11.1标点符号
Section outline
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Lesson Objectives
::经验教训目标-
Use commas with coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and introductory phrases.
::使用逗号与协调连接、次连接连接和引言词。 -
Use semicolons to connect independent clauses.
::使用分号连接独立条款。 -
Use colons to introduce lists.
::使用冒号来引入列表 。 -
Use hyphens with modifiers.
::使用修饰符的连字符 。 -
Indicate possession with singular and plural nouns using apostrophes.
::表示拥有单数和复数名词,使用批号表示拥有。 -
Emphasize with dashes and de-emphasize with parentheses.
::在强调这一点时要划破句号,在括号中要划掉句号。
Commas
Use commas with coordinating conjunctions that join two independent clauses. There are seven coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so . Using the acronym FANBOYS will help you remember them.
::使用连接两个独立条款的协调连接的逗号使用逗号。 有七个协调连接:用于或者,或者,或者,但是,或者,或者,或者,等等。使用首字母缩写FANBOYS可以帮助您记住它们。For a definition and examples of independent and dependent clauses, see Chapter 10, Lesson 1.
::关于独立和依附条款的定义和实例,见第10章,第1课。You should only connect two independent clauses per sentence. Long strings of independent clauses are usually considered run-on sentences.
::每句只应连接两个独立条款。 独立条款的长连带通常被视为连发性判决。Example 1 - Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are.
::例1 - 告诉我你吃什么,我会告诉你你是什么。The coordinating conjunction “and” is connecting two independent clauses. Notice that in the first clause, the subject is a missing but implied “you.” We still consider clauses with an implied “you” (what we term imperative statements) to be independent.
::协调的连结“和”将两个独立条款联系起来。 请注意,在第一个条款中,该主题是一个缺失但隐含的“你 ” 。 我们仍认为含有隐含的“你 ” ( 我们所说的紧急声明)的条款是独立的。Example 2 - I looked all over the house, but I couldn’t find my keys.
::例2-我查看了整个房子, 但找不到我的钥匙。The coordinating conjunction “but” is connecting two independent clauses. Since the subject “I” is restated in the second clause, we consider it a separate subject.
::由于第二段重述了“I”主题,我们认为这是一个单独的主题。Example 3 - Ms. Brenner went to the local police station and disputed her speeding ticket with the officer at the front desk.
::例3-Brenner女士前往当地警察局,与前台的警官对她的超速罚单提出异议。Notice that the coordinating conjunction “and” is connecting two verbs (“went” and “disputed”) instead of two independent clauses. Do not use commas when connecting two verbs, adjectives, or nouns unless you want to place special emphasis on the second item.
::注意协调词“和”连接两个动词(“went”和“争议”)而不是两个独立条款。 在连接两个动词、形容词或名词时不要使用逗号,除非你想特别强调第二个项目。Use the comma to separate three or more elements in a series. Although you are not absolutely required to place a comma before the last item in a series, it seems to be a general academic convention to include. Whether you decide to use it or not, make sure to keep it consistent throughout your writing.
::使用逗号将三个或三个以上元素分离成一系列。 虽然您并非绝对需要在一系列中最后一个项目之前放置逗号, 但似乎需要包含一个一般性的学术惯例 。 无论您是否决定使用该逗号, 请务必在整个写作过程中保持逗号的一致性 。Example 1 - During her trip to Europe, Erica visited Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Holland.
::例1 - Erica在访问欧洲期间访问了瑞典、挪威、丹麦和荷兰。Use a comma after a dependent clause when it comes before an independent clause. Use a comma with a dependent clause that comes after an independent clause only if the subordinating conjunction implies contrast (i.e. though, whereas ).
::在独立条款之前使用独立条款之后的逗号。使用带有独立条款之后的附属条款的逗号,只有在从属关系意味着对比(即相反)时才使用独立条款之后的逗号。Example 1 - If you speak the truth, have a foot in the stirrup.
::例1 -- -- 如果你说的是真话,请在搅拌机上踩一脚。The subordinating conjunction “if” marks the dependent clause as coming before the independent clause. Place a comma between the ending of the dependent clause and the beginning of the independent clause.
::“如果”这一次接连词标志着该从属条款出现在独立条款之前,在从属条款的结束与独立条款的开始之间设置一个逗号。Example 2 - He cancelled his magazine subscription because he thought the editors no longer addressed important issues.
