章节大纲

  • Constructions are step-by-step processes used to create accurate geometric figures. To create a construction by hand, there are a few tools that you can use:
    ::建筑是用于创建准确几何数字的逐步过程。 要亲手创建一个建筑, 您可以使用几个工具 :

    1. Compass: A device that allows you to create a circle with a given radius . Not only can compasses help you to create circles, but also they can help you to copy distances.
      ::指南针 : 一种设备, 允许您用给定半径创建圆圈 。 不仅指南针可以帮助您创建圆圈, 还可以帮助您复制距离 。
    2. Straightedge: Anything that allows you to produce a straight line . In geometric constructions, a straightedge should not be used to measure distances. An index card works well as a straightedge.  A ruler  is a great  straightedge when  used to  draw straight lines and not to measure.
      ::直线 : 任何允许您生成直线的东西。 在几何构造中, 直线不应用于测量距离 。 索引卡和直线一起工作。 标尺用于绘制直线而不是测量直线时, 它是一个伟大的直线 。
    3. Paper: When a geometric figure is on a piece of paper, the paper itself can be folded in order to construct new lines. 
      ::纸张:当几何图出现在一张纸上时,纸本身可以折叠,以建造新的线条。

    Construct a Parallel Line through a Point
    ::构造一个通过点的平行线

    Drawing a line through a point is easy, but how can you be sure the line is exactly parallel to another line?  
    ::绘制一条线通过一个点很容易, 但如何确定这条线与另一条线完全平行?

    Construct a line parallel to the original line and passing through  point  P .  
    ::构造一条与原始线平行的线, 并通过 P 点 。

    Draw a line and mark a point not on the line. Here, the point is labelled  P
    ::绘制一条线并标记非线上的点。这里,此点被标为 P

    Start by using your straightedge to draw a line through the point  P that intersects the original line at point Q . This will become the transversal after you have constructed the parallel line.
    ::开始使用你的直方来绘制一条线, 穿过点P, 将Q点的原始线交叉。 这将在您构建平行线后变成横线 。

    Now copy one of the four angles created at the intersection of the two lines.
    ::现在复制在两条线的交叉点上创建的四个角度之一。

    With  Q  as the center and a convenient compass width, draw an arc intersecting the original line (identified in the animation as point  A ) and line  P Q  (identified as point  B ). 
    ::以 Q 为中枢和方便的罗盘宽度, 绘制一条弧, 将原始线( 动画中的点为 A) 与 PQ 线( 点为 B) 相交叉 。

    Now with the original point P  as the vertex , and without changing the width of the compass, draw an arc intersecting P Q  (marked in the animation as point  C ).
    ::现在将原点P作为顶点, 在不改变罗盘宽度的情况下, 绘制一个弧交叉点PQ( 在动画中标记为点C ) 。

    Measure the distance between the two points A  and  B , using the compass. Without changing the compass width, move the compass to point  C  and draw another arc . Mark the intersecting point (here, we  identified it as point  D ). 
    ::使用罗盘测量两个点 A 和 B 之间的距离。 在不更改罗盘宽度的情况下, 将罗盘移动到 C 点, 并绘制另一个弧。 标记交叉点( 在此, 我们将其指定为 D 点 ) 。

    Draw a straight line passing through points  P  and  D  using a straightedge. The line  P D  is parallel to the original line.  
    ::绘制一条通过P点和D点的直线,使用直方。直线PD线与原线平行。

    Now,  consider why the two lines  above  are parallel.
    ::现在,想想为什么上面两条线是平行的。

    If are congruent , then lines are parallel. In the construction above, an angle was copied. This created congruent angles. Because the copied angle was put in the location of the corresponding angle, the construction created congruent corresponding angles. Therefore, the two lines must be parallel.
    ::如果一致, 那么线条是平行的。 在以上构造中, 复制了一个角度 。 这创建了相似的角度 。 因为复制的角度被放在相应角度的位置上, 构造创建了相似的对应角度 。 因此, 这两行必须是平行的 。


    Construct a Perpendicular Line through a Point
    ::构造一个通过点的垂直线

    Draw a line and mark a point  P not lying on it. Construct a line perpendicular to the original line and passing through the point  P
    ::绘制一条线并标出一个不倒着的点 P。 构造一条与原始线垂直的线, 并通过 P 点 。

