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  • 类似Funungs的原生者的特点和分类 -- -- 高级

    lesson content

    What grows just about anywhere there is decaying material?
    ::哪里有腐烂的物质 哪里生长着什么?

    . This , shown growing on dead wood, is a fungus-like . Though this mold does not have a mouth, it is essentially "eating" this decaying material.
    ::。这个在枯木上生长的木头上显示,是像真菌一样的真菌。虽然这个模具没有嘴,但它基本上是“食用”这种腐烂的物质。

    Characteristics and Classification of Fungus-like Protists
    ::类似丰古的原生人的特点和分类

    The fungus-like protists were once classified as because they produce sporangia . A sporangium (pl., sporangia ) is a plant or fungal structure that produces and contains spores. However, slime molds and molds , which are the fungus-like protists, are now recognized as being different to fungi.
    ::类似真菌的先锋分子曾经被归类为因为他们生产长效麻醉剂。 一种抗菌剂(pol.,sporagia)是一种生产和含有螺旋的植物或真菌结构。 然而,粘胶模子和模子,这些象真菌的先锋,现在被公认为不同于真菌。

    The small, slimy-looking fungus-like protists differ from fungi in many ways. The cell walls of the protists contain cellulose rather than chitin . Fungi have chitin in their cell wall. Fungus-like protists also generally do not have divisions between their like fungi do. Also, these protists have diploid , whereas fungi have haploid nuclei. Scientists now know that the fungus-like protists are not very closely related to each other, so their is a work in progress.
    ::微小的、粘粘的、像真菌的原生生物在许多方面与真菌不同。 原生生物的细胞墙壁中含有纤维素,而不是Chitin。 原生生物的细胞墙壁里有土豆。 象蘑菇的原生生物一般也没有像真菌一样的分裂。 此外,这些原生生物也有细菌,而真菌有杂交核。 科学家现在知道,象真菌的原生生物并不非常紧密地互相关联,所以他们的工作正在进行中。

    Fungus-like protists have various modes of movement and . Slime molds are at first mobile cells, but have a stationary, reproductive phase where they produce reproductive structures called fruiting bodies.
    ::类似Fungus的原生主义者有不同的运动模式,而Slime模具最初是移动细胞,但具有固定的生殖阶段,生产生殖结构,称为果实体。

    Slime Molds
    ::石灰模

    Slime molds is a broad term that applies to many fungus-like protists. The taxonomy of this group is still being reviewed, and changes occur frequently. Originally, they were considered fungi but are now classified as protists.
    ::石灰模型是一个宽泛的术语,适用于许多类似真菌的先质主义者。 这一群体的分类仍在审查中,变化经常发生。 最初,它们被视为真菌,但现在被归类为先质主义者。

    The of slime molds is very similar to that of fungi. Haploid spores germinate to form cells that fuse to form a diploid zygote . The zygote develops into a plasmodium, and the mature plasmodium produces, depending on the , one to many fruiting bodies containing haploid spores.
    ::粘液模子与真菌非常相似。 嗜血类螺旋菌发芽形成细胞,组成细胞,组成低脂酶。 zygote发展成微粒,成熟的微粒子产生,依情况而定,许多含有薄荷的果实体都有。

    Most slime mold are smaller than a few centimeters, but the very largest reach areas of up to thirty square meters, making them the largest undivided cells known. Many have bright colors such as yellow, brown, and white. Slime molds have both and plant like characteristics. The groups in which the slime molds are classified are not closely related to each other.
    ::大部分粘土模量小于几厘米,但最大的覆盖面积高达30平方米,成为已知最大的未分割的细胞。许多具有黄色、棕色和白色等亮色。 粘泥模量具有相似的特性和植物特征。 粘泥模量被分类的组别彼此不密切联系。

