Section outline

  • General

    Collapse all Expand all

  • 激素和植物生长 -- -- 高级

    Hormones and Plant Growth
    ::激素和植物生长

    When you detect a positive stimulus – food , or warm sunlight, or a friend – you are free to move toward and embrace it, and when you detect a negative stimulus – poison ivy, or driving rain, or a threatening – you can run away or escape. Plants are usually rooted in place, so their responses to environmental change must be more subtle. Nevertheless, their ability to alter patterns of growth and , chemistry, and even movement are remarkable.
    ::当你发现一个积极的刺激因素 — — 食物、温暖的阳光或朋友 — — 时,你可以自由走向并拥抱它,当你发现一个负面刺激 — — 毒藤、驱雨或威胁 — — 时,你可以逃离或逃跑。 植物通常扎根于地方,因此它们对环境变化的反应必须更加微妙。 尽管如此,它们改变增长模式、化学甚至运动的能力是惊人的。

    A plant’s primary means of response is to change its pattern of growth and development; as you will see, even some apparent “movements” of plants are actually changes in growth. Because growth is a primary tool for plant response, it is worth taking time to review and clarify that process.
    ::植物的主要应对手段是改变其增长和发展模式;如你所见,甚至某些明显的植物“运动”实际上也是增长的变化。 由于增长是植物反应的主要工具,因此值得花时间来审查和澄清这一过程。

    Plants, as you know, grow mostly “from thin air”. uses sunlight energy to change carbon dioxide from the air and (usually from soil) into complex molecules which build the plant body. Nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, and other trace elements are absorbed from the soil . Although genes determine growth potential, with other plants for limiting sunlight, water, or nutrients can limit growth. Unlike humans and other animals, most plants continue to grow throughout their lives – a pattern of development known as indeterminate growth .
    ::如你所知,植物主要生长于“薄空气 ” 。 利用日光能源将空气和(通常是土壤)的二氧化碳转化为制造植物体的复杂分子。 氮、磷、镁、镁、铁和其他微量元素从土壤中吸收。 尽管基因决定了生长潜力,但其他植物限制阳光、水或养分可以限制生长。 与人类和其他动物不同,大多数植物在其一生中继续生长 — — 一种被称为不确定生长的发展模式。

    As discussed in the lesson on plant tissues and growth, indeterminate growth is possible because plants – again unlike humans – have perpetual “ cells” which form tissues known as meristems . Apical or terminal meristems, located at the tips of branches and , allow primary growth – growth in length. Lateral meristems allow secondary growth – in width or diameter. Of course, there is more to patterns than mere addition of tissue to length and width. For a plant to complete its , different combinations of genes and produce any or all of the following structures and processes:
    ::正如关于植物组织和生长的教训所讨论的那样,不固定的增长之所以可能,是因为植物 — — 与人类不同 — — 拥有永久的“细胞 ” , 形成被称为“细胞”的组织。 位于树枝端端端端点或末端的“细胞 ” , 允许初级增长 — — 长足增长。 后端的“细胞”允许二次增长 — — 宽度或直径。 当然,模式不仅仅是将组织添加到长度和宽度上。 对于植物来说,要完成它,基因的不同组合和产生以下任何或全部结构和过程:

    • Branches
      ::分处
    • Buds
      ::发芽
    • Dormancy
      ::多 度
    • Flowers
      ::花花
    • Leaves (and leaf loss)
      ::休假(和叶叶损失)
    • Pollination
      ::污染
    • Seeds
      ::种子种子
    • Wood
      ::木木木木木

    Many of these structures and processes must be coordinated with the environment. The job of controlling these falls to small but powerful molecules known as . As discussed in the lesson on hormones, these chemicals are released in specific locations, but often have effects at distant locations. Hormone receptor proteins on the membranes or within target cells bind the hormones to initiate metabolic change within . Changes can include altered , activating or de-activating enzymes, or altering membrane permeability. Often, the ratio of two hormones determines the type or extent of change.
    ::许多这些结构和过程必须与环境协调。控制这些结构和过程的任务落在小但强大的分子身上,这些分子被称为 。正如关于荷尔蒙的教训所讨论的,这些化学品在特定地点释放,但往往在遥远的地点产生影响。在膜上或目标细胞内,荷尔蒙受体蛋白质将激素捆绑在一起,以引发新陈代谢变化。改变可包括改变、激活或解除活化酶,或改变膜渗透性。通常,两种荷尔蒙的比例决定变化的类型或程度。

    lesson content

    Five groups of plant hormones govern plant growth and development; the photo shows two individuals of the same species with (left) and without (right) the plant hormone auxin. The table shows major effects on growth of each group, but often the amounts and ratios among hormones are critical for certain growth responses.
    ::五组植物荷尔蒙决定植物的生长和发育;照片显示两种同种物种中的两个人与(左)和(右)植物荷尔蒙抗生素有(左)和(右)植物荷尔蒙抗生素有(右)关系。 该表显示了对各组人生长的主要影响,但荷尔蒙的数量和比率往往对某些增长反应至关重要。

    Figure reviews and summarizes some major effects of five major types of plant hormones. The photo shows a simple example: the presence of has a marked effect on stem length and flower and leaf size. Note the wide variety of responses permitted by interaction between hormones and growth patterns; growth is not simply increase in size, but also branching, flowering, seed and fruit development, dormancy, and more. In combination with external stimuli, hormones orchestrate an exquisite synchronicity between an individual plant and its physical, chemical, and biotic environment. The remainder of this lesson will explore how plants “see” the world – and respond to their experience.
    ::图片回顾并总结了五大类植物激素的某些主要影响。 照片展示了一个简单的例子:存在对干线和花叶大小有显著影响。 注意荷尔蒙与增长模式之间的相互作用所允许的广泛反应;增长不仅仅是规模的扩大,而且还包括分支、开花、种子和水果开发、宿舍等。 荷尔蒙与外部刺激相结合,在单个植物与其物理、化学和生物环境之间精心搭配。 这一教训的其余部分将探索植物如何“观察”世界 — — 并回应它们的经验。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Plant growth is indeterminate.
      ::植物生长是不确定的。
    • Plant development includes primary and secondary growth, branching, flowering, seeds, fruits, and dormancy.
      ::植物开发包括初级和二级增长、分枝、开花、种子、水果和宿舍。
    • Hormones govern growth by altering gene expression, enzyme activity, and/or membrane permeability.
      ::荷尔蒙通过改变基因表达、酶活性和/或膜渗透性来控制生长。
    • Hormones mediate many plant responses to environmental stimuli.
      ::荷尔蒙对许多植物对环境刺激的反应进行调解。