between tissues and the bloodstream.
    Digestive Esophagus ; stomach ; ; Digests foods and absorbs nutrients, minerals , vitamins , and .
    Endocrine The pituitary gland , hypothalamus ; adrenal glands ; ovaries ; testes Produces hormones that communicate between cells.
    Integumentary Skin, hair, nails Provides protection from injury and water loss, physical defense against infection by microorganisms, and temperature control.
    Muscular Cardiac 红心 muscle; ; smooth muscle ; tendons Involved in movement and heat production.
    Nervous Brain, spinal cord; nerves Collects, transfers, and processes information.
    Reproductive

    Female: uterus ; vagina ; fallopian tubes ; ovaries
    ::女性:子宫;阴道;输卵管;卵巢

    Male: penis ; testes; seminal vesicles
    ::男性:阴茎;睾丸;精细囊

    		Produces gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones .
    Respiratory Trachea , larynx , pharynx , lungs Brings air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the blood and cells (around the body) or blood and air (lungs).
    Skeletal Bones, cartilage; ligaments Supports and protects soft tissues of the body; produces blood cells; stores minerals.
    Urinary ; urinary bladder Removes extra water, salts, and waste products from blood and body; controls pH; controls water and salt balance .
    Immune Bone marrow ; spleen ; white blood cells Defends against diseases.

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The levels of organization in the human body include cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
      ::人体的组织级别包括细胞、组织、器官和器官系统。
    • There are four tissue types in the body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
      ::身体有四种组织类型:上皮组织、连接组织、肌肉组织和神经组织。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resources below to answer the following questions.
    ::利用以下资源回答下列问题。

    • Human Body Plan at (2:28)
      ::《人体机身规划》,第2:28期(2:28)

     

     

     

     

     

     

    1. What kind of symmetry does the human body plan show? Explain what this means.
      ::人体计划显示什么对称?
    2. How does this symmetry extend to our senses?
      ::这种对称如何延及我们的感官?
    3. How much of our body is made of muscle? What does this muscle do?
      ::我们的身体有多少是肌肉做的?
    4. How are oxygen and nutrients delivered to the cells of the body?
      ::氧气和养分是如何输送到身体细胞的?
    5. What controls all the activity on the body? How much energy does this organ use?
      ::什么控制身体上的所有活动?这个器官用了多少能量?

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What are the four levels of organization in an organism?
      ::一个生物体的四级组织是什么?
    2. List the four types of tissues that make up the human body.
      ::列出构成人体的四种组织
    3. Describe epithelial tissue.
      ::描述上皮组织。
    4. Give two examples of connective tissue.
      ::举两个连接组织的例子。
    5. What is the role of the nervous system?
      ::神经系统的作用是什么?
    6. What is the role of the cardiovascular system?
      ::心血管系统的作用是什么?