14.6 动物的固有行为 -- -- 先进
Section outline
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How do this know what to do?
::这怎么会知道该怎么做?Nest building is an innate behavior in birds. Innate behaviors are also called instincts .
::雀巢建筑在鸟类中是一种天生的行为 天生的行为也被称为本能Innate Behavior
::内生行为行为One type of behavior that is clearly controlled by genes and subject to is innate behavior. Innate behavior is behavior that occurs naturally in all members of a . For innate behavior to occur, it just needs a particular stimulus to trigger it. Innate behavior is also called instinctive behavior. Instinct is the ability of an to perform a particular behavior in response to a given stimulus the first time the animal is exposed to the stimulus. In other words, an instinctive behavior does not have to be learned or practiced.
::一种明显受基因控制的行为类型是天生行为。 天生行为是自然在某个人的所有成员中发生的行为。 它只需要一种特定的刺激来触发它。 天生行为也被称为本能行为。 内在行为是动物第一次受到刺激时针对特定刺激行为采取特定行为的能力。 换句话说, 本能行为不必学习或实践。Innate behaviors are rigid and predictable. All members of the species always perform an innate behavior in the same way, regardless of the environment. Innate behaviors usually involve basic life functions, such as caring for offspring, so they often are necessary for successful . If animals do not perform innate behaviors correctly, they are unlikely to pass on their genes to the next generation.
::原生行为是僵硬的和可预测的。 物种的所有成员总是以同样的方式进行原生行为,不管环境如何。 原生行为通常涉及基本的生命功能,例如照料后代,因此它们往往是成功的必要条件。 如果动物不正确地进行原生行为,它们就不可能将基因传给下一代。Examples of Innate Behavior
::内在行为实例Innate behaviors are well known in many species of birds and . For example, chicks in many bird species instinctively open their mouths wide when their mother returns to the nest. In response to this stimulus, the mother instinctively spits up food to feed the chicks. In certain other bird species, including the kelp gull shown in Figure , when a mother bird taps on the ground with her beak , her chicks instinctively peck at a red spot on her beak. In response to the pecking, the mother instinctively spits up food to feed the chicks. Another example of innate behavior occurs in honeybees. A honeybee performs a “dance” when it returns to the hive after finding a source of food. The dance “tells” the other bees where to find the food. These innate behaviors in birds and honeybees help the animals performing them survive and reproduce, so they are passed down to future generations.
::例如,许多鸟类种类和鸟类物种的幼鸟在母亲回到巢穴时本能地张开嘴。为了响应这一刺激,母鸟本能地吐出食物喂小鸟。在其他一些鸟类物种中,包括图中显示的海藻,母鸟用它的嘴在地上用她的嘴在嘴上挖水时,母鸟本能地在嘴上戳红点。为了应对这种刺痛,母鸟本能地吐出食物喂小鸟。另一个本能地吐出食物喂小鸟的例子发生在蜜蜂中。蜜蜂在找到食物来源后返回蜂巢时会起一种“舞 ” 。 舞动“ 齿” , 其它蜜蜂在那里寻找食物。 这些鸟和蜜蜂的产物行为有助于动物生存和繁殖,因此它们会传给后代。Innate behaviors occur in virtually all species of animals. Generally, in species with lower levels of intelligence, a greater proportion of behaviors are innate. The following behaviors are examples of innate behaviors:
::自然行为几乎发生在所有动物物种中。 一般来说,在智力水平较低的物种中,更大比例的行为是天生的。 以下行为是天生行为的例子:-
Web making in spiders.
::蜘蛛的网络制作。 -
Nest building in birds.
::鸟儿的巢穴建筑 -
Fighting among male stickleback
.
::男性的纠缠者之间的争斗 -
Cocoon
spinning in insects such as moths.
::在飞蛾等昆虫中旋转的椰子。 -
Swimming in dolphins and other
species.
::在海豚和其他物种中游泳
A well-studied example of innate behavior occurs in ground-nesting birds, such as graylag geese shown in Figure . If one of her eggs rolls out of the nest, a female graylag goose will instinctively use her bill to push the egg back into the nest. The sight of the egg outside the nest triggers the behavior. This type of innate behavior is also called a fixed action pattern. It involves a fixed sequence of actions. Once a fixed action pattern is triggered by a stimulus, the sequence continues until completed, even if the stimulus is no longer present. For example, if the graylag goose’s egg rolls out of the nest and is picked up and taken away, the goose will continue moving her head as though pushing an imaginary egg. The goose will also try to push any egg-shaped object, such as a golf ball, if it is placed near the nest. She will even push a much larger egg-shaped object, such as a volleyball. In fact, a bigger object will trigger larger movements in response.