::例2 - 他取消了订阅杂志,因为他认为编辑们不再讨论重要问题。The subordinating conjunction “because” does not imply a contrast between the independent clause and the dependent clause. Therefore, we do not use a comma before “because.”
::“因为”并不表示独立条款和附属条款之间的对比。 因此,我们没有在“因为”之前使用逗号。Example 3 - Allen is scrambling to finish all of his projects, whereas Amy planned ahead and had everything finished by last Thursday.
::例3 - 艾伦急忙忙忙忙忙忙着完成所有项目, 而艾米提前计划,The subordinating conjunction “whereas” implies a contrast between the independent clause and the dependent clause.
::“何地”的下引关系意味着独立条款和附属条款之间的对比。Many sentences begin with a prepositional, gerund, or infinitive phrase that introduces or explains the sentence. Place a comma between the end of the introductory phrase and the beginning of the subject. If the introductory phrase is less than four words long, you often do not need to use a comma, although it is never wrong to use one to be safe.
::许多句子开头是预言、格伦德语或介绍或解释该句子的无限短语。在引言句的结尾和主题的开头之间放置逗号。如果引言语短于四个字,你往往不需要使用逗号,尽管使用一个逗号来保证安全从来就没错。For definitions and examples of phrases, see Chapter 12, Lesson 2.
::关于用语的定义和实例,见第12章,第2课。Example 1 - To get a good grade, you must complete all of your assignments.
::例1 - 要获得好成绩, 您必须完成全部任务 。The sentence is introduced with an infinitive phrase, and the comma is placed before the subject “you.”
::句子是用一个无限的短语插入的,逗号放在“你”这个主题之前。Example 2 - Justifying a fault doubles it.
::例2 -- -- 证明过失是过失的两倍。Notice that the gerund phrase is not working as an introductory phrase, but as the subject itself. If a phrase is filling the role of sentence subject, then we do not place a comma after it.
::请注意,格伦德语不是作为引言语,而是作为主题本身。 如果一个短语填补了判决主题的作用,那么我们就不会在后面放逗号。Review Questions
::回顾问题For each example sentence, insert missing commas or omit incorrectly placed commas.
::对于每个例句,插入缺失的逗号或省略错误放置的逗号。-
I finally found my keys and I got to work just in time.
::我终于找到钥匙了 我得准时工作 -
Mrs. Contreras threw out her old coffee table, and cleaned the carpet.
::Contreras夫人扔掉了她的旧咖啡桌,清理地毯。 -
Taking the elevator to the roof we hoped we could see the skyline, and the bay.
::搭电梯到屋顶 我们希望能看见天线和海湾 -
Though Susan wasn’t feel well she went to the store anyway and bought ice cream pizza, and candy.
::虽然Susan不舒服, 她还是去商店买了冰淇淋披萨和糖果。 -
I let my neighbor borrow my phone, because she said hers was tapped by the police.
::我让我的邻居借我的电话 因为她说她被警察窃听了
Semicolons
Use semicolons to connect two independent clauses when the second clause restates the first, or when the two clauses are closely related.
::在第二个条款重述第一个条款时,或在两个条款密切相关时,使用分号将两个独立条款联系起来。Example 1 - Road construction in Seattle has hindered travel around town; streets have become covered with bulldozers, trucks, and cones.
::例1 -- -- 西雅图的公路建设阻碍了城镇周围的旅行;街道被推土机、卡车和锥形车覆盖。The second independent clause is describing the same situation as the first, but in a different manner.
::第二个独立条款描述的情况与第一个条款相同,但方式不同。Example 2 - It rained heavily during the afternoon; however, we still managed to have a picnic.
::例2 -- -- 下午下大雨;然而,我们仍然设法去野餐。The second independent clause is linked to the first with a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb . Whenever you use a conjunctive adverb, either after a semicolon or at the beginning of the sentence, place a comma after it.
::第二个独立条款与第一个条款相联系,有一个分号和一个共通副词。每当您在分号之后或句首使用共通副词时,都会在分号后面或句首处放置逗号。Here is a list of common conjunctive adverbs . Be wary of confusing conjunctive adverbs with subordinating conjunctions, for they have distinctly different uses. For a list of subordinating conjunctions, see Chapter 12, lesson 1.
