课程： 16.34 鸟类分类 -- -- 高级

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鸟类分类 - 高级

Raptor vs. Landfowl . Any obvious differences?
::猛禽对陆地禽有什么明显区别吗?

Of course there are. That is like comparing a turkey to an owl. And there are also flightless , birds that live near , and parrots . With almost 10,000 of birds, there are bound to be significant differences.
::当然有。这就像把火鸡比作猫头鹰。还有没有飞行的鸟,住在附近的鸟和鹦鹉。近一万只鸟,必然会有巨大的差异。

Classification of Birds
::鸟类分类

Traditionally, birds have been classified based on their morphology. Comparisons of their beak shape, foot shape, feathers , and flying abilities have been used to classify them into about 29 orders. However, as with classifications of other organisms , the phylogenetic of birds is a matter of debate. Since the mid-2000s, new and molecular data provide a clearer picture of the evolution of modern bird orders. With these data, we are beginning to understand birds' relationships to each other and to dinosaurs .
::传统上,鸟类根据其形态被分类,它们的嘴形、脚形、羽毛和飞行能力的比较被用来将其分类为大约29个顺序。然而,与其他生物的分类一样,鸟类的生理基因学是一个争论的问题。自2000年代中期以来,新的分子数据更清楚地说明了现代鸟类订单的演变。有了这些数据,我们开始理解鸟类彼此的关系以及与恐龙的关系。

Phylogenetically, the bird class Aves is usually defined as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of a specific modern bird species, such as the western bluebird ( Sialia mexicana ), and either Archaeopteryx or a prehistoric species more closely related to modern birds. However, scientists are doubtful that Archaeopteryx is a direct ancestor of birds. Classifying modern birds with a direct ancestor avoids the problems caused by the unclear link between Archaeopteryx and modern birds. If modern birds are grouped along with their prehistoric bird ancestor, this larger group is termed Avialae.
::从遗传学上讲,鸟类类Aves通常被定义为特定现代鸟类物种(如西里雅海氏)最近常见祖先的所有后代,如西部青鸟(西雅里海氏),或者与现代鸟类关系更密切的考古切质或史前物种。然而,科学家怀疑考古切质是鸟类的直接祖先。将现代鸟类与直接祖先划为一类可以避免考古切质与现代鸟类之间不明联系所造成的问题。如果现代鸟类与其史前鸟类祖先一起组群,这个较大的群被称为Avialae。

All modern birds lie within the subclass Neornithes, which has two subdivisions: the Paleognathae, containing mostly flightless birds like ostriches, and the diverse Neognathae, which contains all other birds. Depending on the taxonomic viewpoint, the number of known living bird species varies anywhere from 9,800 to 10,050.
::所有现代鸟类都位于Neornithes亚类之内,该亚类有两个分支:Palegnathae(Palegnathae),其中多数是无飞行鸟类,如鸟,以及包含所有其他鸟类的多样化的Negnathae(Negnathae ) 。根据分类学观点,已知活鸟类物种的数量从9,800到10,050不等。

Infraclass Paleognathae
::Palegognathae 低级

The Paleognathae, or paleognaths ("old jaws"), contain several living orders of birds: the Tinamiformes (tinamous), the Apterygiformes (kiwis), Casuariiformes (cassowaries and emus), Rheiformes (rheas), and the Struthioniformes (ostriches), some of which are shown in Figure . There are also many examples of extinct paleognaths such as the moas that lived in New Zealand and elephant birds that lived in Madagascar. Moas are also shown in Figure .
::Palegagnathae (“老下巴”) 或galgognathe (“老下巴”) 含有几种活的鸟类:Tinamiformes (蒂纳穆斯)、Apterygiforme (kiwis)、Casaraiforme(宰牲和以母星)、Rheiformes (rheas) 和Struthioniformes (ostriches),其中一些在图中显示了。还有许多已灭绝的古老的古典的例子,例如生活在新西兰的马斯和生活在马达加斯加的大象鸟。图中也显示了摩斯。

