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  • 性传染疾病 -- -- 高级

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    Single-celled organisms . Can they be dangerous?
    ::单细胞生物 它们有危险吗?

    These represent chlamydia . Innocent-looking single-celled organisms. But these can lead to painful and devastating consequences.
    ::这些代表着衣原体,不光彩的单细胞生物,但可能导致痛苦和毁灭性的后果。

    Bacterial STDs
    ::细菌性传染疾病

    Many STDs are caused by bacteria. Some of the most common bacterial STDs are chlamydia, gonorrhea , and syphilis .
    ::许多性病是由细菌引起的,有些最常见的细菌性病是衣原体、淋病和梅毒。

    Chlamydia
    ::衣原体

    Chlamydia is an STD caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It is the most common STD in the U.S. each year; about four million new chlamydia infections occur in Americans. As shown in Figure  , females are much more likely to develop chlamydia than males. This figure also shows how common this STD is in teens and young adults compared to in older people. This is typical of most STDs.
    ::衣原体是细菌衣原体沙眼病引起的性传染疾病,是美国每年最常见的性传染疾病;大约400万新的衣原体感染发生在美国人中。如图所示,女性患衣原体病的可能性比男性大得多。这个图还显示,与老年人相比,青少年和年轻人患这种性传染疾病的可能性有多大。这在大多数性传染疾病中都是典型的。

    Rates of Chlamydia infections in the United States in 2014 by age and sex.
    Rates of Chlamydia infections in the United States in 2014 by age and sex. This bar graph shows the number of cases of chlamydia per 100,000 people in the United States in 2014 by age and sex. Chlamydia rates were greatest for both sexes between the ages of 15 and 34. The rates in females at all ages were much greater than the rates in same-aged males.

    Symptoms of chlamydia may include a burning sensation during urination and a discharge from the vagina or penis . Chlamydia can be cured with antibiotics . However, in the majority of cases, there are no symptoms. As a result, many people are not aware that they are infected and do not seek treatment.
    ::衣原体的症状可能包括尿时的烧灼感和阴道或阴茎的排出。 衣原体可以用抗生素治愈,但大多数情况下没有症状,因此许多人不知道他们受到感染,也不寻求治疗。

    It is important to detect and treat chlamydia infections even when they do not cause symptoms. Untreated chlamydia can lead to more serious problems, especially in females. Almost half of all women with untreated chlamydia develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which is an infection of the uterus , Fallopian tubes , and/or ovaries . PID can lead to scarring of the reproductive organs , which may cause pain and difficulty becoming pregnant. Chlamydia causes an estimated half million cases of PID in the U.S. each year.
    ::未经治疗的衣原体感染可能导致更严重的问题,特别是女性,所有感染未经治疗的衣原体的妇女中,几乎一半患上子宫炎,即子宫、Fallopian管和/或卵巢感染,这种病可能导致生殖器官的疤痕,这可能造成疼痛和难于怀孕。

    In addition to sexual transmission, chlamydia can be passed from a woman to her baby before or during birth. Before birth, a chlamydia infection of the fetus may cause the fetus to be born too soon. During birth, a baby’s can become infected with the bacteria. If the eye infection is not treated, it can lead to blindness. Because chlamydia is common and often symptomless, newborns are routinely treated with eye drops to prevent chlamydia eye infections from developing.
    ::除了性传染之外,衣原体还可以在产前或分娩期间从妇女传给婴儿;在出生前,胎儿的衣原体感染可能导致胎儿出生太早;在分娩期间,婴儿可能会感染细菌;如果不治疗眼部感染,可能导致失明。 由于衣原体很常见,而且经常没有症状,新生儿通常会得到眼药膏的治疗,以防止衣原体眼部感染的发育。

    Gonorrhea
    ::淋淋病

    Gonorrhea is an STD caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrheae. Gonorrhea is also a common STD. In the U.S., an estimated 700,000 people are infected with gonorrhea each year.
    ::淋病是一种由淋病细菌引起的性病,淋病也是常见性病。 在美国,每年估计有70万人感染淋病。

