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  • 细胞呼吸

    A girl is about to bite into a green apple with a smile.

     

    Why do you need food?
    ::你为什么需要食物?

    The main reason you need to eat is to get  energy . Food is your body's only supply of energy. However, this energy must be converted from the apple (or any other food you eat) into an energy source that your body can use. The process of getting energy from your food is called cellular respiration.
    ::您需要吃东西的主要原因是获取能量。 食物是您身体唯一的能量供应。 但是, 这种能量必须从苹果( 或任何其他食物) 转换成您身体可以使用的能源。 从食物中获取能量的过程叫做细胞呼吸。

    What is Cellular Respiration?
    ::什么是细胞呼吸?

    How does the food you eat provide energy? When you need a quick boost of energy, you might reach for an apple or a candy bar. But  cells  do not "eat" apples or candy bars; these foods need to be broken down so that cells can use them. Through the process of  cellular respiration , the energy in food is changed into energy that can be used by the body's cells. Initially, the sugars in the food you eat are digested into the  simple sugar   glucose , a  monosaccharide . Recall that glucose is the sugar produced by the plant during  . The glucose, or the  polysaccharide  made from many glucose molecules, such as  starch , is then passed to the  organism  that eats the plant. This organism could be you, or it could be the organism that you eat. Either way, it is the glucose molecules that holds the energy.
    ::您所吃的食物如何提供能量? 当您需要快速的能量增强时, 您可能会找到一个苹果或糖果棒。 但是细胞不会“ 吃”苹果或糖果棒; 这些食物需要分解, 这样细胞就可以使用它们。 通过细胞呼吸过程, 食物中的能量被转换成可以被身体细胞使用的能量。 起初, 您所吃的食物中的糖被吸收到简单的糖糖糖中, 一种单色糖。 回顾葡萄糖是植物在植物生产过程中产生的糖。 葡萄糖, 或者从许多葡萄糖分子( 如淀粉)中制成的聚沙律, 然后传递给吃植物的有机体。 这个有机体可能是你, 或者可能是你吃的有机体。 或者可能是你吃的有机体。 要么是葡萄糖分子控制着能量。

    ATP
    ::ATP 阿拉伯TP

    Specifically, during cellular respiration, the energy stored in glucose is transferred to  ATP  ( Figure   ).  ATP , or adenosine triphosphate, is chemical energy the cell can use. It is the  molecule  that provides energy for your cells to perform work, such as moving your   as you walk down the street. But cellular respiration is slightly more complicated than just converting the energy from glucose into ATP. Cellular respiration can be described as the reverse or opposite of photosynthesis. During cellular respiration, glucose, in the presence of oxygen, is converted into carbon dioxide and water. Recall that carbon dioxide and water are the starting products of photosynthesis. What are the products of photosynthesis?
    ::具体地说,在细胞呼吸期间,葡萄糖中储存的能量被转移到ATP(图 ) 。 ATP, 或腺素三磷酸酯, 是细胞可以使用的化学能量。 分子能为细胞提供工作所需的能量, 比如当你走在街上时移动。 但是细胞呼吸比仅仅将葡萄糖能量转换到ATP要复杂一些。 细胞呼吸可以被描述为光合作用反向或相反。 在细胞呼吸期间, 氧气条件下的葡萄糖被转换成二氧化碳和水。 提醒人们注意二氧化碳和水是光合作用产物。 光合作用的产品是什么?

    The process can be summarized as: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water. During this process, the energy stored in glucose is transferred to ATP.
    ::该工艺可归纳为:葡萄糖+氧气+二氧化碳+水。在此过程中,将储存在葡萄糖中的能量转移至ATP。

    Energy is stored in the bonds between the phosphate groups (PO 4 - ) of the ATP molecule. When ATP is broken down into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate, energy is released. When ADP and inorganic phosphate are joined to form ATP, energy is stored. During cellular respiration, about 36 to 38 ATP molecules are produced for every glucose molecule.
    ::能量储存在ATP分子的磷酸盐组(PO4-)之间,当ATP分解成ADP(denosine di磷酸盐)和无机磷酸酯时,能量就会释放,当ADP和无机磷酸盐结合成ATP时,能量就会储存起来,在细胞呼吸期间,每个葡萄糖分子都会产生大约36至38ATP分子。

    Structural formula of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), showing its chemical components and structure.

     

    The structural formula for adenosine triphosphate (ATP). During cellular respiration, energy from the chemical bonds of the food you eat must be transferred to ATP.
    ::在细胞呼吸期间,您所吃食物的化学键的能量必须转移到亚甲酸酯。

    What Happens During Cellular Respiration?
    ::细胞呼吸时发生了什么?

    Cellular respiration involves many  biochemical reactions . However, the overall process can be summed up in a single chemical equation:
    ::细胞呼吸涉及许多生化反应,但整个过程可以归纳为一个化学方程式:

    C 6 H 12 O 6  + 6O 2  → 6CO 2  + 6H 2 O + energy (stored in ATP)

    Summary
     ::摘要

    • Through the process of cellular respiration, the energy in food is converted into energy that can be used by the body's cells.
      ::通过细胞呼吸过程,将食物中的能量转化为身体细胞可以使用的能量。
    • During cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide and water, and the energy is transferred to ATP.
      ::在细胞呼吸期间,将葡萄糖和氧气转化成二氧化碳和水,并将能量转移至ATP。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    • Define Cellular Respiration  at   (1:02)
      ::定义在 (1: 02) 时的细胞呼吸
    1. What is cellular respiration?
      ::什么是细胞呼吸?
    1. Do plant cells respire?
      ::植物细胞会沉没吗?
    1. What kinds of molecules are used for cellular respiration? Give specific examples.
      ::用于细胞呼吸的分子种类是什么? 请举例说明 。
    1. What is the use of ATP? Give three examples of how ATP is used in the cell.
      ::ATP 的用途是什么? 请举三个例子来说明该单元格是如何使用 ATP 的 。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
      ::细胞呼吸的目的是什么?
    1. What is ATP?
      ::什么是ATP?
    1. How much usable energy is extracted from one glucose molecule?
      ::从一个葡萄糖分子中提取了多少可用能源?