Most paleognaths have long necks and long legs and are specialized for running rather than flight . All but the tinamous are flightless. Paleognaths, other than tinamous, are commonly known as ratites (from the Latin word for raft: ratis ) because they have a breastbone shaped like a raft.
::大部分古人脖子长,腿长,专门用来跑,而不是飞行。除了有色人种外,其他都无飞行可飞。帕列格纳人(除有色人种之外)通常被称为老鼠(从拉丁文的木筏词:老鼠 ) , 因为他们的胸骨形状像木筏。

Infraclass Neognathae
::亚一级新甲烷

The Neognathae, or neognaths (“new jaws”), include virtually all living birds. There are about 10,000 species of living neognaths. Since the late Cretaceous period (from about 145 million years ago to 65 million years ago), from when the earliest fossils are known, they have developed into very different bodyforms (especially the bills and feet) and a diverse range of behaviors. Birds are divided into about 29 orders (listed below), depending on the type of classification being followed, but we will focus on just a few of the most common orders.
::Neugnathae(新下巴 ) , ( “ 新下巴 ” ) 包括几乎所有活的鸟类。大约有10,000种活的新生儿。自已故的白鲸时期(从1.45亿年前到6500万年前 ) , 从最早的化石被发现以来,它们已经发展成非常不同的形体(特别是浮标和脚)和各种各样的行为。鸟类被分为大约29个顺序(下面列出 ) , 取决于所遵循的分类类型,但我们只关注几个最常见的命令。

Superorder Galloanserae - fowl.
::超级级加洛安斯拉 - 禽类。

Anseriformes - waterfowl .
::- 水禽

Galliformes - wildfowl/landfowl.
::- 野禽/野禽/陆地禽。

Gastornithiformes - diatrymas (fossil).
::气相气相外形 - 异质( 软质) 。

Superorder Neoaves.
::超级订单新牛。

Charadriiformes - shorebirds/waders and allies.
::Charadriformes - 岸鸟/水鸟和盟友。

Pteroclidiformes - sandgrouse.
::气化 - 沙子种植。

Phoenicopteriformes - flamingos.
::火烈鸟

Podicipediformes - grebes.
::假形 - 灰色。

Gaviiformes - loons/divers.
::开胃菜 - 叶子/分裂剂。

Procellariiformes - tubenoses.
::血细胞化 - 管子

Sphenisciformes - penguins.
::苯异体 - 企鹅。

Pelecaniformes - pelicans and allies.
::食人鱼 - 和盟友。

Ciconiiformes - storks and allies.
::形形色色 - 和盟友。

Gruiformes - cranes and allies.
::Gruiformes - 起重机和盟友。

Falconiformes - diurnal raptors .
::法眼形 -二极管猛龙

Columbiformes - doves and pigeons.
::Columbiformes - 鸽子和鸽子。

Strigiformes - owls.
::雕刻猫头鹰

Caprimulgiformes - nightjars and allies.
::夜总会和盟友

Aegotheliformes - owlet-nightjars.
::猫头鹰夜间罐头

Apodiformes - swifts and hummingbirds.
::灵丹妙药 -- -- 迅猛和蜂鸟。

Opisthocomiformes - Hoatzin.
::- 霍阿津(Hoatzin)

Cuculiformes - cuckoos.
::Cuculiformes - 咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕咕噜。

Psittaciformes - parrots, parakeets, and cockatoos.
::鹦鹉鹦鹉鹦鹉鹦鹉鹦鹉

Coliiformes - mousebirds.
::群落 - 老鼠鸟。

Trogoniformes - trogons.
::龙形 - 龙形。

Coraciiformes - rollers and allies.
::螺旋状体 - 滚轮和盟友。

Piciformes - woodpeckers and allies.
::有机物 -- -- 木鸟和盟友。

Passeriformes - passerines/ perching birds .
::被动成形 -- -- 过敏/焦鸟。

Superorder Galloanserae
::超级单级加洛安斯拉

The birds referred to as fowl belong to one of two orders: the gamefowl or landfowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes). Studies of anatomical and molecular similarities suggest that these two groups are closely related.
::被称为禽鸟的鸟类属于两个命令中的一个:猎禽或陆地禽(伽利福斯)和水禽(Anserifomes),对解剖学和分子相似性的研究表明,这两组是密切相关的。

