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  • 病菌病 -- -- 高级

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    Would you eat these mushrooms ?
    ::你会吃这些蘑菇吗?

    That would be a bad idea. But certain red mushrooms, Ganoderma Lucidum , have been found to be good for you. Red Mushrooms comprise a family of more than 200 mushroom , which are good for our health. Of these, 6 species have a particularly high therapeutic effect.
    ::这将是一个坏主意。但某些红蘑菇Ganoderma Lucidum(Ganoderma Lucidum)对你们有好处。红蘑菇由200多个蘑菇组成,这对我们的健康有好处。其中6种具有特别高的治疗效果。

    Fungi Diseases
    ::菌病

    Fungi as Parasites
    ::蘑菇作为寄生虫

    Many are parasites of plants, (including humans), and other fungi. Serious fungal of many cultivated plants cause extensive damage and losses to and forestry. Examples of such parasites include the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, tree pathogens such as Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi which cause Dutch elm disease, and Cryphonectria parasitica which causes chestnut blight. Fungi with the potential to cause serious human diseases, especially in persons with suppressed immune systems, are in the genera Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptoccocus, Histoplasma, and Pneumocystis. Several pathogenic fungi are also responsible for relatively minor human diseases, such as athlete’s foot and ringworm . Some fungi are predators of nematodes. Other fungi are parasites of , as shown in  Figure , and mammals .
    ::许多是植物寄生虫(包括人类)和其他真菌的寄生虫。许多种植的植物的严重真菌对森林和森林造成了广泛的破坏和损失。这些寄生虫的例子包括米原真菌大象、树原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原原

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    Fungal pathogen of insects. This green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, was killed by the Zygomycete fungus Pandora neoaphidis. Scientists are investigating the usefulness of such fungi as natural insecticides for use in agriculture. Scale bar = 0.3 mm.

    Fungi and Human Disease
    ::菌菌病和人类疾病

    Athlete's foot, or tinea pedis, is a parasitic fungal infection of the epidermis of the foot. The fungus grows on the surface of the skin and then moves into the living skin tissue itself, causing the infection. It usually occurs between the toes, as shown in  Figure , but in severe cases can spread to the rest of the foot. Athlete's foot causes scaling, flaking, and itching of the affected skin. Blisters and cracked skin may also occur, leading to exposed raw tissue, pain, swelling, and inflammation. Secondary bacterial infection can occur with the fungal infection, which may require a course of antibiotics . Tinea pedis is estimated to be the second most common skin disease in the United States, after acne . Up to 15% of the U.S. may have tinea pedis.
    ::Athlete的脚,或者说tinea pedis,是脚上皮皮皮的寄生虫菌感染。真菌在皮肤表面生长,然后进入活的皮肤组织本身,造成感染。通常发生在脚趾之间,如图所示,但在严重的情况下可以扩散到其他脚部。Athlete的脚部会造成缩放、散射和受感染皮肤的痒。喷雾器和裂开的皮肤也可能发生,导致暴露的生组织、疼痛、肿胀和炎症。次级细菌感染可能随着真菌感染而发生,这可能需要抗生素。Tinea Pedis估计是美国第二大常见的皮肤疾病,仅次于 acne 之后。美国15%的皮肤可能患有病。

    The infection can be spread to other areas of the body, such as the armpits, knees, elbows, and the groin. It is usually called a different name once it spreads. It is called tinea corporis (ring worm) on the body or limbs, tinea barbae on the beard area (shown in  Figure ) and tinea cruris (jock itch) in the groin area.
    ::感染可以传播到身体的其他地方,如手脚、膝盖、肘部和腹股沟,通常在传播后称为不同的名称,在身体或四肢上称为子(环状虫),在胡子(图中显示)和腹股沟地区的子()上称为子(环状虫)。

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    An athlete's foot, or tinea pedis lesion. Ringworm (tinea barbae) lesion caused by a fungus of the genus Trichophyton. The genus Trichophyton inhabits the soil, humans, or animals and is one of the leading causes of hair, skin, and nail infections, or dermatophytosis, in humans.