    Most of the life of a slime mold is spent as a microscopic amoeba that roams by itself. It moves around, feeding on organic matter like and other microscopic particles. During food shortages, plasmodial slime molds swarm and merge together into a large, multinucleated single cell called a plasmodium . The plasmodium has thousands of nuclei and does not contain a cell wall. One variety of plasmodial slime molds is often seen as a slimy, yellow network in and on rotting logs, as shown in Figure . Cellular slime molds live as individual cells and come together in times of food shortage to form a reproductive structure called a fruiting body .
    ::如图所示,在食物短缺期间,粘液模子聚集在一起,合在一起形成一个大型、多核的单细胞,称为plasmodium。微粒模子有成千上万的核素,不包含细胞壁。各种微粒模子往往被视为一个粘性、黄色的网络,在腐烂的原木上和在腐烂的原木上,如图所示。细胞粘液模子作为单细胞生存,在食物短缺时聚集在一起,形成一种称为果质体的生殖结构。

    A common slime mold which forms tiny brown tufts on rotting logs is Stemonitis, shown on the left in  Figure . Another form which lives in rotting logs and is often used in research is Physarum polycephalum , shown in  Figure . Its plasmodial form looks like a slimy webwork of yellow threads on rotting logs.
    ::一种常见的粘泥模型在腐烂原木上形成微小的棕色长牙,其左侧图中显示的是Smonitis。另一种形式,即生活在腐烂原木中,并经常用于研究中,即Physarum 聚脑,如图中所示。其微缩形态看起来像腐烂原木上粘糊的黄线网状图案。

     

    • Slime molds. This large yellow mass is actually one large cell that contains many nuclei (multinucleated). Members of the genus Stemonitis, which form brown brush-shaped colonies, decompose dead organic material such as fallen trees.
      Slime molds. This large yellow mass is actually one large cell that contains many nuclei (multinucleated). Members of the genus Stemonitis, which form brown brush-shaped colonies, decompose dead organic material such as fallen trees.

      ::石灰模。 这个巨大的黄质实际上是一个包含许多核(多核)的大型细胞。 组成棕色刷子形状的菌团的精灵骨质炎(genus Stemonitis)成员分解了枯枯的有机物质,如落叶树。
    • Slime molds. This large yellow mass is actually one large cell that contains many nuclei (multinucleated). Members of the genus Stemonitis, which form brown brush-shaped colonies, decompose dead organic material such as fallen trees.
      Slime molds. This large yellow mass is actually one large cell that contains many nuclei (multinucleated). Members of the genus Stemonitis, which form brown brush-shaped colonies, decompose dead organic material such as fallen trees.

      ::石灰模。 这个巨大的黄质实际上是一个包含许多核(多核)的大型细胞。 组成棕色刷子形状的菌团的精灵骨质炎(genus Stemonitis)成员分解了枯枯的有机物质,如落叶树。
    Slime molds. This large yellow mass is actually one large cell that contains many nuclei (multinucleated). Members of the genus Stemonitis, which form brown brush-shaped colonies, decompose dead organic material such as fallen trees.

    Nutrition, Movement and Fruiting Bodies
    ::营养、运动和生产机构

    Slime molds feed on microorganisms in decaying vegetable matter. They can be found in the soil , on lawns, and in the forest, commonly on deciduous logs. They are also common on mulch or even in leaf mold which collects in gutters.
    ::石灰模具在腐烂的植物物质中以微生物为食,可以在土壤、草坪和森林中找到,通常在沉积的原木上找到,在泥浆上或甚至收集在沟渠中的叶模中也常见。

    The plasmodium is able to move about by movement of the cytoplasm within the cell. Within each strand of the plasmodium, the cytoplasmic contents move rapidly. Movement of the plasmodium is carried out when the cytoplasm streams in the direction the plasmodium is moving and is withdrawn from rear areas. The plasmodium will move around and engulf any bacterial cells or other food particles it finds in its path. When the food supply runs out, the plasmodium will form a fruiting body in which spores develop. The fruiting bodies or sporangia look like the sporangia of fungi or molds. However, slime molds are not related to true fungi. These sporangia will then release spores which germinate and develop into amoebae to begin the life cycle again.
    ::分子分子在细胞内移动时, 分子分子分子可以在细胞内移动。 分子分子含量在分子分子的每端中迅速移动。 当分子分子分子流向分子分子流向分子分子分子运动时, 分子分子分子分子运动在后方区域移动, 从后方区域撤出。 分子分子分子移动后, 吞没在其道路上发现的任何细菌细胞或其他食物粒子。 当食物供应耗尽时, 分子分子分子将形成一种果实体, 产生螺旋体。 果实体或螺旋体看上去像真菌或霉菌的螺旋体。 然而, 粘液菌的模子与真真菌无关。 这些螺旋体随后会释放出发芽并发展成亚毛虫的颗粒, 以重新开始生命循环 。