Order Galliformes—Landfowl
::石形 -- -- 野禽

Galliformes is an order containing turkeys, grouse, chickens, quails, and pheasants. About 256 species are found worldwide. Galliformes vary in size from the small Asian Blue Quail ( Coturnix chinensis ), which is about 12.5 cm (5 in) long and weighs 28 to 40 g (1 to 1.4 oz), to the largest galliform species: the North American Wild Turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo ), show in Figure . Some wild turkeys may weigh as much as 14 kg (about 30.5 lb) and may exceed 120 cm (47in).
::石化石是含有火鸡、、鸡、和野鸡的订单,全世界约有256种,其体积各不相同,从亚洲小型蓝奎尔(Coturnix chinensis)的12.5厘米(5英寸)长,重量为28至40克(1至1.4oz),到最大的银化物物种:北美野生土耳其(Meleagris callopavo),见图。一些野生火鸡的体积可能高达14公斤(约30.5磅),可能超过120厘米(47英寸)。

Most Galliformes have large bodies with thick necks, moderately long legs, and rounded wings . Adult male Galliform birds have a sharp, horny spur on the back of each leg, which they use for fighting other males. Some Galliformes are adapted to grassland habitats , and these genera are noted for their long, thin necks, long legs, and large, wide wings. Thus, turkeys, pheasants, peafowl, and quail all have similar body types.
::成年雄性金字塔鸟在每条腿的背部都有尖锐的角性刺激,用来与其它雄性进行战斗。一些金字塔适应了草原生境,这些基因因长颈、长颈、长腿和大翅膀而有记号。因此,火鸡、野鸡、豌鸟和都有相似的体型。

Order Anseriformes --Waterfowl
::水禽 -- -- 水禽

The order Anseriformes contains about 150 living species of birds, which include screamers, magpie geese, ducks, geese, and swans. All species in the order are highly adapted for life on the water surface. All are web-footed for efficient swimming, although some have also become mainly . They nest on the ground, and their young are hatched precocious. A magpie goose, a female and male mallard duck, and a crested screamer are shown in Figure .
::命令 Ansereform 包含大约150种鸟类, 包括尖叫器、岩鹅、鸭子、鹅和天鹅。所有物种都高度适应水面上的生活。它们都是为高效游泳而使用网足, 虽然有些也已成为主要游泳方式。它们筑巢在地面上, 它们的幼鸟孵化得先熟。图中显示的是一只岩鹅、一只雌性野鸭和雄性野鸭, 以及一只尖锐的尖叫器。

Order Charadriiformes—Shorebirds and Waders
::Charadriforfomes - 绿鸟和Waders

Charadriiformes is a diverse order of small to medium-large birds. It includes about 350 species and has members in all parts of the world. Most Charadriiformes live near water and eat invertebrates or other small ; however, some are pelagic (sea birds), some occupy deserts, and a few are found in thick forests. Some of the most well-known charadriiforms include gulls and puffins, which are shown in Figure .
::沙拉德里亚形式是中小鸟类的多种种类,包括约350种物种,在世界各地都有成员,大多数沙拉德里亚形式居住在水附近,食用无脊椎动物或其他小动物;不过,有些是中上层鸟类(海鸟),有些是沙漠,有些在厚厚的森林中发现,一些最著名的沙拉德里亚形式包括海鸥和海豚,如图所示。

Order Sphenisciformes–Penguins
::顺序苯异体 - Penguins

Penguins are a group of , flightless birds living almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere. The number of penguin species is debated. Estimations on the number of penguin species vary between 17 and 20 living species. Most penguins feed on krill, , squid, and other forms of sea-life caught while swimming underwater. They spend half of their life on land and half in the oceans.
::企鹅是一群几乎完全生活在南半球的无飞行鸟类。对企鹅物种的数量进行了辩论。对企鹅物种数量的估计在17到20个生物物种之间。大多数企鹅食用磷虾、鱿鱼和在水下游泳时捕捉的其他形式的海洋生物。它们一半的寿命在陆地上,一半在海洋中。

