17.74 免疫缺陷疾病 -- -- 高级
Section outline
-
Which is stronger?
::哪个更强大?You or little tiny ? Usually you are. Normally your body can put up a strong defense against enemy pathogens. But what if it can't? What happens if your immune system is "sick?"
::通常情况下,你的身体可以对敌人病原体进行强大的防御。但如果它不能呢?如果你的免疫系统是“病态”怎么办?Immunodeficiency Diseases
::免疫性疾病Immunodeficiency occurs when one or more components of the immune system are not working normally. As a result, the ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens and other threats is decreased. A person with immunodeficiency may suffer from frequent life-threatening infections. In other words, an individual with a compromised immune system (for example, a person with AIDS ) may be unable to fight off and survive infections by microorganisms that are usually benign. Immunodeficiency can be present at birth or acquired after birth.
::因此,免疫系统对病原体和其他威胁的反应能力降低; 免疫机能丧失者可能经常受到危及生命的感染; 换言之,免疫机能丧失者(例如艾滋病患者)可能无法抵抗通常无害的微生物的感染并存活下来; 出生时或出生后可能出现免疫机能丧失症。Congenital Immunodeficiency
::前天免疫机能丧失综合症Congenital immunodeficiency is present at birth and is usually caused by a . Such disorders are relatively rare. For example, thymic aplasia—a genetic disorder characterized by an absent or abnormal thymus—occurs in about 1 out of 4,000 births. People with thymic aplasia are unable to produce normal T cells . They have frequent infections and an increased risk of .
::遗传性免疫机能丧失症在出生时就存在,而且通常是由某种疾病造成的。这种疾病比较少见。例如,在4 000个新生儿中,约有1个出生的婴儿患有甲状腺缺损或异常的甲状腺遗传性疾病。患甲状腺肿的人无法生产正常的T型细胞,他们经常感染,而且感染的风险增加。Acquired Immunodeficiency
::获得性免疫缺陷综合Acquired immunodeficiency occurs when immune function declines in a person who was born with a normal immune system. There are many possible causes for declining immune function. Age is one cause. The immune system naturally becomes less effective as we get older, starting in middle adulthood . This helps explain why older people are more susceptible to disease. Other possible causes of declining immune function include obesity , alcoholism, and illegal drug abuse . In developing countries, malnutrition is a common cause.
::后天免疫机能丧失症发生时,出生时具有正常免疫系统的人的免疫机能下降; 免疫机能下降有许多可能的原因; 免疫机能下降的原因; 年龄是一个原因; 免疫机能从成年中开始,随着我们长大,免疫机能自然会变得不那么有效; 这有助于解释为什么老年人更容易生病; 免疫机能下降的其他可能原因包括肥胖、酗酒和非法药物滥用; 在发展中国家,营养不良是常见的原因。Many medications can interfere with normal immune function and cause immunodeficiency. Immune suppressive drugs are deliberately given to people with autoimmune diseases and transplanted organs . Many other drugs have immune suppression as a side effect. Chemotherapy drugs for are especially likely to suppress the immune system.
::许多药物会干扰正常的免疫功能并造成免疫缺陷。免疫抑制药物被故意提供给有自发性疾病和移植器官的人。许多其他药物的副作用是免疫抑制。化疗药物特别有可能抑制免疫系统。Several kinds of cancer attack of the immune system and cause immunodeficiency. For example, in chronic lymphatic leukemia, abnormal B cells that can’t fight infection grow out of control and crowd out healthy B cells. Certain pathogens can also attack cells of the immune system. In fact, the known as is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in the world today.
::例如,在慢性淋巴血清中,无法抵抗感染的异常B细胞失控,排挤健康的B细胞。 某些病原体也可以攻击免疫系统的细胞。 事实上,所谓的疾病是当今世界最常见的免疫机能丧失原因。Summary
::摘要-
An individual with a compromised immune system may be unable to fight off and survive infections by microorganisms that are usually benign.
::免疫系统受损的个人可能无法对抗通常良性微生物的感染并存活下来。 -
Congenital immunodeficiency is present at birth and is usually caused by a genetic disorder. Such disorders are relatively rare.
::遗传性免疫机能丧失症在出生时就存在,通常由遗传疾病造成,这类疾病相对较少。 -
Age, obesity, alcoholism, illegal drug abuse, certain medications, cancer, and certain pathogens can all cause acquired immunodeficiency.
::年龄、肥胖症、酗酒、非法药物滥用、某些药物、癌症和某些病原体都会导致后天免疫机能丧失。
Review
::回顾-
What are the effects of a weakened immune system?
::免疫系统被削弱有什么影响? -
Which form of immunodeficiency is rarer: congenital or acquired?
::哪种形式的免疫缺陷是罕见的:先天性还是后天性? -
Give a few examples of factors that may lead to acquired immunodeficiency.
::举几个例子说明可能导致后天免疫机能丧失综合症的因素。
-
An individual with a compromised immune system may be unable to fight off and survive infections by microorganisms that are usually benign.
