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  • 男性生殖系统发展 -- -- 高级

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    What changes happen during ?
    ::发生什么变化?

    A lot changes during this time. A boy has to start shaving, his voice deepens, he gets taller, and a few other changes take place too.
    ::在此期间发生了许多变化。一个男孩必须开始刮胡子,他的声音越深,他越高,而且还有其他一些变化。

    Sexual Development in Males
    ::男性的性发育

    The male reproductive system is a collection of organs and other structures in the pelvic region. Most of the structures are located outside the body. The male reproductive system has two major functions: producing and secreting male sex hormones . Sperm are male gametes , or sex , which are necessary for . During puberty, a boy develops into a sexually mature male capable of producing sperm and reproducing.
    ::男性生殖系统是骨盆区域器官和其他结构的集合体,大多数结构位于身体之外,男性生殖系统有两个主要功能:生产和分泌男性性激素,精子是男性的组合体,或性,这是青春期所必需的。在青春期,男孩发育成性成熟的男性,能够生产精子和再生。

    Development Before Birth
    ::出生前发育

    In the first few weeks of life, male and female embryos are essentially the same except for their . Females have two X chromosomes, and males have an X and a Y chromosome . In male embryos, genes on the Y chromosome lead to the synthesis of testosterone . This begins around the sixth week of life.
    ::在生命的前几周,男女胚胎基本相同,但她们除外。 女性有2个X染色体,男性有1个X和1个Y染色体。在男性胚胎中,Y染色体上的基因导致睾丸酮合成。这从生命的第6周开始。

    Testosterone is a masculinizing and the chief sex hormone in males. Testosterone stimulates the embryo’s reproductive organs to develop into male organs. For example, because of testosterone, the embryo develops testes instead of ovaries , which are female organs that you will read about in The concept.
    ::睾丸酮是一种雄性激素,是男性的主要性激素。 睾丸酮刺激胚胎的生殖器官发展成男性器官。 比如,由于睾丸酮,胚胎会产生睾丸而不是卵巢,而卵巢是女性器官,将在“概念”中读到。

    All the reproductive organs are present by birth. However, they are immature and unable to function. The reproductive organs grow very little during childhood and do not mature until puberty.
    ::所有生殖器官都是因出生而出现,但是不成熟,无法发挥作用,生殖器官在童年时期发育很少,直到青春期才成熟。

    Puberty and Its Changes
    ::结核病及其变化

    Puberty is the period during which humans become sexually mature. In the United States, boys generally begin puberty at about age 12. Puberty starts when the hypothalamus , a gland in the brain , stimulates the nearby pituitary gland to secrete hormones that target the testes. The main pituitary hormone responsible for puberty in males is luteinizing hormone (LH). It stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. Testosterone promotes and growth. It brings about most of the physical changes of puberty, including the changes outlined in Table .
    ::胚胎是人类性成熟的时期。在美国,男孩一般在12岁左右开始青春期,当脑中腺的脑下脑膜下垂开始,刺激附近的垂体腺对睾丸的荷尔蒙进行分泌。导致男性青春期的主要垂体荷尔蒙是润滑荷尔蒙(LH)。它刺激睾丸产生睾丸酮。睾丸酮促进发育。它带来青春期的大部分物理变化,包括表中所列的变化。

    Changes in Males During Puberty
    Changes in Reproductive Organs
    Testes grow larger Penis grows longer
    Other reproductive structures grow Sperm production begins
    Other Physical Changes
    Pubic hair grows Facial and body hair grow
    density increases Long bones grow
    Muscle mass and strength increase Bones in the face grow
    Adam’s apple grows Apocrine sweat glands develop
    Shoulders widen Voice deepens

    Cells that are targeted by testosterone are those that have testosterone receptors. Receptors are molecules in or on cells that bind to specific hormones. Testosterone receptors are on the of cells. After binding to testosterone, they enter the nucleus where they bind to specific sequences and regulate gene .
    ::睾丸酮所针对的细胞是具有睾丸酮受体的细胞。受体是细胞内或细胞内与特定激素结合的分子。受体在细胞内。受体在细胞内。在与睾丸酮结合后,它们进入核心,与特定序列结合并调节基因。