Most penguins, like the gentoo penguin in Figure , lay two eggs in a clutch, although the two largest species, the emperor and the king penguins, only lay one egg. The parents cooperate in caring for the clutch and the young. During the cold season, on the other hand, the mates separate for several months to protect the egg. Usually, the male stays with the egg and keeps it warm in a brood pouch between his feet, while the female goes to sea to find food for the baby.
::大部分企鹅,如图中的根诺企鹅一样,用离合器产下两个蛋,尽管最大的两个物种,即皇帝和国王企鹅,只产一个蛋。父母在照顾离合器和年轻人方面进行合作。另一方面,在寒冷季节,伴侣们分开了几个月来保护蛋。通常,雄企鹅用蛋在两只脚之间保热,雌企鹅则去海中为婴儿寻找食物。

Order Falconiformes-Diurnal Raptors
::双脊形猛龙秩序

The order Falconiformes is a group of about 290 species of birds that include the diurnal birds of prey . Diurnal refers to animals that are active in the day and sleep at night. Falconiformes includes falcons, hawks, eagles, and vultures. Typically, falconiformes have a sharply hooked beak for tearing up prey, as shown in Figure . They also have strong legs, feet with hooked claws, and an opposable hind claw for capturing and holding onto prey. Falconiformes are carnivorous, hunting by sight during the day or at twilight. They have excellent eyesight and are exceptionally long-lived. Monogamy is the general rule, although an alternative mate is often selected if one dies.
::法老形式由大约290种鸟类组成,其中包括猎物的二栖鸟类。Diurnal指白天活跃和夜间睡觉的动物。Falconizomes包括猎鹰、鹰、鹰和秃鹰。一般而言,如图所示,法老形式有尖锐的咬碎猎物的嘴唇。它们还有强壮的腿、有钩爪的脚和可以对立的后爪捕捉和抓捕猎物。法老形式是食肉性的,白天或黄昏时可以猎食,视力很好,寿命特别长。一夫一妻制是一般规则,不过如果一个人死了,往往选择替代的伴侣。

Order Strigiformes–Owls (Nocturnal Raptors)
::Strigiforps- Owls(夜间猛禽)

Owls are classified in the order Strigiformes, of which there are over 200 species. Most owls are solitary and nocturnal birds of prey. However, not all owls are nocturnal. The burrowing owl, shown in Figure , is usually active during the day. Owls mostly hunt small mammals , , and other birds, although a few species specialize in hunting fish. They are found in all regions of Earth except Antarctica, most of Greenland, and some remote islands.
::猫头鹰按星体顺序分类,其物种超过200种,猫头鹰大多数是孤立的夜夜鸟类,但并非所有猫头鹰都是夜行的。如图所示,洞穴猫头鹰通常在白天活动。猫头鹰大多猎捕小型哺乳动物和其他鸟类,尽管少数物种专门捕猎鱼类。它们存在于地球所有地区,除南极洲、大多数格陵兰岛和一些偏远岛屿外。

Owls have large forward-facing and ears, a hawk-like beak, and usually a circle of feathers called a facial disc around each eye. Although owls have binocular , their large eyes are fixed in their sockets, as is the case with other birds, and they must turn their entire head to look around.
::猫头鹰的前额和耳朵都很大,一只鹰形嘴,通常有一圈羽毛,叫做每只眼睛的面部圆盘。尽管猫头鹰有望远镜,但它们的大眼睛固定在插座上,其他鸟类的情况也是如此,它们必须把整个头转向四周看。

Order Psittaciformes-Parrots, Parakeets, and Cockatoos
::Psistaciformades-Parrots、parakeets和蟑螂

