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  • 性传染疾病 -- -- 高级

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    How long does a viral STD last?
    ::病毒性传染疾病持续多久?

    This is the Human Papilloma , which causes a viral STD. Viral STDs can be especially dangerous, as they cannot be cured. Once you get one, it's yours for life. And also, it's the person's you give it to.
    ::这是人类的乳腺瘤, 引起病毒性传染疾病。 病毒性传染疾病可能特别危险, 因为它们无法治愈。 一旦你得到一个, 生命就属于你。 而且, 也是你给一个人的。

    Viral STDs
    ::病毒性性传播疾病

    STDs caused by viruses include genital herpes , hepatitis B , genital warts , and of the cervix . Another common viral STD is , which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome , or AIDS. 
    ::由病毒引起的性传染疾病包括生殖器疹、乙型肝炎、生殖器和子宫颈。 另一种常见的病毒性传染疾病是导致后天免疫机能丧失综合症或艾滋病。

    Genital Herpes
    ::生殖器型

    Genital herpes is a STD caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). In the U.S., as many as 20% of males and 25% of females may be infected with HSV-2. The virus is closely related to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), which causes cold sores on the lips. Both viruses are transmitted by direct contact. Both also cause similar symptoms, except HSV-2 infects the genitals instead of the mouth.
    ::在美国,多达20%的男性和25%的女性可能感染HSV-2病毒。 这种病毒与1型(HSV-1)的雌性简单病毒(HSV-1)密切相关,导致嘴唇出现冷痛,两种病毒都是通过直接接触传播的。除了HSV-2病毒感染生殖器而不是口腔外,这两种病毒还造成类似症状。

    Symptoms of genital herpes include painful, fluid-filled blisters on the penis , vulva , or nearby membranes. The initial infection soon clears up on its own. However, herpes virus particles travel to local nerves , where they evade the immune system and remain for the life of the infected person. Periodically, some of the virus particles travel back to the skin and cause new outbreaks of blisters. Outbreaks may be triggered by stress or other factors. A person with genital herpes is most likely to transmit the virus during an outbreak.
    ::生殖器性激素的症状包括阴茎、阴茎或附近膜上的液体充液泡泡,最初的感染很快会自行解脱,但甲型肝炎病毒微粒会传到当地神经,在那里它们避开免疫系统,留待受感染者的生命延续。一些病毒微粒会回流到皮肤上,并引起新的泡泡爆发。爆发可能由压力或其他因素引起。患有生殖器性激素的人在爆发时最有可能传播病毒。

    There is no known cure for genital herpes. Once a person becomes infected, there is no way to eradicate the virus from the body. However, antiviral drugs can prevent outbreaks or reduce their length and severity. The drugs also reduce the risk of transmitting the virus. A vaccine to prevent infections with HSV-2 may soon be available.
    ::没有已知的对生殖器性疹的治疗方法,一旦有人被感染,就无法从身体中消灭病毒,但抗病毒药物可以防止疾病爆发或缩短其长度和严重程度,也能够降低病毒传播的风险,预防HSV-2感染的疫苗可能很快获得。

    Genital herpes may cause emotional problems because it affects intimate relationships throughout a person’s life. However, it is not considered to be a serious disease from the standpoint of physical health. On the other hand, herpes is very serious for newborns if they are infected with the virus during childbirth. It can lead to blindness, mental retardation, and even death.
    ::生殖器性腮腺炎可能会引起情感问题,因为它会影响一个人一生的亲密关系。 但是,从身体健康的角度来说,它并不被视为一种严重疾病。 另一方面,如果新生儿在分娩期间感染了病毒,则对新生儿来说是非常严重的。 它可能导致失明、智力迟钝甚至死亡。

    Hepatitis B
    ::乙型肝炎

    Hepatitis B is inflammation of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis B virus. In the U.S., there are about 200,000 new cases of hepatitis B diagnosed each year. In addition, as many as 5,000 Americans die each year from hepatitis B infections.
    ::B型肝炎是乙型肝炎病毒感染引起的肝脏炎,在美国,每年诊断出200 000例乙型肝炎新病例。 此外,每年有多达5 000名美国人死于乙型肝炎。

    Early symptoms of hepatitis B include vomiting and jaundice, which is yellowing of the skin and . Hepatitis B often gets better on its own after a few weeks or months and causes no long-lasting effects. However, in a small percentage of people, it develops into a chronic, or long-term, disease. In some people, chronic hepatitis B causes few, if any, symptoms, although people infected with the virus can still spread it to others. In other people, chronic hepatitis B causes continuous inflammation of the liver. This eventually damages the liver. It also increases the risk of liver cancer, which is usually fatal.
    ::乙型肝炎的早期症状包括呕吐和黄麻,这是皮肤黄化和.乙型肝炎在几周或几个月后往往会自行好转,不会造成长期影响,然而,在一小部分人中,乙型肝炎会发展成慢性或长期疾病,在一些人中,乙型肝炎的慢性症状即使有,也很少引起任何症状,尽管受病毒感染的人仍然可以传播给其他人;在另一些人中,乙型肝炎导致肝脏持续炎,最终会损害肝脏,还会增加肝癌的风险,而肝癌通常是致命的。