    Candidiasis , commonly called "yeast infection" or "thrush," is caused by fungi of the Candida species. Candida albicans is the most common cause of the disease. Candidiasis describes a number of infections that range from minor, yet painful, oral thrush and vaginitis , to systemic and potentially life-threatening disease called candidemia. Candidemia is the presence of fungi or yeasts in the . It is most commonly seen in patients whose immune systems are depressed by disease or medication.
    ::甘地丝虫病(Candidispic)通常被称为“最不易感染”或“刷子 ” , 是由坎迪达物种的真菌引起的。 Candida albicans 是该疾病最常见的致病原因。 甘地丝虫病描述的感染范围从轻微但痛苦的口服口腔抽搐和阴道炎,到系统性和潜在威胁生命的疾病(即白血病),白血病是真菌或酵母在康迪达物种中的存在。 最常见的是免疫系统因疾病或药物而衰竭的病人。

    Candida yeasts are usually present in most people, but their uncontrolled growth is prevented by other naturally occurring microorganisms in the body. For example, populations of commensal compete with yeasts for resources and keep their numbers low. The immune system also prevents yeasts from causing disease.
    ::Candida 酵母通常存在于大多数人身上,但人体中其他自然产生的微生物阻止了它们不受控制的增长,例如,同龄人与酵母争夺资源并保持其数量低。 免疫系统也防止酵母引起疾病。

    Nearly all patients infected with get candidiasis of the mouth and pharynx (commonly called "thrush"). Candidemia is the fourth or fifth most common cause of hospital-acquired septicemia (blood-poisoning). Antifungal medications called azoles are used to treat candidiasis infections. However, increasing resistance of Candida species to all azoles has proved to be a problem in management of the disease.
    ::几乎所有感染口腔和阴道直线虫病的病人(俗称“喉咙”),白血病是医院获得的败血性贫血(血液中毒)的第四或第五大常见原因,使用叫作阿祖尔的抗风药治疗口腔和阴道虫感染,但是,在控制该疾病方面,Candida物种对所有青肠的抗药性越来越强,这已证明是一个问题。

    Histoplasmosis is a disease of humans, dogs, and cats that is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, a soil-borne Ascomycete. Most infected persons have no symptoms of disease, in fact about 80% of people living in areas endemic to H . capsulatum have been infected by the fungus at some point in their lives. The acute respiratory disease is usually characterized by a general ill feeling, fever, chest pains, and a dry cough. Chronic lung disease resembles tuberculosis and can worsen over months or years. H. capsulatum is found throughout the world but favors warm, moist, and humid climates. It is endemic in certain areas of the United States. The fungus has been found in poultry-house litter, caves, and in bat and roosts. Infection is usually due to inhaling air contaminated with spores.
    ::骨浆虫病是人类、狗和猫的疾病,由土壤传播的Ascomycete的Histoplasma apsultum造成,大多数受感染者没有疾病症状,事实上,在H地区,大约80%的生活在H地区的人患有这种病菌。在他们生命的某个阶段,这种病菌感染了菌菌菌。急性呼吸道疾病的特点通常是普遍的不适、发烧、胸痛和干咳。慢性肺病类似于肺结核,可能恶化数月或数年。H. 虫病在全世界出现,但有利于温暖、潮湿和潮湿的气候。这种病在美国某些地区是地方流行的。真菌在家禽房的垃圾、洞穴和蝙蝠和大鼠中都发现了。感染通常由于吸入空气,空气受到食虫的污染。

    Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an inflammation of the alveoli in the lung which is caused by hypersensitivity (including allergies) to inhaled organic dusts. Many cases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis are caused by fungi, such as Actinomycetes and Aspergillus, that are in the person’s environment. Sufferers are commonly exposed to the dust by their occupations or hobbies. Many of the diseases are named after the occupation or hobby in which it is most common. For example, Farmer’s lung, Mushroom Worker’s lung, and Cheese-Washer’s lung.
    ::高敏感性肺炎是肺部肺部肺部肺部肺部肺部肺炎的一种炎症,这种炎是由于对吸入有机尘的高度敏感(包括过敏)造成的。 许多高敏感性肺炎病例是由人体环境中的真菌(如活性蛋白菌和Aspergilus)引起的。 肺部肺部肺部肺部肺部肺部炎是肺部肺部肺部炎的一种炎症。 肺部肺部肺部炎和肺部肺部肺部肺部肺部高敏感性肺炎和肺部肺部肺部高敏感性肺炎。 肺部肺部肺部和乳酪-瓦瑟肺部的病因职业或嗜好。