The order Psittaciformes is made up of parrots, parakeets, and cockatoos. The roughly 350 species in the order are found in most warm and regions. They are usually grouped into two families: the Psittacidae (true parrots) and the Cacatuidae (cockatoos). Characteristic features of parrots include a strong, curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed four-toed feet with two toes facing forward and two facing back. Most parrots are green with other bright colors, and some species are multi-colored. Cockatoo species range from mostly white to mostly black, and they have a mobile crest of feathers on the top of their heads.
::鹦鹉、鹦鹉、鹦鹉、鹦鹉、鹦鹉、鹦鹉、鹦鹉、鹦鹉。大约 350 种按顺序排列的物种在最温暖的地区和地区都能找到。它们通常分为两组: 鹦鹉和鹦鹉。鹦鹉的特征包括坚固、弯曲的帐单、直立的姿势、强壮的腿、和爪形的四脚四趾、两只脚朝前、两只向后。大多数鹦鹉都是绿色的, 还有其他亮色的, 有些是多色的。鹦鹉的物种大多为白色, 大部分为黑色, 头顶上有移动的羽毛。

Parrots, along with crows, jays, and magpies, are some of the most intelligent birds, and their ability to imitate human voices makes them popular as pets. Trapping of wild parrots for the pet trade, as well as other hunting, habitat loss , and from invasive species, has decreased wild , and more parrots are threatened with extinction than any other group of birds.
::鹦鹉,以及乌鸦、公羊和岩浆,都是一些最聪明的鸟类,它们模仿人类声音的能力使他们成为宠物。野生鹦鹉被宠物贸易和其他狩猎、栖息地损失和入侵物种所猎杀,减少了野生鹦鹉,比任何其他鸟类群体都面临灭绝的威胁。

Order Passeriformes-Perching Birds
::传令食道-食道鸟

A passerine is a bird of the large order Passeriformes. Passeriformes (perching birds) is the largest order of land vertebrates , containing some 60% of living birds. Sometimes known as perching birds, the passerines form one of the most diverse terrestrial orders of vertebrates, with about 5,400 species. Many passerines are songbirds and have complex to control their syrinx. Most passerines are smaller than members of other avian orders. The heaviest and largest passerine is the thick-billed raven, shown in Figure , which can be 60-64 cm in length.
::过敏是大顺序的鸟。过敏鸟是最大顺序的陆脊椎动物,占活鸟的60%左右。有时,过敏鸟是最多样化的陆陆界脊椎动物,约有5 400种物种。许多过敏鸟是歌鸟,在控制其共性方面比较复杂。大多数过敏鸟比其他禽类小。最重和最大的过敏鸟是厚嘴的乌鸦,如图所示,长度为60-64厘米。

The foot of a passerine has three toes directed forward, without any webbing or joining, and one toe directed backward, as shown in Figure . The hind toe joins the leg at the same level as the front toes. In other orders of birds, the toe arrangement is different. Most passerines lay colored eggs, in contrast with non-passerines, whose eggs are usually white.
::如图所示,路人脚有三只脚指向前方,没有任何杂草或连在一起,还有一只脚指向后向后。后脚脚指与前脚脚指相接。在其他鸟类顺序中,脚指的排列不同。多数路人产彩蛋,而非通行证的蛋通常是白色的,相比之下,非通行证的蛋通常都是白色的。

The passerine family Corvidae, which includes crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, and magpies, has been found to contain the most intelligent birds. Based on the brain-to-body ratio, corvid brains are among the largest in birds. Their brain size is equal to those of great apes and cetaceans and only slightly smaller than a human's. When compared to dogs and cats in an testing the ability to seek out food according to clues, corvid birds did better than the mammals.
::由乌鸦、乌鸦、野马、乌鸦、乌鸦、公羊和岩浆组成的过往家庭科维达(Corvidae)已经发现含有最聪明的鸟类。根据大脑对身体的比例,腐烂的大脑是鸟类中最大的鸟类之一。它们的大脑大小相当于大猩猩和鲸目动物,比人类小一点。与狗和猫相比,在测试根据线索寻找食物的能力时,腐烂的鸟类比哺乳动物做得更好。

Their intelligence is boosted by the length of time the young corvids stay with their parents. They are hatched atrical, and, by remaining with their parents, the young have more opportunities to learn survival skills. Since most corvids are cooperative brooders that live in large flocks, the young can learn from different members of the group.
::他们的智力因年轻小矮人与父母在一起的时间长而得到提升,他们被孵化成小儿院,并且通过与父母一起生活,年轻人有更多的机会学习生存技能。由于大多数小矮人都是居住在大群中的合作性育婴者,因此年轻人可以向不同群体的成员学习。