    Life Cycle
    ::生命周期

    The plasmodial slime molds begin as amoeboid cells, each with a single haploid nucleus. These may begin feeding on bacteria and multiplying. Under very moist conditions they may convert into biflagellated swarming cells. Haploid slime mold amoebae reproduce by binary fission .
    ::微缩粘泥模子的起始点是摩尔型细胞,每个细胞都有一个单焦核。 它们可能开始进食细菌和繁殖。 在非常潮湿的条件下,它们可能变成双柱升温细胞。 脂肪粘泥模子模子通过二进制裂变繁殖。

    If food runs out, or if the weather becomes unfavorable, the unicellular amoebae can form tough-coated cells called cysts . Pairs of amoebas or swarming cells can fuse and become zygotes if they are of different mating types. The nucleus of the diploid cell then divides by , but the cell does not divide with it, resulting in a new, larger cell with two nuclei. This division gives rise to the multinucleated “supercell” plasmodium. The plasmodium of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum is shown in  Figure . As the plasmodium grows, the nuclei keep dividing. In some species the plasmodium can be many centimeters in size and contain thousands of nuclei.
    ::如果食物耗尽,或者如果天气变得不适,则单冰状的氨基甲虫可以形成硬状细胞,称为细胞。氨基乙烷或升温细胞的对角可以熔融,如果它们属于不同的交配类型,则会变成zygots。浸泡细胞的核心再除以,但细胞不会与它分裂,从而形成一个新的、更大的、有两个核的细胞。这个分裂产生一个多核“超级细胞”的微粒。粘稠的模子质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质的多核质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质,在微粒子生长时,核质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质质会继续分裂。

    This plasmodium spreads out like an amoeba and migrates slowly at about 1 cm per hour. It continues to grow and feed on various microorganisms in the rotting vegetable matter the slime molds live on. When environmental conditions change or food runs out, the slime mold changes behavior. It migrates to the outer surface of a rotting log if that's where it is living, or it migrates up grass blades . It then transforms into fruiting bodies or sporangia, shown in Figure . These take on many forms in different species, from shapeless blobs to delicate lacy structures, as shown in  Figure .
    ::这种微粒虫像阿莫伊巴一样扩散,以每小时约1厘米的速度缓慢迁移。 它继续在腐烂的蔬菜物质中生长并食用各种微生物。 当环境条件改变或食物耗尽时, 粘液模子会改变行为。 它会迁移到腐烂的原木的外表面, 如果它住的地方, 或者它会迁移到草叶上。 然后它会变成果实体或草原, 如图所示。 它们以多种形式呈现在不同物种中, 从无形状的浮质到脆弱的薄膜结构, 如图所示 。

    First, the nuclei undergo and become haploid. Then, finally form around each of these nuclei, one to a cell, to form "normal" cells again. Other structures like stalks and hydroscopic fibers help to release the spores. Finally, the cells transform into spores, the structure dries out, and the spores can be released into the air. These spores are haploid like the original amoebae from which the slime mold started.
    ::首先, 核体进化成为杂乱无序。 然后, 最终, 在每个核体周围形成, 一个到一个细胞, 组成“ 正常” 细胞。 其它结构, 如树轨和水分纤维, 有助于释放螺旋。 最后, 细胞转化成螺旋, 结构干涸, 螺旋可以释放到空气中 。 这些螺旋体像原始的阿米巴一样杂乱无序, 黏液模型是从那里开始的。