::众所周知的内在行为的例子发生在地底喷食鸟类中,如图中显示的灰渣鹅。如果一只雌灰鹅从巢中滚出,那么雌灰鹅会本能地用她的帐单将蛋推回巢。看到巢外的蛋就会触发这种行为。这种天生行为也被称为固定动作模式。它涉及固定的动作序列。一旦一个固定动作模式被刺激触发,序列就会一直持续到完成,即使刺激不再存在。例如,如果灰渣鹅的蛋从巢中滚出,被捡起来并带走,鹅会继续摇动头部,就像推动一个想象中的蛋一样。鹅也会试图推动任何蛋形物体,例如高尔夫球,如果放在巢附近的话。她甚至会推一个更大的蛋形物体,例如排球。事实上,一个更大的物体会触发更大的反应。A female graylag goose is followed closely by her gosling (baby geese).
::一只灰色雌鹅紧跟在她身后,紧跟在她身后(小鹅)。The behavior of the graylag goose demonstrates that innate behaviors do not always increase an animal’s chances of successfully reproducing. Pushing an egg back into the nest increases the goose’s chances of successfully reproducing, but pushing a golf ball wastes time and energy that could be spent on the actual eggs. Therefore, innate behaviors may be too rigid to be advantageous all the time. They may occur even when they are not appropriate.
::灰白鹅的行为表明,天生的行为并不总是增加动物成功繁殖的机会。 将鸡蛋推回巢会增加鹅成功繁殖的机会,但推高尔夫球会浪费可能花在实际鸡蛋上的时间和能量。 因此,天生的行为可能太僵硬,永远不能有利。 即使它们不合适,也可能发生。Do Humans Have Innate Behaviors?
::人类有内在行为吗?The only animal species in which the existence of innate behaviors is questioned is Homo sapiens . The drives to eat and mate are probably instincts in humans, but the ways in which humans act upon these drives can be consciously controlled and influenced by the environment. The only human behaviors that are undeniably innate are reflex behaviors, several of which occur in infants . An example is the grasping reflex. In the first few months after birth, infants instinctively grasp objects placed on their palm. Did you (or your healthcare provider) ever strike your bent knee just below the knee cap while you were sitting? If your knee was struck in just the right place, your lower leg automatically swung forward. This is another example of a reflex behavior. Apart from reflex behaviors such as these, the behaviors of humans are primarily acquired or shaped through learning .
::唯一质疑天生行为存在的动物物种是智人。 进食和交配的动力可能是人类的本能, 但人类在这些驱动器上的行为方式可以有意识地控制并受到环境的影响。 唯一不可否认的人类天生行为是反应行为, 其中一些发生在婴儿身上。 一个例子就是捕捉反应。 在出生后的头几个月里, 婴儿本能地抓住手掌上放置的物体。 你( 或你的保健提供者)有没有在坐在膝盖下方的时候击打你的膝盖? 如果膝盖被打在正确的地方, 你的下腿会自动向前摇动。 这是另一个反动行为的例子。 除了这些反动行为外, 人类的行为主要是通过学习获得或塑造的。Summary
::摘要-
One type of behavior that is clearly controlled by genes and subject to natural selection is innate behavior.
::一种明显受基因控制且自然选择的行为是天生行为。 -
Innate behaviors are rigid and predictable and usually involve basic life functions, such as caring for offspring, so they often are necessary for successful reproduction.
::固有行为是僵硬和可预测的,通常涉及基本生活功能,例如照顾后代,因此,它们往往是成功生育所必需的。 -
Once a fixed action pattern is triggered by a stimulus, the sequence continues until completed, even if the stimulus is no longer present.
::一旦刺激触发固定的行动模式,即使刺激措施不再存在,其顺序将持续到完成为止。 -
The only animal species in which the existence of innate behaviors is questioned is Homo sapiens.
::唯一质疑内在行为存在的动物物种是智人。
Review
::回顾-
How common are innate behaviors in the animal kingdom? Which animals tend to have a greater number of innate behaviors?
::动物王国的先天行为有多常见?哪些动物有较多的先天行为? -
How can innate behaviors sometimes be disadvantageous for an individual in terms of reproduction? Give an example based on the graylag goose.
::遗传行为有时在生殖方面对个体会有什么不利之处? 举一个灰色鹅的例子。 -
What kind of innate behaviors do humans exhibit?
::人类展出什么样的内在行为?
Explore More
::探索更多 -
Web making in spiders.
