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  • 怀孕、童年和少年 -- -- 高级

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    What's the main difference between an adorable little baby and a teenager?
    ::一个可爱的小宝宝和一个十几岁的孩子有什么区别?

    This quiet little baby will soon grow into someone who talks and expresses feelings and attitudes. What's the main difference between an adorable little baby and a teenager? Plenty.
    ::这个安静的小宝宝很快会成长成一个说话和表达感情和态度的人。一个可爱的小宝宝和一个十几岁的孩子之间有什么主要区别?很多。

    Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence
    ::年龄、童年和青少年

    For the first year after birth, a baby is called an infant . Early childhood begins at age two, when a child may be referred to as a toddler . Childhood continues until adolescence , which generally coincides with the teen years. Adolescence is the period of transition into . 
    ::幼儿期从2岁开始,儿童可被称为幼儿; 幼儿期持续到青春期,通常与青少年期相同; 青少年期是向幼儿期过渡的阶段。

    Infancy
    ::进数

    is defined as the first year of life after birth. For the first month after birth, an infant is called a newborn. A newborn has a distinctive appearance. The head is very large, and the arms and legs are relatively short. The shoulders and hips are narrow, and the abdomen protrudes slightly. Many newborns still have lanugo on some areas of their body, but this usually disappears within a few weeks after birth. Head hair can vary from almost no hair to a full head of hair. The stub of the umbilical cord remains for a few weeks until it dries up and falls off, forming the navel.
    ::新生儿在出生后的第一个月被称为新生儿。新生儿有独特的外观。头部非常大,手脚相对较短。肩部和臀部狭窄,腹部粗略。许多新生儿身体的某些部分仍然有乳胶,但通常在出生后几个星期内消失。头发可能从几乎没有毛发到满头的头发不等。围带的根部将持续几个星期,直到它干枯和脱落,形成发囊。

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    A baby’s first smile is an early milestone in infant development.

    Infants are born with certain abilities already developed. For example, they have a well developed sense of smell . They can also communicate their needs by crying when they are hungry, uncomfortable, bored, or lonely. During their first year, they develop many other abilities:
    ::婴儿出生时具有一定的能力,已经发展了。例如,他们有良好的嗅觉。当他们饥饿、不舒服、无聊或孤单时,他们也可以哭泣来表达他们的需求。在第一年,他们发展了许多其他的能力:

    • By 6 weeks after birth, babies typically start smiling ( Figure ) and making vocal sounds.
      ::婴儿出生后六个星期,通常开始微笑(图)并发出声音。
    • By 6 months, they spend a lot of time babbling. They have also learned to sit and are starting to crawl.
      ::6个月后,他们花了很多时间胡言乱语,还学会坐下来爬,开始爬。
    • By 12 months, they are saying their first words. They can stand with help and may have started to walk.
      ::过了12个月,他们才说出他们最初的一句话,他们可以起身来帮助他们,也许已经开始走路了。
    Baby’s first smile.
    A baby’s first smile.

    Infancy is the period of most rapid growth after birth. Growth during infancy is even faster than growth during . By the end of the first year, the average baby is twice the length it was at birth and three times its birth weight. Infancy is also the period when most of the deciduous, or “baby,” teeth erupt. The front teeth erupt first, usually starting around six months after birth. There are 20 deciduous teeth altogether, and they continue to erupt until about three years of age.
    ::孕期是出生后增长最快的时期。婴儿期的成长速度甚至比婴儿期的成长速度快。到一年级末,平均婴儿的长度是出生时的两倍,是出生体重的三倍。孕期也是大多数衰弱或“婴儿”牙齿爆发的时期。前牙首先爆发,通常从出生后六个月左右开始。长牙总共20颗,持续到大约三岁。

    Newborns need about 18 hours of sleep each day. They usually sleep in long naps throughout the day and night. As infants get older they need less sleep. They also start to sleep through the night and just take short naps during the day. When newborns aren’t sleeping they are usually feeding. Breastfeeding is the recommended method of feeding infants. Breast milk is generally supplemented by other foods by the end of the first year.
    ::新生儿每天需要大约18小时的睡眠。 他们通常白天和晚上都睡长的午睡。 随着婴儿长大,他们需要的睡眠也更少了。 他们晚上也开始睡觉,白天只睡短的午睡。 当新生儿不睡觉时,他们通常都在喂养。 母乳喂养是推荐的喂养婴儿的方法。 母乳通常在第一年结束时用其他食物补充。