    These spores can then germinate. They will either form new amoebae to begin the cycle over again, or they may form biflagellate swarming cells if free water is present. These cells (still haploid) can serve as gametes and initiate the diploid plasmodial stage of the life cycle.
    ::这些螺旋可以发芽。 它们要么形成新的阿米赛, 以重新开始循环, 要么在有自由水的情况下形成双旗升温细胞。 这些细胞( 仍然是条状的) 可以作为游戏板, 并启动生命周期的底球质质质。

    Under dry conditions, the plasmodia can also form resting structures which begin growing again once moist conditions return.
    ::在干燥条件下,软体动物也可以形成休养结构,一旦潮湿条件恢复,这种结构又开始生长。

    lesson content
    The plasmodial form of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum. The slime mold moves about slowly in search of fungal spores, bacteria, and other microbes to eat.
    lesson content
    The life cycle of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. The pseudoplasmodium, or slug, can change shape and move toward food.
    Fungus-like Protists
    Division Class Common Name Morphology Details of Structure
    Myxomycota Myxomycetes Plasmodial slime molds, acellular slime mold Multinucleated plasmodium Flagellated or amoeboid reproductive cells. These reproduce by spores in sporangia. Asexual and sexual phases
    Myxomycota Acrasiomycetes Cellular slime molds Unicellular feeding stage; multicellular plasmodium (slug & fruiting body) Asexual and sexual phases. Unicellular feeding stage.
    Myxomycota Phycomycota Water molds Coenocytic mycelium Biflagellated zoospores. Asexual and sexual phases

    Ecology of Fungus-like Protists
    ::Fungus类似原生生物体的生态学

    Some water molds are parasites of other organisms ; they may grow on or on the scales or eggs of . The Saprolegnia causes lesions on fish, especially in fish that are already sick. Other species are parasites of invertebrates such as rotifers, nematodes, , and diatoms .
    ::一些水模具是其他生物的寄生虫;它们可能生长在或生长在......的大小或卵上。沙巴罗格尼亚对鱼类,特别是已经生病的鱼类,造成损害。其他物种是无脊椎动物的寄生虫,如转筒、线虫和对子体。

    Their greatest impact on humans, however, comes from the many species of water mold which are parasites on flowering plants. These include diseases that affect grapes, lettuce, corn, cabbage, pineapples, avocados, potatoes, and many other crop plants.
    ::然而,它们对人类的最大影响来自许多种类的水模型,这些模型是开花植物的寄生虫,其中包括影响葡萄、生菜、玉米、卷心菜、菠萝、鳄梨、土豆和许多其他作物作物的疾病。

    The water mold Phytophthora infestans , causes late blight in potato plants. The water molds grow into the and leaf tissues , causing death. They may also infest the tubers, as shown in  Figure . Tubers are the potatoes, the part of the plant that is eaten. The potato was an important food crop for poor people in Ireland. In the late 19th century, P. infestans wiped out Irish potato crops. The failure of the potato crop contributed to the famine in which nearly a million people starved to death, and an additional one-and-a-half million people emigrated to many countries including America and Canada.
    ::土豆是爱尔兰穷人的重要粮食作物。在19世纪末,P.因法斯坦消灭了爱尔兰的土豆作物。土豆作物的歉收导致了饥荒,近100万人饿死,另有150万人移民到包括美国和加拿大在内的许多国家。

    Downy mildew of grapes was accidentally introduced to Europe from America in the late 1870s. Downy mildew almost wiped out the entire French wine industry. The industry was saved by the discovery of Bordeaux mixture, a mixture of lime and copper sulfate, which brought the disease under control when applied to the leaves of the plants. This discovery is also important for being the first known fungicide, and it was in fact the first chemical used to control a plant disease.
    ::1870年代后期,美国不小心向欧洲引进了低温葡萄。低温葡萄几乎粉碎了整个法国葡萄酒业。 发现波尔多混合物(一种石灰和铜硫酸盐的混合物),使该疾病在植物叶中得以控制。 这一发现对于第一种已知的杀真菌剂也很重要,事实上,这是用于控制植物疾病的第一种化学物质。

    lesson content
    Plant pathologist Ken Deahl examines a potato damaged by late blight, a disease caused by the water mold Phytophthora infestans. Researchers and plant growers have worked together to develop potato plants that are more resistant to potato blight.

