17.89 成年和老年 -- -- 老年
Section outline
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Does getting older have to be a bad thing?
::变老是不是坏事?Being older doesn't necessarily mean being unable to do things and enjoy life. These seniors look as if they thoroughly enjoy life. And some would say that life begins after all the children have moved out of the house.
::年纪大并不一定意味着不能做一些事情和享受生活。这些老人看起来好像完全享受生活。有些人会说,生活始于所有孩子搬出家之后。Adulthood and Old Age
::成年和老年The of intimacy is considered to be a major goal of the stage of life referred to as young adulthood. Other stages of adulthood include middle adulthood and old age . Each stage is associated with particular goals and health concerns.
::亲密关系被认为是被称为青壮年的生活阶段的一个主要目标,成年的其他阶段包括中成年和老年,每个阶段都与特定的目标和健康问题有关。When Does Adulthood Start?
::成年是什么时候开始的?The age at which adulthood starts may vary from about age 17 to 21 depending on how adulthood is defined. A person may be physically mature by age 17, but not considered legally mature until an older age. For example, in the U.S., individuals cannot assume adult responsibilities, such as voting and joining the armed forces, until they are 18 years old. They cannot certain adult rights, such as buying and using alcohol, until they are 21.
::成年开始的年龄可能从17岁左右到21岁不等,取决于成年的定义如何,一个人可能到17岁时身体成熟,但从法律上不被视为成熟,直到年长。 例如,在美国,个人在年满18岁之前不能承担成人责任,如投票和加入武装部队。 他们不能享有某些成人权利,如购买和使用酒精,直到21岁。Early and Middle Adulthood
::幼儿和中年成人Early adulthood may be defined as the stage of life from the start of adulthood through age 34. During early adulthood, people generally learn how to form intimate relationships both in friendship and love. Many people become engaged or marry during this time. Young adults may also be involved in completing their education and becoming established in a career or the workforce. Health problems in most young adults are minor. The most common causes of death are due to violence: homicides, car crashes, and suicides.
::早期成年可以定义为从成年开始到34岁的生活阶段。在成人早期,人们通常学会如何在友谊和爱情中建立亲密关系。许多人在这一时期订婚或结婚。年轻成年人也可以参与完成学业,成为职业或劳动力。大多数年轻成年人的健康问题都很小。最常见的死亡原因是暴力:杀人、车祸和自杀。Middle adulthood may be defined as the stage of life from age 35 through 64. During this stage, most people raise a family (if they are going to) and strive to attain career goals. They are more likely to become involved in their community.
::从35岁到64岁,可以将中年成年定义为生活阶段,在这一阶段,大多数人(如果愿意)抚养家庭并努力实现职业目标,他们更有可能参与社区生活。During middle adulthood, people start showing physical signs of aging such as wrinkled skin and gray hair. , strength, reaction time, and overall fitness also typically decline during middle adulthood. At the same time, health problems tend to increase. Diseases such as type 2 diabetes , , and many types of are often diagnosed during this stage of life, especially in people who are overweight or obese. The risk of being diagnosed with diseases such as these increases throughout middle adulthood. These diseases are also the chief causes of death of middle adults.
::在中成年期,人们开始出现身体衰老迹象,如皮肤皱纹和灰色头发。 成年期,体力、反应时间和总体健康水平通常也会下降。与此同时,健康问题趋于增加。二型糖尿病等疾病,以及许多类型的疾病往往在生命的这一阶段被诊断出来,尤其是超重或肥胖的人。在整个成年期,被诊断出此类疾病的风险增加。这些疾病也是中成年人死亡的主要原因。Old Age
::老年Old age may be defined as the stage from age 65 until death. During this stage, most people retire from work and no longer have the major responsibility of caring for others. Physically, older adults tend to have a decline in stamina, strength, reflex time, and the .
::老年人可以被定义为从65岁到死亡的阶段,在这一阶段,大多数人退休后不再承担照顾他人的主要责任,在身体上,老年人的体力、体力、体力、反应时间和体力都趋于下降。Other physical changes that occur in old age include a decrease in the following:
::年老时发生的其他身体变化包括:-
Heart output.
::心脏输出 。 -
function.
::函数。 -
Lung
capacity.
::肺部能力。 -
Number of
brain
.
::大脑数量
Because the immune system also becomes less efficient with age, older adults are increasingly susceptible to serious illnesses such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and pneumonia . Osteoporosis, or loss of density, is also common in older adults, particularly in females. Mental deterioration may occur as well, especially in people with Alzheimer’s disease and certain other diseases. Otherwise, intelligence tends to remain stable throughout adulthood and into old age.
::由于免疫系统也随着年龄变小,老年人越来越容易患癌症、心血管疾病和肺炎等严重疾病。 骨质疏松症或密度丧失在老年人中也很常见,特别是在女性中。 精神恶化也可能发生,特别是在老年痴呆症和某些其他疾病患者中。 否则,智力在成年和老年期间趋于稳定。Why does aging occur? Why does the body decline in function as people grow old? There are at least two reasons. One reason is that cells are programmed to divide a set number of times. After that, they can no longer divide, so they die out. In 1962, Dr. Leonard Hayflick observed that cultured cells only divided about 50 times before they became senescent. This phenomenon is known as the Hayflick limit and may explain effects of aging. Another reason is that becomes increasingly damaged through time due to mutagens in the environment. Eventually, the damage accumulates to a point where cells can no longer divide. Most physical changes associated with aging may be due to a combination of both processes.
::为什么老化会发生?为什么人老化时身体功能会下降?至少有两个原因。一个原因是细胞被编程用来分出固定次数。此后,细胞再也不能分开,因此死亡。1962年,Leonard Hayflick博士观察到,培养的细胞在发芽前只分裂了大约50倍。这种现象被称为海弗利特极限,可以解释老龄化的影响。另一个原因是环境的突变导致时间越来越严重损坏。最终,损害会累积到细胞无法再分开的地步。大多数与衰老相关的物理变化可能是两种过程的结合造成的。Summary
::摘要-
Adulthood can be divided into three stages: early adulthood, middle adulthood, and old age.
::成年可分为三个阶段:成人早期、成人中年和老年。 -
The age of adulthood varies depending on the definition.
::成年年龄因定义而异。 -
Health problems associated with aging usually develop in middle adulthood and old age.
::与老龄化有关的健康问题通常在成年和老年中出现。 -
The effects of aging are due to cells losing their ability to divide.
::衰老的后果是细胞丧失了分裂的能力。
Review
::回顾-
What defines the start of adulthood?
::什么是成年的开始? -
What kinds of health problems associated with aging are usually diagnosed during middle adulthood?
::与老龄化有关的哪些健康问题通常在成年中期内诊断出来? -
What are two reasons for the decline in health due to old age?
::老年导致健康下降的两大原因是什么?
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Heart output.