    Harmful Interactions of Fungi
    ::蘑菇的有害相互作用

    Molds can affect the health of people, especially people who have mold allergies . Cladosporium is a genus of Ascomycete fungi that include some of the most common indoor and outdoor molds. It produces olive-green to brown or black colonies, and its dark-pigmented conidia are formed in simple or branching chains.
    ::蛋白质会影响人的健康,尤其是那些有霉菌过敏症的人。 蛋白质是Ascomycete真菌的基因,包括一些最常见的室内和室外霉素。 它产生橄榄绿色到棕色或黑色聚居区,而它的黑皮肤共产物会形成于简单或分支链条中。

    The many species of Cladosporium are commonly found on living and dead plant material. Some species are plant pathogens, and others parasitize other fungi. Cladosporium spores are wind-dispersed, and they are often extremely common in outdoor air. Indoors Cladosporium species may grow on surfaces where moisture is present, such as showers and damaged walls or ceilings, as shown in Figure . They can even grow inside refrigerators.
    ::在活的和死后的植物材料中,经常发现许多的物种,有些是植物病原体,另一些则会寄生其他真菌。 的是风散散散的,在户外空气中往往是极为常见的。 如图所示,室内种可能在水分多的表面生长,如淋浴和被损坏的墙壁或天花板等。它们甚至可以在冰箱中生长。

    The airborne spores of Cladosporium species are allergens , and in large amounts, they can severely affect asthmatics and people with respiratory diseases. Prolonged exposure may weaken the immune system. Cladosporium species do not produce mycotoxins of concern, but they do produce volatile (VOCs) associated with “moldy” odors.
    ::在空气中飘浮的类是过敏基因,它们在很大程度上会严重影响哮喘和呼吸道疾病患者,长期接触可能会削弱免疫系统,而硅物种不会产生引起关注的甲状腺毒素,但确实会产生与“大鼠”臭味有关的挥发性(VOCs) 。

    Mold growth in a storm-damaged home.
    Mold growth in a storm-damaged home.

    One of the most harmful roles of fungi is as an agent for many plant and animal diseases. For example:
    ::菌类最有害的作用之一是作为许多动植物疾病的诱因。

    • Many different molds attack and spoil foodstuffs - for instance, Penicillium italicum rots oranges.
      ::许多不同的模具攻击和破坏食品,例如,硅酸盐腐烂橙子。
    • Ergot ( Claviceps purpurea ) attacks wheat or rye and produces highly poisonous and carcinogenic alkaloids. Symptoms of ergotism include hallucinations, stomach cramps, and a burning sensation in the limbs (also called "Saint Anthony's Fire").
      ::Egot (Clapiceps purpurea)攻击小麦或黑麦,并生产剧毒和致癌的碱性碱。 谈判的症状包括幻觉、胃部抽搐和四肢的燃烧感(也称为“圣安东尼之火 ” ) 。
    • Aspergillus flavus , which grows on peanuts and other hosts, produces aflatoxin, which damages the liver and is highly carcinogenic.
      ::以花生和其他宿主为生的阿斯佩格勒斯法拉夫斯生产黄曲霉毒素,它损害肝脏,具有高度致癌性。
    • Candida albicans, a yeast which attacks the mucous membranes, can cause an infection of the mouth or vagina called thrush or candidiasis. C. albicans is also blamed for "yeast ."
      ::Candida albicans, 一种攻击粘膜的酵母, 可能导致口腔或阴道感染,
    • Fungi like Epidermophyton cause skin infections but are not very dangerous for people with healthy immune systems. However, if the immune system is damaged, they can be life-threatening; for example, Pneumocystis jiroveci is responsible for severe lung infections in AIDS patients.
      ::象Epidermophyton这样的真菌造成皮肤感染,但对拥有健康的免疫系统的人来说并不十分危险,但是,如果免疫系统受损,他们可能危及生命;例如,肺炎细胞性脊髓灰质炎对艾滋病患者的严重肺感染负有责任。
    • Dutch Elm Disease, caused by the closely related species Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, has led to the death of many elms in Europe and North America.
      ::荷兰Elm疾病是由密切相关的Ophiostoma ulmi和Ophiostoma novo-ulmi物种引起的,导致欧洲和北美许多精灵死亡。