::这是一份共通副词列表。 注意与下连接相混淆的共通副词, 因为它们有截然不同的不同用途。 关于下连接词列表, 见第12章, 课程1 。Besides Hence However Incidentally Indeed Likewise Meanwhile Moreover Nevertheless Similarly Still That is Thereafter Therefore Thus Undoubtedly In fact As a result Use a semicolon to separate elements in a sequence when those elements already have commas within them. Doing so clarifies for the reader how the commas are functioning.
::当一个分号已经包含逗号时, 将分号用在序列中分离元素。 这样做可以向读者澄清逗号是如何运作的 。Example 1 - Recent sites of the Summer Olympic Games include Beijing, China; Athens, Greece; Sydney Australia; and Atlanta, Georgia.
::例1 - 夏季奥林匹克运动会最近的地点包括中国北京、希腊雅典、澳大利亚悉尼和格鲁吉亚亚特兰大。The semicolons separate the larger elements, while the commas separate the city and country within each element.
::分号将较大的元素分开,而逗号将每个元素中的城市和国家分开。Review Questions
::回顾问题For each sentence, insert missing semicolons or omit incorrectly placed semicolons.
::对每一句,插入缺失的分号或省略错误放置的分号。-
They gave the fire marshal kickback to look the other way consequently, the building went up in flames the very next year.
::他们给消防队长回扣 寻找相反的方式, 因此,这栋建筑在下一年 火烧起来了。 -
The earthquake on March
22 n d was nearly a 6.0 on the Richter scale, however there was no loss of life.
::3月22日的地震在里氏6. -
Ingrid received a huge bonus last Christmas; because she singlehandedly sealed the Union Plastics deal.
::Ingrid去年圣诞节收到了一笔巨大的奖金, 因为她单枪匹马地封锁了Union塑料公司的交易。 -
The old industrial centers of America—Detroit, Michigan, Cincinnati, Ohio, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania—are attempting to find new ways to thrive in a tech-heavy economy.
::美国的旧工业中心——德特罗里特、密歇根、辛辛那提、俄亥俄、皮特斯堡、宾夕法尼亚州——正试图找到在技术重经济中繁荣的新途径。 -
I came in second place, my father hid his disappointment.
::我是第二位的 我父亲隐藏了他的失望
Colons
Use the colon after an independent clause when it is followed by a list, quotation, or other idea directly related to the independent clause.
::使用独立条款之后的语号,之后是列表、引文或与独立条款直接相关的其他想法。Example 1 - Julie went to the store for some groceries: milk, bread, coffee, and cheese. The colon is announcing a list of items that describes the noun “groceries” in more detail.
::例1 - Julie去商店买一些杂货:牛奶、面包、咖啡和奶酪。 结肠将宣布一个详细描述名词“ 食品” 的项目清单 。Example 2 - The crier said those dreaded words: “The King is dead! Long live the king!” The colon is announcing a quote that specifies which “words” were said.
::例2 - 喊者说这些可怕的词:“国王死了!国王万岁!”You can also use the colon to join two independent clauses when you wish to emphasize the second clause. The colon in this case announces that the second independent clause will complete the idea set up in the first.
::您也可以使用冒号加入两个独立条款,当您想要强调第二个条款时。这里的冒号宣布,第二个独立条款将完成第一个独立条款提出的想法。Example 1 - Road construction in Yoknapatawpha County hindered travel along many routes: parts of Highway 56 and Vienda Drive are closed during construction.
::例1 -- -- Yoknapatawpha县的公路建设阻碍许多路线的交通:56号公路和Vienda车道部分在施工期间被关闭。The colon here announces that the first clause about “road construction” will be completed using the more specific detail from the second clause.
::这里的冒号宣布,关于“公路建设”的第一段将使用第二段的更具体的细节来完成。Review Questions
::回顾问题For each sentence, insert missing colons or omit incorrectly placed colons.
::对每一句,插入缺失的冒号或省略错误放置的冒号。-
An ammonia molecule consists of four atoms, one nitrogen and three hydrogen.
::氨分子由4个原子、1个氮和3个氢组成。 -
George was turned away at the unemployment office they knew he still had a job.
