18.2生态系统中的角色
Section outline
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Lesson
::经验教训Can you pick out the organisms at the bottom and at the top of this food chain?
::你能从食物链的底部和顶部 挑选出有机体吗?What's at the bottom of the food chain ? A bit of the food energy comes from above, where plankton photosynthesize. Most comes from the coral. Coral are animals that live with tiny zooxanthellae that also photosynthesize. Of course, you know what's at the top of this food chain!
::食物链底部是什么? 一点食物能量来自上面, 浮游生物光合作用的地方。 大部分来自珊瑚。 珊瑚是小动物动物动物动物, 与小型动物动物动物和光合作用。 当然, 你知道食物链顶部是什么!Roles in Ecosystems
::在生态系统中的作用All ecosystems have living things that play the same basic roles. Some organisms must be producers . Others must be consumers. Decomposers are also important.
::所有生态系统都有基本作用相同的生物,有些生物必须是生产者,另一些是消费者,分解者也很重要。Producers
::生产者Producers are living things that use energy to make food. Producers make food for themselves and other living things. There are two types of producers:
::生产者是使用能源生产食物的活物,生产者为自己和其他活物生产食物。- By far the most common producers use the energy in sunlight to make food. This is called photosynthesis . Producers that photosynthesize include plants and algae. These organisms must live where there is plenty of sunlight.
::最常见的生产商利用阳光中的能量制造食物。这叫光合作用。光合作用生产者包括植物和藻类。这些生物必须生活在阳光充沛的地方。
- Other producers use the energy in chemicals to make food. This is called chemosynthesis . Only a very few producers are of this type, and all of them are microbes. These producers live deep under the ocean where there is no sunlight. An example is pictured below ( Figure ).
::其它生产商则使用化学品中的能源生产食品。这被称为化合剂。只有极少数生产商是这种类型的,它们都是微生物。这些生产商生活在没有阳光的海洋深处。下面可举一例(图 ) 。
Microbes use chemicals to make food. The chemicals pour out of a crack on the ocean floor at a mid-ocean ridge. What consumers live in this ecosystem?
::微生物利用化学物质制造食物。化学物质从洋中脊的洋底裂缝中涌出。在这个生态系统中生活着哪些消费者?Consumers
::消费者Consumers can’t make their own food. Consumers must eat producers or other consumers. Listed below are the three main types of consumers ( Figure ): herbivores , carnivores , and omnivores . Which type are you?
::消费者不能自己制造食物。 消费者必须吃生产者或其他消费者。 下面列出三大类消费者(图 ) : 食草动物、食肉动物和食肉动物。 你属于哪种类型?Examples of the main types of consumers. Can you name other consumers of each type?
::消费者主要类型的例子。您能点出其他各类消费者的名字吗 ?Consumers get their food in different ways ( Figure ). Grazers feed on living organisms without killing them. A rabbit nibbles on leaves, and a mosquito sucks a drop of blood. Predators , like lions, capture and kill animals for food. The animals they eat are called prey . Even some plants are consumers. Pitcher plants trap insects in their sticky fluid in their “pitchers.” The insects are their prey. Scavengers eat animals that are already dead. This hyena is eating the remains of a lion’s prey. Decomposers break down dead organisms and the wastes of living things ( Figure ). This dung beetle is rolling a ball of dung (animal waste) back to its nest. The beetle will use the dung to feed its young. The mushrooms pictured are growing on a dead log. They will slowly break it down. This releases its nutrients to the soil .
::食肉动物以不同的方式获得食物(图 ) 。 食草动物食用活生物体而不杀死它们。 一只兔子在树叶上吃东西,蚊子吸血一滴血。 捕食者像狮子一样,捕捉和杀死动物作为食物。 食用动物被称为猎物。 甚至有些植物也是食用者。 食用植物将昆虫用粘粘糊的液体困在他们的“食虫 ” 。 昆虫是它们的猎物。 食肉动物吃已经死亡的动物。 这只野狼正在食食用狮子猎物的残骸。 食用动物把死生物体和生物垃圾分解开来(图 ) 。 这只虫正在向巢中滚滚回一团粪便(动物粪便 ) 。 甲虫会用粪来喂养幼虫。 蘑菇在死原上生长, 它们会慢慢地分解。Ways consumers get food. Do you know how earthworms get food?
::消费者如何获得食物 你知道蚯蚓如何获得食物吗?Summary
::摘要- Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat meat, and omnivores eat both.
::食草动物吃植物,食肉动物吃肉,食食食动物吃肉。
- Predators are animals that eat a prey animal. Scavengers eat organisms that are already dead. Decomposers break down dead plants and animals into component parts, including nutrients.
::食肉动物是食用猎物的动物,食肉动物是食用已死生物的动物,食腐动物把死植物和动物分成部分,包括养分。
- Producers create food energy. They are the base of all life on Earth. Most producers use photosynthesis but a very small number use chemosynthesis.
::生产者创造食物能源,它们是地球上所有生命的基础,大多数生产者使用光合作用,但很少几个生产者使用化学合成。
Review
::回顾- What are consumers? What are the three types of consumers and what do they eat?
::消费者是什么?三种消费者是什么?他们吃什么?
- Compare and contrast photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.
::比较和对比光合作用和化合用。
- What role do decomposers play in an ecosystem? What would happen if there were no decomposers?
::分解者在生态系统中扮演什么角色? 如果没有分解者,会发生什么情况?
Explore More
::探索更多Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
::利用以下资源回答以下问题。- What is competition?
::什么是竞争?
- What is predation?
::什么是掠夺?
- What is symbiosis?
::什么是共生关系?
- How do stable communities develop?
::稳定社区如何发展?
- What is succession?
::什么是继承?
- What is a niche? What does a niche include?
::什么是利基点?利基点包括什么?
- What causes competition?
::是什么导致竞争?
- By far the most common producers use the energy in sunlight to make food. This is called photosynthesis . Producers that photosynthesize include plants and algae. These organisms must live where there is plenty of sunlight.