    Symptoms of gonorrhea may include painful urination and discharge from the vagina or penis. Gonorrhea usually can be cured with antibiotics, although the bacteria have developed resistance to the most commonly used antibiotics. Gonorrhea infections may not cause symptoms, especially in females, so they often go untreated. Untreated gonorrhea can lead to PID in females. In males, it can lead to inflammation of the epididymis , prostate, and urethra .
    ::淋病症状可能包括痛苦的尿道和阴道或阴茎排出。淋病通常可以用抗生素治愈,尽管细菌对最常用的抗生素有抗药性;淋病感染可能不会造成症状,特别是雌性,因此往往得不到治疗;未经治疗的淋病可以导致雌性生殖道炎。在雄性中,它可能导致肾上腺、前列腺和尿道炎。

    Gonorrhea can be passed from an infected woman to her baby during childbirth. This may cause an eye infection. The infection must be treated promptly to prevent blindness.
    ::淋病可以在分娩期间从受感染的妇女传给婴儿,这可能导致眼部感染,必须迅速治疗感染,以防止失明。

    Syphilis
    ::梅毒

    Syphilis is a STD caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. In the U.S., about 70,000 new cases of syphilis occur each year. Syphilis is less common than either chlamydia or gonorrhea, but it is more serious if it is not treated. Untreated syphilis can even cause death.
    ::梅毒是一种由细菌Treponema Pallidum引起的性传染疾病。 在美国,每年大约出现70,000个新的梅毒病例。 梅毒比衣原体或淋病都少,但如果治疗不治疗则更为严重。 未经治疗的梅毒甚至会导致死亡。

    Early symptoms of infection with syphilis include the of a small sore on or near the genitals. The sore is painless and heals on its own, so it may go unnoticed. Many people do not realize they have become infected until much later, so they do not seek treatment. If diagnosed and treated early, most cases of syphilis can be cured with antibiotics. However, if syphilis goes untreated, the disease may progress through the stages shown in  Table  . Untreated syphilis can eventually cause serious damage to the heart, brain , and other organs.
    ::梅毒的早期感染症状包括生殖器上或附近的小伤口。疼痛是无痛的,自己愈合,因此可能无人注意。许多人直到很久后才意识到自己感染了,所以不会寻求治疗。如果早期诊断和治疗,大多数梅毒病例都可以用抗生素治愈。然而,如果梅毒得不到治疗,疾病可能会持续到表所示的阶段。未经治疗的梅毒最终会严重损害心脏、大脑和其他器官。

    Stages of Syphilis Infection
    Stage Time After Initial Infection Signs and Symptoms
    Primary 2 days Small sore on genitals
    Secondary 1–6 months Rash, fever, sore throat, and headache
    Latent 6–12 months None
    Tertiary 1–10 years Chronic inflammation, damage to the aorta and heart, narrowing of arteries , stroke , meningitis , and muscle weakness

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The most common STDs caused by bacteria include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.
      ::细菌引起的最常见的性传播疾病包括衣原体、淋病和梅毒。
    • Chlamydia is the most common STD and may not exhibit symptoms.
      ::衣原体是最常见的性病,可能没有症状。
    • Symptoms of gonorrhea may include painful urination and discharge, but it may also not exhibit symptoms.
      ::淋病症状可能包括痛苦的尿道和排泄,但也可能没有症状。
    • Untreated syphilis can eventually cause serious damage to the heart, brain, and other organs.
      ::未经治疗的梅毒最终会对心脏、大脑和其他器官造成严重损害。
    • Bacterial STDs can usually be treated with antibiotics, especially when diagnosed early.
      ::细菌性传染疾病通常可以用抗生素治疗,特别是早期诊断。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Why is it important to treat chlamydia even though there may be no symptoms?
      ::为什么治疗衣原体很重要,即使可能没有症状?
    2. What are some bacterial STDs that can be transferred from mother to child? What complications can these infections cause?
      ::哪些细菌性传染疾病可以由母亲传染给子女?这些并发症会造成什么病情?
    3. Why is it so important to treat syphilis when it is diagnosed early?
      ::为什么早期诊断梅毒治疗如此重要?