    Use in Research
    ::研究中的使用

    Dictyostelids , a genus of cellular slime molds, are used as model organism in molecular biology and genetics . Scientists use them as examples of cellular and differentiation , and the cellular slime molds may provide insights into how developed.
    ::在分子生物学和遗传学中,Dictyostelids是细胞粘液模具的基因组,作为分子生物学和遗传学的模型生物。 科学家们用它作为细胞和分化的例子,而细胞粘液模具可以提供对如何发展的洞察力。

    Slime molds like Physarum polycephalum are useful for studying cytoplasmic streaming. It has been observed that they can find their way through mazes by spreading out and choosing the shortest path, an interesting example of information processing without a . Myxomycete plasmodia have also been used to study the genetics of asexual cell fusion. The giant size of the plasmodial cells allows for an easy evaluation of complete cell fusion or partial cell fusion.
    ::Physarum 聚积石块等石灰模型有助于研究细胞图象流,人们发现,它们可以通过散布和选择最短路径,找到通过迷宫的路径,这是一个有趣的信息处理实例,没有...Myxomycete plasmodia也被用于研究性细胞聚合的遗传学。光谱细胞的巨大尺寸使得可以很容易地评估完全的细胞聚变或部分细胞聚变。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The fungus-like protists are unicellular. They were originally called fungi because they produce sporangia. These protists differ from fungi in that their cell walls have cellulose rather than chitin. Fungus-like protists also generally do not have divisions between their cells like fungi do.
      ::类似真菌的先质学家是非冰冻的。 他们最初被称为真菌,是因为他们生产了灭菌剂。 这些先质学家与真菌不同,因为他们的细胞墙有纤维素,而不是辣椒。 类似蘑菇的先质学家通常也没有像真菌那样的细胞分裂。
    • Slime molds have both animal and plant like characteristics although they themselves are not closely related to each other. Most of their lives are spent as microscopic amoebas, roaming independently through the forest feeding on organic matter, bacteria, and other microscopic morsels. During food shortages, slime molds swarm and aggregate into an enormous single cell, where they can then form fruiting bodies and release spores.
      ::石灰模具具有相似的动物和植物特征,尽管它们本身并不紧密相连。 他们的生活大部分是作为微生物的阿米埃巴斯,通过森林喂养有机物、细菌和其他微米而独立游荡。 在食物短缺期间,粘泥模具聚集成一个巨大的单细胞,然后形成果体和释放颗粒。
    • When food (normally bacteria) is readily available for cellular slime mold, they take the form of individual amoebae, which feed and divide normally. However, when the food supply runs low, they aggregate to form a multicellular unit. The cells in the slug remain separate from each other, unlike the cells of plasmidial slime mold.
      ::当蜂窝粘液模具容易获得食物(通常为细菌)时,它们采取个体阿米巴的形式,这种形式通常供养和分离,然而,当食物供应量低时,它们合在一起形成多细胞单元。 子弹中的细胞彼此分离,与微缩黏液模具的细胞不同。
    • The plasmodium of slime molds are heterotrophic, they phagocytose food particles. Water molds are decomposers and break down dead matter.
      ::粘液模子的微粒子是血化的,它们具有发状细胞食物颗粒,水模子是分解的,分解了死亡物质。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Describe the main characteristics of fungus-like molds.
      ::描述真菌类模具的主要特征。
    2. Why were slime molds and water molds once though to be fungi?
      ::为什么粘液模具和水模具 曾经是真菌呢?
    3. How do the aggregates of plasmodial slime molds differ from cellular slime molds?
      ::微粒模具模具模具的集合体与细胞粘液模具的集合体有何不同?
    4. Slime molds do not have chloroplasts. What does this tell you about their mode of obtaining nutrition?
      ::石灰模型没有氯板。 这告诉你他们获得营养的方式是什么?
    5. How do slime molds get their food?
      ::粘土模具怎么得到食物?
    6. Identify a use for fungus-like protists in research.
      ::确定研究中真菌类先质的用途。