    Some of the changes in  Table involve maturation of the reproductive organs including the penis. Traits such as adult penis size are called primary sex characteristics. Other changes, such as growth of pubic hair, are not directly related to reproduction. Characteristics of mature males such as pubic hair are called secondary sex characteristics.
    ::表格中的一些变化涉及生殖器官包括阴茎的成熟期,成人阴茎大小等症状被称为主要性别特征,其他变化,如阴毛生长与生殖没有直接关系,成年男性的特征,如阴毛被称为次要性别特征。

    Adolescent Growth Spurt
    ::青少年增长净化

    Another obvious change that occurs during puberty is a rapid growth in height. This is called the adolescent growth spurt . In males, the rate of growth usually starts to increase relatively early in puberty. At its peak rate, growth in height is typically about 10 centimeters per year. Growth generally remains rapid for several years. Growth and of occur toward the end of the growth spurt. Muscles may continue to develop and gain strength after growth in height is finished.
    ::青春期期间出现的另一个明显变化是身高的快速增长。这被称为青少年成长的刺激。在男性中,增长率通常在青春期开始相对早期增长。在高峰期,高度增长率通常为每年10厘米左右。几年来,增长普遍保持快速。增长和增长快快到增长的结束。在高度增长完成后,肌肉可能继续发展和壮大。

    Timing of Puberty
    ::肺结核的时机安排

    The ages at which particular changes of puberty occur differ from one person to another. However, the changes generally occur in the same sequence for most males. The sequence in which some of the more obvious changes occur is represented by the following stages:
    ::青春期发生特定变化的年龄因人而异,但变化通常在大多数男性的顺序相同。

    Stage 1 —The scrotum and testes grow larger.
    Stage 2 —The penis becomes longer and pubic hair appears.
    Stage 3 —Facial and underarm hair appear and the voice deepens.

    In the U.S., the average boy begins Stage 1 of puberty at age 11.5. He begins the growth spurt in height by the second year of puberty, develops the ability to produce sperm a few years later, and continues to grow in height until age 17.5. Overall, he spends about six years going through puberty.
    ::在美国,平均男孩从11岁开始进入青春期的第一阶段。 5 他开始在青春期第二年达到身高加速成长,几年后发展出产精子的能力,并在17.5岁之前继续成长到17.5岁。 总的来说,他经历了6年的青春期。

    Depending on the genes he inherits, his diet, and many other factors, a boy may go through puberty a couple of years earlier or later than the average. This is usually normal, and early and late maturers generally have nothing to worry about. Nonetheless, a boy who is concerned that he is not developing normally should talk with his doctor.
    ::取决于他继承的基因、饮食和许多其他因素,男孩可能比平均水平早几年或晚几年进入青春期。 这通常是正常的,早成熟和晚成熟者一般不需要担心。 尽管如此,担心自己发育不良的男孩应该和医生谈谈。

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    Some of the changes that occur in boys during puberty are shown in this figure. Pubic hair grows, and the penis and testes both become larger.
    ::这个数字显示了男孩在青春期发生的一些变化。 阴毛长出,阴茎和睾丸都变大。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The male reproductive system has two major functions: producing sperm and secreting male sex hormones.
      ::男性生殖系统有两个主要功能:产生精子和分泌男性性激素。
    • Testosterone stimulates the embryo’s reproductive organs to develop into male organs.
      ::睾酮刺激胚胎的生殖器官发展成男性器官。
    • Puberty in males starts when the hypothalamus, a gland in the brain, stimulates the nearby pituitary gland to secrete hormones that target the testes.
      ::雄性细胞的胚胎开始于 脑部的脑下腺 刺激附近的垂体腺 以睾丸为目标的荷尔蒙
    • Changes during puberty include growth of the testes and penis, growth of facial hair, deepening of the voice, growth in height, and muscle development.
      ::青春期的变化包括睾丸和阴茎增长、面部毛发增长、声音深化、身高增长和肌肉发育。
    • In the United States, boys generally begin puberty at about 12 years old.
      ::在美国,男孩一般在大约12岁开始青春期。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. How are male and female embryos different right after conception? When do they develop differently?
      ::男女胚胎在受孕后是如何区别的?它们何时发展得不同?
    2. How does puberty start in males?
      ::青春期是如何从男性开始的?
    3. How does testosterone affect cells?
      ::睾酮如何影响细胞?
    4. What is the usual sequence of changes during male puberty?
      ::男性青春期变化的通常顺序是什么?