    You already know how to construct the perpendicular bisector of a segment. First, find a segment whose perpendicular bisector will pass through the given point. Start by using your compass to draw a partial circle centered at the point  P  that intersects the original line at two points  A  and  B .  
    ::您已经知道如何构建一个线段的垂直双向区段。 首先, 找到一个线段, 其垂直双向区段会通过给定点。 开始使用您的指南针绘制一个部分圆形, 以 P 点为中心, 该圆形将原线交叉到两个 A 点和 B 点上 。

    The segment that connects the two points of intersection is the segment you will construct a perpendicular bisector for.
    ::连接两个十字路口点的段段是您要为该段构造一个垂直双向区块的段。

    Now place the compass at one endpoint of the line segment . Adjust the width of the compass to slightly longer than half the line segment length. With  A  as the center, draw a circle . Similarly, with  B  as the center and the same compass width, draw another circle to intersect the first.
    ::现在将罗盘放在线段的一个端点上。 将罗盘宽度调整为略大于线段长度的一半。 以 A为中心, 绘制一个圆。 同样, 以 B为中心, 同样的罗盘宽度, 以 B为中心, 绘制另一个圆来交叉第一个 。

    The two points  C  and  D where the circles intersect are the points of intersection. Use your straightedge to draw a line connecting the two intersection points  C  and  D . Line  C D  is perpendicular to the original line and passes through the original point. 
     

    Examples
    ::实例实例实例实例

    Example 1
    ::例1

    Construct a triangle using a straightedge. Now  construct the three of the triangle in order to find the orthocenter of the triangle. 
    ::构造一个三角形, 使用直方。 现在构造三角形中的三个, 以便找到三角形的正弦中枢 。

    Start by using your straightedge to draw a generic triangle. 
    ::开始使用直方绘制一个通用三角形 。

    Construct a perpendicular line using the process outlined in Construct a Perpendicular Line through a Point (use the compass to draw an arc on one of the sides of the triangle (extend the side, if required), keeping the intersecting point as the center, draw a circle, without changing the width draw another circle keeping the other intersecting point as the center, connect the intersection of the circles with a line segment). This perpendicular line is the first altitude.
    ::构造垂直线 构造垂直线 构造直径线 构造直径线 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径线 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 直径 直径 直径 直线 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 直径 构造直径 直径 直径 构造直径 构造直径 直径 构造直径 构造直径 直径 构造直径 构造直径 构造直径 直线 构造直径 构造直径 构造 直径 直径 构造 构造 构造 直径 构造 构造 直径 直径 构造 构造 构造 直径 构造 构造 直径 构造 直径 直径 构造 直径 构造 构造 直径 构造 构造 构造 直 直 直 直 直径 直 直 直 直 直 直线 构造 构造 直 直 直 直 构造 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直线 构造 直 直 直 直 的 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 的 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直 直

    Now place the compass at vertex  B of the triangle. Again, construct a perpendicular line using the process outlined in the above step. This perpendicular line is the second altitude. 
    ::现在将罗盘放在三角形的顶点 B 上。 再一次, 使用上述步骤中描述的过程构造直角线。 此直角线是第二高度 。

    Similarly, place the compass at vertex  C of the triangle and construct a perpendicular line using the same process outlined above. This perpendicular line is the third altitude. 
    ::同样,将罗盘放在三角形的顶部C上,并使用上述相同过程建造一条垂直直线。该直线是第三高度。

    The three perpendicular lines intersect in a point. This point is the orthocenter .
    ::三个垂直线在一个点上交叉。 此点是正弦枢纽 。

    Example 2
    ::例2

    Draw a line segment. Construct a line parallel to the line segment.
    ::绘制线段 。 构造一条与线段平行的线 。

    Example 3
    ::例3

    Extend your construction from Example # 2 to construct a .
    ::将您的建筑从例2扩展至a。

    Mark a point on the original line. Construct a parallel line passing through this point, using the process outlined in Construct a Parallel Line through a Point (draw a line through the new point as the vertex, copy the original angle and mark off the correct width for the new angle, draw a line passing through the intersecting point)
    ::在原始线上标记一个点。构造一条通过此点的平行线,使用“通过点构造平行线”中描述的过程(通过新点绘制一条线,作为顶点,复制原角,并标记新角的正确宽度,绘制一条穿过交叉点的线)

    Extend the new parallel line. The quadrilateral formed is a parallelogram .
    ::扩展新的平行线。 四边形是平行图。

    Example 4
    ::例4

    How can you be sure that your constructed quadrilateral is a parallelogram?
    ::你怎么能确定 你造的四边形是平行图?