    Treatment and Prevention of Fungal Diseases
    ::防治寄生虫病

    Anti-fungal drugs are used to treat fungal diseases. The anti-fungal drugs target the cellular differences between mammalian and fungal to kill the fungal organism without negatively affecting the host . Unlike bacteria, both fungi and humans are eukaryotic. This means it is can be difficult to find a specific fungal target for the drug to attack that will not affect the hosts’ cells. Anti-fungal dugs sometimes have side-effects that are a result of the drugs being designed to affect eukaryotic cells . Some of these side-effects can be life-threatening if the drugs are not used properly.
    ::抗风素药物用于治疗真菌疾病,抗风素药物针对哺乳动物和真菌之间的细胞差异,在不给宿主带来负面影响的情况下杀死真菌有机体。 与细菌不同,真菌和人类都是阴性动物。 这意味着很难找到一种不会影响宿主细胞的特定真菌药物袭击目标。 抗风素药物有时会产生副作用,而这种副作用是设计药物来影响eukary细胞的结果。 如果药物使用不当,其中一些副作用可能会危及生命。

    Prevention of fungal diseases is also very effective. For example, the fungi that cause athlete's foot can live on shower floors, wet towels, and footwear. Athlete's foot is caused by a fungus and can spread from person to person via shared contact with showers or towels. Hygiene plays an important role in preventing the spread of athlete’s foot. Since the fungus thrives in moist environments, it is very important to keep feet and footwear as dry as possible. Wearing protective masks in dusty or moldy conditions helps reduce chances of inhaling disease-causing molds. Anti-fungal agents, such as tolnaftate, help prevent these issues. Tolnaftate is a synthetic over-the-counter anti-fungal agent, used to treat jock itch, athlete's foot, and ringworm. Although the exact mechanism of action is not entirely known, it is believed to inhibit an important (squalene epoxidase) in the biosynthetic pathway of ergosterol, a key component of the fungal membrane.
    ::防止真菌疾病也非常有效。 比如,导致运动员脚部可以生活在淋浴地板、湿毛巾和鞋类上的真菌。 雅典利特的脚是由真菌引起的,并且可以通过与淋浴或毛巾的接触从人到人之间传播。 卫生在防止运动员脚的传播方面起着重要作用。 由于真菌在潮湿环境中蓬勃发展,尽可能保持脚和鞋类干燥是非常重要的。 在灰尘或发霉条件下穿戴保护面罩有助于减少吸入致病的霉素的可能性。 抗芬氏剂,如乳胶,有助于预防这些问题。 托纳菲塔是一种合成的反芬氏抗虫剂,用来治疗约克的痒、运动脚和虫。 尽管确切的行动机制并不完全为人所知,但人们相信它抑制了一种重要的(丙基甲酸盐)生物合成途径,即可塑胶的关键成分。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Many fungi are parasites of plants, animals (including humans), and other fungi. Serious fungal pathogens of many cultivated plants cause extensive damage and losses to agriculture and forestry.
      ::许多真菌是植物、动物(包括人类)和其他真菌的寄生虫,许多种植植物的严重真菌病原体对农业和林业造成了广泛的损害和损失。
    • A variety of fungi cause infections in humans, including the commonly known athlete's foot.
      ::各种真菌导致人类感染,包括众所周知的运动员脚。
    • Molds can affect the health of people, especially people who have mold allergies.
      ::模具可影响人们的健康,尤其是那些有模具过敏症的人。
    • Anti-fungal drugs are used to treat fungal diseases. The anti-fungal drugs target the cellular differences between mammalian and fungal cells to kill the fungal organism without negatively affecting the host. Prevention of fungal diseases using better hygiene is also effective.
      ::抗风素药物用于治疗真菌疾病,抗风素药物针对哺乳动物细胞和真菌细胞之间的细胞差异,以便杀死真菌生物,不对宿主产生不利影响,通过改善卫生预防真菌疾病也是有效的。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. How can fungal spores found in bird and bat droppings pose a danger to human health?
      ::在鸟和蝙蝠粪便中发现的真菌样子如何能对人类健康造成危险?
    2. How could taking a course of antibiotics lead to a yeast infection caused by Candida albicans ?
      ::服用抗生素如何导致Candida albicans引起的酵母感染?
    3. Identify one fungal plant pathogen and outline the effect it has on its host plant and one other effect (economic, ecologic, or medical).
      ::查明一种真菌植物病原体,概述它对宿主植物的影响,以及另一种影响(经济、生态或医疗)。
    4. What important medicine is produced by certain fungal species?
      ::某些真菌种生产什么重要药品?
    5. What kind of advantage does producing toxic compounds give to fungi?
      ::产生有毒化合物对真菌有什么好处?