    Hepatitis B cannot be cured. Antiviral drugs can help prevent liver damage in people with chronic hepatitis B, but they cannot eradicate the virus from the body. However, vaccines have been developed to prevent hepatitis B infection.
    ::乙型肝炎不能治愈,抗病毒药物可以帮助预防患乙型慢性肝炎的人肝脏损伤,但不能从身体上消灭病毒,但已经开发了预防乙型肝炎感染的疫苗。

    In addition to sexual transmission, hepatitis B is commonly transmitted through contaminated needles and from mother to child during childbirth. Newborns are much more likely than older people to develop chronic hepatitis B. This is because their immune systems are immature and unable to fight off the virus.
    ::除了性传染外,乙型肝炎通常通过被污染的针头传播,在分娩期间由母亲传给子女,新生儿比老年人更有可能患上慢性乙型肝炎。 这是因为他们的免疫系统不成熟,无法抗病毒。

    Genital Warts and Cervical Cancer
    ::膀胱癌和子宫颈癌

    Both genital warts and cancer of the cervix are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). There are more than 100 types of HPV. Some types of HPV cause common warts, which are small, rough growths on the hands, knees, or feet. These HPV viruses are transmitted by casual skin-to-skin contact. Other types of HPV cause genital warts or cervical cancer . These HPV viruses are transmitted through sexual contact. Genital HPV infections are very common. In the U.S., more than six million people become infected each year. There are 14 types of HPV that are considered "high risk." Most of the FDA approved HPV screening tests include those 14 high risk HPV.
    ::生殖器和子宫颈癌都是由人体乳头瘤病毒(HPV)引起的。有100多种HPV。某些类型的HPV会造成普通的病毒,这些病毒小,手、膝或脚的粗生长。这些HPV病毒是通过皮肤与皮肤的随意接触传播的。其他类型的HPV造成生殖器或宫颈癌。这些HPV病毒是通过性接触传播的。生殖器感染非常常见。在美国,每年有600多万人感染HPV。有14种HPV被认为是“高风险”。美国食品和食品管理局批准的HPV筛查测试大多包括14种高风险HPV。

    Many types of HPV that are transmitted sexually do not cause any noticeable symptoms. However, several types cause genital warts or cervical cancer. HPV has been identified in more than 95% of patients with cervical cancer. The current hypothesis for how HPV causes cervical cancer involves specific oncoproteins that are transcribed after the virus infects a host . These oncoproteins inactivate certain tumor suppressor , causing cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is easily detected with a Pap test , which involves examining a sample of cervical cells for cancerous changes. If detected early, cervical cancer can be cured with surgery. Since 2006, a vaccine has been available to prevent transmission of the most common types of HPV that cause genital warts and cervical cancer. The vaccine is recommended for females aged between 11 to 26 years old.
    ::性传染的很多类型的HPV并不引起任何明显的症状,但是,有几种类型导致生殖器子宫颈癌或宫颈癌,在95%以上的宫颈癌患者中已经发现了HPV,目前对HPV导致子宫颈癌的假设是,病毒感染宿主后转录的子宫颈癌。这些子宫颈癌蛋白质不活跃某些肿瘤抑制器,导致子宫颈癌。子宫颈癌很容易通过Pap测试检测出来,包括检查宫颈细胞的癌症变化样本。如果早期发现,宫颈癌可以通过外科手术治愈。自2006年以来,已有一种疫苗可以防止导致生殖器子宫颈癌和宫颈癌的最常见类型的HPV的传播。建议为11至26岁的女性接种疫苗。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Genital herpes causes outbreaks of fluid-filled blisters and remains in the body for the life of the infected person.
      ::生殖器性激素导致液体充水器暴发,并留在体内,供受感染者终生使用。
    • Hepatitis B is inflammation of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis B virus, and it may increase the risk for liver cancer.
      ::B型肝炎是乙型肝炎病毒感染导致肝脏炎,可能会增加肝癌的风险。
    • Several types of HPV cause genital warts or cervical cancer.
      ::几类HPV导致生殖器 worts 或宫颈癌。
    • Vaccines are currently available for hepatitis B and certain common HPV.
      ::目前已有乙型肝炎疫苗和某些常见的HPV疫苗。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Is genital herpes an especially dangerous disease? When is it especially serious?
      ::生殖器疹是否是一种特别危险的疾病?什么时候特别严重?
    2. What are some symptoms of chronic hepatitis B?
      ::慢性乙型肝炎的症状是什么?
    3. How many types of HPV are there? What can HPV cause?
      ::有多少类型的HPV?HPV有什么原因?