Flying Birds: Summary
::飞鸟:摘要

Birds that are able to fly are divided into 29 orders that differ in their physical traits and behaviors. Table describes seven of the most common orders. As shown in the table, the majority of flying birds are perching birds like the honeyeater described in the last row of the table. The order of perching birds has more species than all the other bird orders combined. In fact, this order of birds is the single largest order of land vertebrates.
::能够飞的鸟类被分为29个顺序,这些顺序在物理特征和行为上各不相同。表格列出了七个最常见的顺序。如表格所示,大多数飞鸟像表最后一行描述的蜂蜜动物一样,在捕食鸟类。捕食鸟类的顺序比其他鸟类的顺序加在一起的种类要多。事实上,鸟类的顺序是陆地脊椎动物的最大顺序。

Order (common name)	Description	Example
Landfowl: turkeys, chickens, pheasants	They are large in size; they spend most of their time on the ground; they usually have a thick neck and short, rounded wings; their flight tends to be brief and close to the ground.	turkey ::火火鸡
Waterfowl: ducks, geese, swans	They are large in size; they spend most of their time on the water surface; they have webbed feet and are good swimmers; most are strong flyers.	ducks ::鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭、鸭
Shorebirds : puffins, gulls, plovers	They range from small to large; most live near the water, and some are sea birds; they have webbed feet and are good swimmers; most are strong flyers.	puffin ::乌芬
Diurnal Raptors: hawks, falcons, eagles	They range from small to large; they are active during the day and sleep during the night; they have a sharp, hooked beak and strong legs with clawed feet; they hunt by sight and have excellent vision.	hawk ::鹰鹰鹰
Nocturnal Raptors : burrowing owls, barn owls, horned owls	They range from small to large; they are active during the night and sleep during the day; they have a sharp, hooked beak and strong legs with clawed feet; they have large, forward-facing eyes; they have excellent hearing and can hunt with their sense of hearing alone.	burrowing owl ::挖掘猫头鹰
Parrots: cockatoos, parrots, parakeets	They range from small to large; they are found in tropical regions; they have a strong, curved bill; they stand upright on strong legs with clawed feet; many are brightly colored; they are very intelligent.	cockatoo ::
Perching Birds: honeyeaters, sparrows, crows	They are small in size; they perch above the ground in trees and on buildings and wires; they have four toes for grasping a perch; many are songbirds.	honeyeater ::蜂食者

The Golden Eagle
::金鹰

Although not as famous as their bald cousins, golden eagles are much easier to find in Northern California - one of the largest breeding populations for golden eagles. The largest of the raptors, golden eagles weigh typically between 8 and 12 pounds, and their wing span is around 6 to 7 feet. These eagles dive towards earth to catch prey and can reach speeds of up to 200 mph!
::金鹰虽然没有秃头表弟那么出名,但在北加州(金鹰最大的繁殖人口之一),金鹰就更容易找到。最大的猛禽、金鹰的重量通常在8到12磅之间,它们的翅膀宽度在6到7英尺左右。这些鹰向地球下潜以捕猎,速度可达200米!

The Great Horned Owl
::大角猫头鹰

Owls are amazing creatures. They have many adaptations that allow them to thrive in their environments. Their claws are enormous and powerful, and they have both excellent hearing and fantastic vision in low light. And great horned owls can fly almost silently due to "fringes" on their feathers that help break up the sound of air passing over their wings.
::猫头鹰是惊人的生物。它们有许多适应性能,可以让它们在其环境中蓬勃发展。它们的爪子是巨大而强大的,它们有极好的听力和极佳的低光视觉。而雄鹰的羽毛上几乎可以无声地飞翔,因为羽毛上的“野兽”有助于打破飞过翅膀的空气声。