::乔治在失业办公室被拒之门外 他们知道他还有工作 -
Some say there are traces of mercury in the town water supply: however, tests conducted by the EPA showed negative results.
::有些人说,城市供水中存在汞的痕迹:然而,环保局进行的测试显示,结果为负值。 -
I know the perfect job for her; a politician.
::我知道为她做的完美工作,一个政治家。 -
That street vendor sells everything you could possibly want; churros, hot dogs, and popsicles, for starters.
::街上卖家会卖出你想要的任何东西; 香肠、热狗、冰棒,
Hyphens
Use the hyphen to join two or more words serving as a single modifier before a noun. We use hyphens to clarify how multiple modifiers function before a noun.
::使用连字符将两个或两个以上的单词合并到一个名词之前作为单一修饰符。我们使用连字符来澄清多个修饰符如何在名词之前起作用。Example 1 - You might not know it on first seeing her, but she is a well-known author.
::例1 - 你第一次见到她时可能不知道, 但她是个知名的作者。Example 2 - That novelty shop on the boardwalk sells chocolate-covered peanuts.
::例2 - 木板街上的新店出售巧克力覆盖花生。Example 3 - Last night Ms. Munoz attended a high-school prom-night fundraiser.
::例3 -- -- 昨晚Munoz女士参加了高中舞会晚会的筹款活动。If each word works separately to modify a noun, they are not hyphenated. We also do not use a hyphen when the compound modifiers come after a noun.
::如果每个单词分别修改名词, 它们就不会连字符。 当复方改写符在名词后出现时, 我们也不会使用连字符 。Example 1 - The old manor house was covered with creeping green Wisteria.
::例1 -- -- 旧庄园被绿色的西西西娅覆盖。In this case, “creeping” is not modifying “green”; both words work as separate modifiers to describe “Wisteria.”
::在这种情况下,“隐蔽”并不是修改“绿色”;这两个字作为不同的修饰词可以用来描述“威西西娅”。Example 2 - You might not know it on first seeing her, but the author is well known.
::例2----你第一次见到她时可能不知道,但提交人是众所周知的。Example 3 - That novelty shop on the boardwalk sells peanuts that are chocolate covered.
::例3 - 木板行道上的新店出售巧克力覆盖的花生。Review Questions
::回顾问题For each sentence, insert missing hyphens or omit unnecessary hyphens.
::对每一句,插入缺失的连字符或省略不必要的连字符。-
I have nothing to wear for my job interview but a paint splattered tie.
::面试时我没有什么好穿的 除了一张涂料喷发的领带 -
Those ragged-old clothes I got from the attic were moth-ridden.
::我从阁楼里得到的那些破旧衣服 被飞蛾缠绕着 -
Shelia’s cat brought home a mouse that was scared-stiff but otherwise unharmed.
::Shelia的猫带回家一只鼠, -
The recycling bin was filled with empty-plastic water bottles.
::回收箱装满了空塑料水瓶。 -
Walter said I could use his, even though it was dog-eared and had missing pages.
::Walter说我可以用他的, 尽管它是狗抓的, 并有缺失的页。
Apostrophes
We use apostrophes to indicate a possessive noun. Follow these rules to create possessive nouns with apostrophes.
::我们用代号表示拥有的名词。 遵循这些规则来创造拥有的名词和代号的代号。1. Add [‘ s ] to the singular form of the word (even if it ends in – s ).
::1. 在单词形式中加上[s](即使以-s结尾)。Ex. the owner’s insurance, the waitress’s coat
::房主保险、女服务员的外衣2. Add [‘ s ] to the plural forms that do not end in – s .
::2. 在不以 - 结尾的复数表格中加上[ ' s]。Ex. the children’s game, the people’s opinion
::儿童游戏,人民的意见3. Add [‘] to the end of plural nouns that end in – s .
::3. 结尾处的多元名词加上[ ]。Ex. the three friends’ cars, the workers’ benefits
::前三个朋友的汽车,工人的福利4. Add [‘ s ] to the end of compound words.
::4. 在复数句末加上[s]。Ex. my brother-in-law’s money
::我姐夫的钱5. Add [‘ s ] to the last noun to show joint possession of an object.