    Childhood
    ::童 童 童

    A toddler is a young child who is learning to walk, or “toddle.” This is the second stage of development after infancy. It generally refers to children between the ages of 1 and 3 years. During this stage, children not only learn to walk steadily but also develop other motor skills. By the end of the third year, most children can run, walk up steps, and climb onto chairs. They can feed and dress themselves with help. They can also manipulate small objects and hold a crayon and scribble with it. They have learned dozens of words and are speaking in simple sentences. Most children are also toilet trained by the end of the third year.
    ::幼儿是学走路或“玩耍”的幼儿,这是婴儿出生后的第二个发育阶段,一般是指1至3岁的儿童,在这一阶段,儿童不仅学会稳定走路,而且学会发展其他运动技能,到第三年结束时,大多数儿童可以跑步、走路、爬上椅子,他们可以帮助自己喂养自己,穿衣服,还可以操控小东西,持有蜡笔,用它编织,他们学习了几十句话,讲的很简洁,大多数儿童在第三年结束时也是受过训练的厕所。

    Growth is still relatively rapid during the toddler years, but is slowing down. By the time children are five years old, their height is increasing by only about 5 percent per year, compared with 100 percent per year in the first year of life. By age five, children are able to carry on conversations, recognize letters and words, and tie their shoe laces. Five-year olds can use a pencil to trace letters and other shapes. They also may be learning to ride a bicycle ( Figure ), swim, swing a bat, or kick a ball.
    ::幼儿期的成长仍然相对快,但正在放缓。当儿童五岁时,他们的身高每年仅增加5%左右,而出生第一年的身高为100%。到五岁时,儿童能够进行交谈,识别字母和文字,并系上鞋带。五岁儿童可以用铅笔追踪字母和其他形状。他们也可以学习骑自行车(Figure ) 、 游泳、挥棒或踢球。

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    A child learning to ride a bike.

    By age six, most children begin losing their deciduous teeth, and their permanent teeth erupt to replace them. This continues until about age 12. Other important changes of older childhood include the transition from home to school. At school, children not only acquire academic skills, such as reading, but also interact more with their peers. They form friendships and are likely to have “best” friends. Older children continue to grow slowly until they start the adolescent growth spurt during puberty.
    ::到了6岁,大多数儿童开始失去其衰老的牙齿,他们的永久牙齿开始喷发以取代牙齿。这一直持续到12岁左右。其他重要的幼儿期变化包括从家向学校的过渡。在学校,儿童不仅获得阅读等学术技能,而且与同龄人进行更多的互动。他们形成友谊,并有可能有“最佳”朋友。年长儿童继续缓慢成长,直到青春期开始青春期的青春期发育。

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    Five year olds can usually play various games.

    Adolescence
    ::青少年 青少年

    Adolescence is the period of life between the beginning of puberty and adulthood. You previously learned about the physical changes of puberty. Adolescence is also a time of significant mental, emotional, and social changes. For example, during adolescence, teens develop more advanced mental abilities including the ability to think abstractly. They also try to establish an identity, or sense of self. In the process, they may try to become more independent from their parents. They may also challenge authority and push limits.
    ::青少年是从青春期开始到成年之间的生命期,你以前了解过青春期的身体变化,青春期也是在精神、情感和社会方面发生重大变化的时期,例如,青少年在青春期发展更先进的智力能力,包括抽象思考的能力,他们还试图建立身份或自我意识,在这个过程中,他们可能试图更加独立于父母之外,他们也可能挑战权威和极限。

    Emotionally, adolescence may be a time of upheaval. Shifting levels may cause mood swings at a time when many adolescents are still learning how to manage their emotions. One of the most important social changes of adolescence is the increased importance of peers. Teens spend much more time with their friends and other peers than younger children do, and they are generally greatly influenced by them. Young people may also start to develop intimate relationships during adolescence.
    ::从情感上讲,青春期可能是一个动荡的时期,在很多青少年仍在学习如何管理自己的情绪的时候,转变的状态可能会引发情绪波动。青春期最重要的社会变化之一是同龄人的重要性增加。青少年与朋友和其他同龄人相处的时间比幼童多得多,而且通常受到他们的影响很大。青少年也可能在青春期开始发展亲密关系。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Infancy is defined as the first year of life and is the period of most rapid growth after birth.
      ::孕期的定义是出生后的第一年,是出生后增长最快的时期。
    • As a toddler, humans develop motor skills, such as the ability to walk, and communication skills.
      ::作为幼儿,人类发展运动技能,如行走能力和交流技能。
    • Adolescence is an important period in terms of physical, mental, emotional, and social changes.
      ::就身体、心理、情感和社会变化而言,青少年是一个重要的时期。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. When do humans experience their most rapid growth after birth?
      ::人类何时在出生后经历最迅速的成长?
    2. What are deciduous teeth?
      ::什么是弯曲的牙齿?
    3. Give an example of a mental change that occurs during adolescence.
      ::举一个在青春期发生的精神变化的例子。