Summary
::摘要

All modern birds lie within the subclass Neornithes, which has two subdivisions: the Paleognathae, containing mostly flightless birds like ostriches, and the diverse Neognathae, which contains all other birds.
::所有现代鸟类都位于Neornithes子类之内,该子类有两个分支:Palegnathae, 含有大多数无飞行鸟类如, 以及包含所有其他鸟类的多样化新尼格纳塔。

Most paleognaths have long necks and long legs and are specialized for running rather than flight.
::大多数古人脖子长,腿长,专门跑,而不是逃跑。

The birds referred to as fowl belong to one of two orders: the gamefowl or landfowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes).
::被称为禽鸟的鸟类属于两个命令中的一个:猎鹰或陆地禽鸟(伽利佛)和水禽(安西佛)。

Charadriiformes is a diverse order of small to medium-large birds. It includes about 350 species and has members in all parts of the world.
::Charadriformes是各种中小鸟类,包括约350种物种,在世界各地都有成员。

Penguins are a group of aquatic, flightless birds living almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere.
::企鹅是一群水生无飞行鸟类几乎完全生活在南半球

The order Falconiformes is a group of about 290 species of birds that include the diurnal birds of prey. Diurnal refers to animals that are active in the day and sleep at night. Falconiformes includes falcons, hawks, eagles, and vultures.
::Falconifyformes 顺序由大约290种鸟类组成,其中包括猎物的二角鸟。Diurnal指白天和夜间睡觉的动物。Falconificformes 包括猎鹰、鹰、鹰和秃鹫。

Owls are classified in the order Strigiformes, of which there are over 200 species.
::猫头鹰按大小顺序分类,其物种超过200种。

The order Psittaciformes is made up of parrots, parakeets, and cockatoos. The roughly 350 species in the order are found in most warm and tropical regions.
::长尾鹦鹉(Psistaciforates)由鹦鹉(鹦鹉)、鹦鹉(parakeets)和鹦鹉(cacatoos)组成。大约350种种种种在最温暖和热带地区都有。

Passeriformes (perching birds) is the largest order of land vertebrates, containing some 60% of living birds.
::食虫动物(食鸟)是最大的陆脊椎动物,占活鸟类的60%左右。

The passerine family Corvidae, which includes crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, and magpies, has been found to be the most intelligent birds.
::包括乌鸦、乌鸦、公鸡、公牛、麻雀、麻雀等,

Review
::回顾

What are some common characteristics of paleognaths?
::古生物学有哪些共同特征?

Which two orders of birds are known commonly as fowl?
::哪种鸟类通常被称为禽类?

What do penguins usually eat?
::企鹅通常吃什么?

What does diurnal mean? Which order of birds contains diurnal birds of prey?
::底栖动物是什么意思鸟类的哪个顺序含有猎物的底栖鸟类

What are some characteristic features of parrots?
::鹦鹉的特征是什么?

What is the largest order of land vertebrates?
::最大的陆脊椎动物数量是多少?

Which family of birds is the most intelligent?
::哪一家鸟最聪明?

章节大纲

常规

鸟类分类 - 高级

Classification of Birds ::鸟类分类

Infraclass Paleognathae ::Palegognathae 低级

Infraclass Neognathae ::亚一级新甲烷

Superorder Galloanserae ::超级单级加洛安斯拉

Order Galliformes—Landfowl ::石形 -- -- 野禽

Order Anseriformes --Waterfowl ::水禽 -- -- 水禽

Order Charadriiformes—Shorebirds and Waders ::Charadriforfomes - 绿鸟和Waders

Order Sphenisciformes–Penguins ::顺序 苯异体 - Penguins

Order Falconiformes-Diurnal Raptors ::双脊形猛龙秩序

Order Strigiformes–Owls (Nocturnal Raptors) ::Strigiforps- Owls(夜间猛禽)

Order Psittaciformes-Parrots, Parakeets, and Cockatoos ::Psistaciformades-Parrots、parakeets和蟑螂

Order Passeriformes-Perching Birds ::传令食道-食道鸟

Flying Birds: Summary ::飞鸟:摘要

The Golden Eagle ::金鹰

The Great Horned Owl ::大角猫头鹰

Summary ::摘要

Review ::回顾