::5. 在最后的名词中加上[ ' s],以表明共同拥有物体。Ex. Tom and Monica’s house
::Ex.Tom和Monica的房子Apostrophes are also used in contractions. We define a contraction as a word in which one or more letters have been omitted. The apostrophe shows this omission.
::在收缩中也使用代号缩进。我们将收缩定义为一个词,其中遗漏了一个或多个字母。代号缩进显示了这一遗漏。Examples
::实例-
don’t = do not
::不=不 -
I’m = I am
::我 = 我 -
he’ll = he will
::他会的 -
you’re = you are
::=你是 -
won’t = will not
::不会 = 将不会 -
could’ve = could have
::可能 = 可能
Review Questions
::回顾问题For each sentence, insert missing apostrophes or omit unnecessary apostrophes.
::每一句,插入遗漏的代号或省略不必要的代号。-
Jack's and Jill's hill is nothing more than a mound of dirt on the southwest corner of Farmer Johns land.
::杰克和吉尔的山丘 只不过是农庄约翰斯土地西南角的一堆土而已 -
One's labor is proportional to ones' wealth.
::一个人的劳动与他们的财富成正比。 -
George shouldn't say that he'll be in the library when he obviously wont.
::George不该说他显然不愿意的时候 会去图书馆 -
Ill be back.
::我会回来的 -
Who'll referee those kid's soccer game if not for you're brother.
::如果不是你兄弟 谁来评判那小子的足球比赛
Dashes and Parentheses
Use dashes to set off or emphasize the content enclosed within them or the content that follows a dash. Dashes place more emphasis on the enclosed content than either parentheses or commas. We also use dashes to set off an appositive phrase that already includes commas.
::使用破折号来抵消或强调其中所含内容或破折号之后的内容。 Dashes 更强调封闭内容, 而不是括号或逗号。 我们还使用破折号来抵消已经包括逗号的优胜词。An appositive is a word or phrase that adds explanatory or clarifying information to the noun that precedes it.
::优选词是指在前面的名词中添加解释性或澄清性信息的一个词或短语。Example 1 - The U.S.S. Constitution became known as “Old Ironsides” during the War of 1812—during which the cannonballs fired from the British H.M.S. Guerriere merely bounced off the sides of the Constitution.
::例1 - 1812年战争期间,美国《宪法》被称为“老铁面”,1812年战争期间,英国H.M.S.Guerriere发射的炮弹只是从《宪法》的两面反弹。In this case, the phrase that comes after the dash is more important than the independent clause that comes before.
::在这种情况下,破折号后出现的短语比以前出现的独立条款更重要。Example 2 - To some of you, my proposals may seem radical—even revolutionary. Here the dash works in conjunction with “even” to emphasize the adjective “revolutionary.”
::例2—对你们中的一些人来说,我的建议可能显得激进 — — 甚至革命性。 在这里,破折号与“甚至”一起工作,强调形容词“革命性 ” 。Example 3 - The cousins—Tina, Todd, and Sam—arrived at the party together. Here the dash is not being used for emphasis, but to stand in the place of additional commas that might confuse the reader.
::例3 - 表兄弟Tina、Todd和Sam一起来到派对上,这里的时针不是用来强调重点的,而是用来代替其他逗号,使读者感到困惑。Whereas dashes are used to emphasize content, parentheses are used to downplay content. They place less emphasis on the enclosed content than commas. Use parentheses to set off nonessential material—such as dates, clarifying information, clarifying information, or sources—from a sentence
::括号用于强调内容,括号则用于贬低内容,对封闭内容的重视程度低于逗号。使用括号来抵消句子中不必要的材料,如日期、澄清信息、澄清信息或资料来源等。Example 1 - Muhammad Ali (1942-present), arguably the greatest boxer of all time, claimed he would “float like a butterfly, sting like a bee.”
::例1 — Muhammad Ali(1942年至今)是有史以来最伟大的拳击手,Example 2 - Denis Johnson’s new novel (which is bound in a luminous red hardback cover) is a worthy addition to the crime fiction genre.
::例2 - Denis Johnson的新小说(该小说以明亮的红色硬背面封印)是对犯罪虚构流派的有价值的补充。Notice that information enclosed in parentheses has little relevance to the primary idea or meaning of the sentence.
::注意括号内所载资料与该句的基本思想或含义没有多大关系。
-
Use commas with coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and introductory phrases.