    A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides. The construction created two pairs of parallel lines , so the quadrilateral must be a parallelogram.
    ::平行图是一个四边形,有两对平行面。建筑造出了两对平行线,因此四边形必须是平行图。

      Summary
    • Two or more lines are parallel when they lie in the same plane and never intersect. These lines will always have the same slope.
      ::两条或多条线在同平面上是平行的,而从不交叉。这些线将永远具有相同的斜坡。
    • Two lines that are perpendicular will intersect at a 90 o or right, angle. The slopes of perpendicular lines are opposite reciprocals of each other.
      ::两条垂直直线将在90o或右边角交叉。垂直直线的斜坡是对等的。
    • An altitude of a triangle is a line segment from a vertex and is perpendicular to the opposite side. It is also called the height of a triangle.
      ::三角形的高度是脊椎的直线段,垂直到对面。它也称为三角形的高度。

    Review
    ::审查审查审查审查

    Draw a line segment and a point.
    ::绘制线段和点。

    1. Construct a line perpendicular to the line segment that passes through the point.
    ::1. 构造横穿点线段的直直线。

    2. Construct a line parallel to the line segment that passes through the point.
    ::2. 构造一条与通过点的线段平行的线条。

    3. Extend your construction to construct a rectangle. Explain what you did to construct the rectangle.
    ::3. 扩大建筑以建造矩形,解释你为建造矩形做了哪些工作。

    Draw another line and a point.
    ::绘制另一条线和一个点。

    4. Construct a line parallel to the first line that passes through the point.
    ::4. 构造一条与第一行平行的线,穿过点。

    5. Extend your construction to construct a parallelogram. Explain what you did to construct the parallelogram.
    ::5. 扩大建造范围,建造平行图,解释你为建造平行图做了哪些工作。

    Use a straightedge to draw a triangle.
    ::使用直方来绘制三角形 。

    6. Construct the altitudes of the triangle.
    ::6. 构造三角形的高度。

    7. Find the point of intersection of the altitudes. What point is this?
    ::7. 找到高度的交叉点,这是什么点?

    8. Was your point of intersection inside or outside the triangle? If it was inside, create a new triangle that will cause the point of intersection to be outside the triangle. If it was outside, create a new triangle that will cause the point of intersection to be inside the triangle.
    ::8. 您的交点是三角形内外的交点?如果是三角形内部或外部的交点,则创建一个新的三角形,使交点在三角形之外;如果是外部,则创建一个新的三角形,使交点在三角形之内。

    Draw another line segment and point.
    ::绘制另一个线段和点 。

    9. Construct a line parallel to the line segment that passes through the point.
    ::9. 构造一条与通过点的线段平行的线条。

    10. Extend your construction to construct a trapezoid. Explain what you did to construct the trapezoid.
    ::10. 扩大建造范围,建造一个陷阱类动物,解释你为建造陷阱类动物做了哪些工作。

    Draw another line segment and point.
    ::绘制另一个线段和点 。

    11. Construct a line perpendicular to the line segment that passes through the point.
    ::11. 构造一条直通通过点的线段的直线。

    12. Extend your construction to construct a square. Explain what you did to construct the square.
    ::12. 扩大建筑以建造一个广场,解释你为建造广场做了哪些工作。

    13. Justify why the shape you created in #12 must be a square.
    ::13. 说明为什么你在#12所创造的形状必须是方形。

    14. Explain why the method for constructing parallel lines involves copying an angle.
    ::14. 解释为什么建造平行线的方法涉及复制一个角度。

    15. Describe a situation where parallel lines are present in the real world.
    ::15. 描述现实世界存在平行线的情况。

    16. Describe the room you are sitting in with respect to parallel and perpendicular lines.
    ::16. 请描述您所坐的房间与平行的和垂直的线路有关的情况。

    Review (Answers)
    ::审查(答复)

    Click to see the answer key or go to the Table of Contents and click on the Answer Key under the 'Other Versions' option.
    ::单击可查看答题键, 或转到目录中, 单击“ 其他版本” 选项下的答题键 。