章节大纲

  •   Chapter Challenges
    ::章次 挑战

    1. Summarize the early life of Muhammad and the origins of Islam.
      ::总结穆罕默德的早期生活和伊斯兰教的起源。
    2. Analyze the differences and similarities among the three main monotheistic religions.
      ::分析三大一神教之间的差异和相似性。
    3. Explain the process of spatial diffusion and the various forms it may represent.
      ::解释空间扩散的过程及其可能代表的各种形式。
    4. Outline the main divisions of Islam and the approximate percentages of the followers of each division.
      ::概述伊斯兰教的主要分支和每个分支信徒的大致百分比。
    5. Explain how Islamic fundamentalism influences the debate between a religious state and a secular state.
      ::解释伊斯兰原教旨主义如何影响宗教国家与世俗国家之间的辩论。

    Student Learning Objectives
    ::学生学习目标

      TEKS Regional Unit 07 Southwest Asia: Chapter 7.2 The Prophet Muhammad and Islam
    ::7 西南亚:第7.2章 先知穆罕默德和伊斯兰教

    WG.16B Describe elements of culture, including language, religion, beliefs and customs, institutions, and technologies.
    ::WG.16B 描述文化要素,包括语言、宗教、信仰和习俗、机构和技术。

    WG.17A Describe and compare patterns of culture such as language, religion, land use, education, and customs that make specific regions of the world distinctive.
    ::WG.17A 描述和比较使世界特定区域具有独特性的语言、宗教、土地使用、教育和习俗等文化模式。

    WG.17B Describe major world religions, including... Islam,... and their spatial distribution.
    ::WG.17B 描述世界主要宗教,包括伊斯兰教和它们的空间分布。

    WG.17C Compare economic, political, or social opportunities in different cultures for women, ethnic and religious minorities, and other underrepresented populations.
    ::WG.17C 比较妇女、族裔和宗教少数群体以及其他代表人数不足的人口在不同文化中的经济、政治或社会机会。

    WG.18A Describe distinctive cultural patterns and landscapes associated with different places.... and other regions of the world and how these patterns influenced the processes of innovation and diffusion.
    ::WG.18A 描述与不同地点和世界其他区域有关的独特文化模式和景观,以及这些模式如何影响创新和传播进程。

    WG.18C Identify examples of cultures that maintain traditional ways, including traditional economies.
    ::WG.18C 查明保持传统方式的文化实例,包括传统经济。

    WG.21B Locate places of contemporary geopolitical significance on a map.
    ::WG.21B 在地图上标出具有当代地缘政治意义的地点。

    WG.21C Create and interpret different types of maps to answer geographic questions, infer relationships, and analyze change.
    ::WG.21C 创建和解释不同类型的地图,以回答地理问题、推断关系和分析变化。

    WG.22A Design and draw appropriate graphics such as maps, diagrams, tables, and graphs to communicate geographic features, distributions, and relationships.
    ::WG.22A 设计和绘制适当的图形,如地图、图表、表格和图表,以交流地理特征、分布和关系。

    WG.22C Use geographic terminology correctly.
    ::WG.22C 正确使用地理术语。

    WG.22D Use standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
    ::WG.22D 使用标准语法、拼写、句子结构和标点。

    The Prophet Muhammad and Islam
    ::先知穆罕默德和伊斯兰

    lesson content

    Mecca is home to the largest mosque in the world known as Al-Haram Mosque.
    ::麦加是世界上最大的清真寺——禁寺清真寺——的所在地。

    Located in the mountains of western Saudi Arabia, the city of Mecca began as an early trade center for the region. It was also a hub for camel caravans trading throughout Southwest Asia and North Africa. Mecca is about 45 miles from the Red Sea coast at an elevation of 531 feet. South of Mecca, the mountains reach more than 7,200 feet in elevation. According to Islamic tradition, the patriarch Abraham came to Mecca with his Egyptian wife Hagar and their son Ishmael more than 2,000 years before the birth of the Prophet Muhammad. When Hagar died, Abraham and Ishmael built the Kaaba, a rectangular shrine that included a special stone, in Mecca. The shrine was destined to become one of the holiest sites for nomadic groups in Arabia. Abraham later died in Palestine in what is now the country of Israel. Centuries after Abraham’s death, the Kaaba and the rituals associated with it merged with other local traditions.
    ::位于沙特阿拉伯西部山区的麦加市开始成为该地区的早期贸易中心,也是整个西南亚和北非的骆驼大篷车枢纽。麦加距红海海岸约45英里,高度为531英尺。麦加以南,山高超过7,200英尺。根据伊斯兰传统,亚伯拉罕的父辈在先知穆罕默德出生2000多年前就与埃及妻子哈格尔及其儿子伊斯梅尔来到麦加。哈加尔去世后,亚伯拉罕和伊斯梅尔在麦加建造了卡巴,这是一座长方形的神殿,其中包括一块特殊石块。该神殿注定要成为阿拉伯游牧群体最神圣的地点之一。亚伯拉罕后来死在现在的以色列国的巴勒斯坦。亚伯拉罕死后,卡巴人及其相关的仪式与其他当地传统合并。

    The Prophet Muhammad
    ::先知穆罕默德

    The traditional groups in the region of Arabia were polytheistic and worshiped their own gods. By the time of Muhammad, Mecca is said to have been a center of worship to more than 360 deities, and the greatest of these was Allah (meaning “the god”). Allah was known as the chief of the Meccan pantheon of gods and was worshiped from southern Syria to Arabia. Mecca was full of idols, temples, and worship sites. Tradition states that the god Allah was the only god without an idol. Allah became the God of Muhammad’s new Islamic religion.
    ::阿拉伯地区的各民族,原是多神教徒,他们崇拜自己的神灵。当时,有人说麦加是360多个神灵的礼拜中心,其中最伟大的是真主。真主是麦加众神环的主宰,是从叙利亚南部礼拜到阿拉伯的。麦加是许多偶像、寺庙和礼拜场所的。传说:真主是唯一没有偶像的神。真主就是穆罕默德的新伊斯兰的神。

    Muhammad was born in Mecca 571 years after the birth of Christ and about 100 years after the fall of the Roman Empire. He was orphaned at an early age and was employed in a camel caravan when he reached his teens. His life and what has been reported about it changed the Middle East forever. Muhammad traveled throughout the region with the camel caravans. He was fortunate to have been able to live as he did because most orphans in the region did not have many opportunities. His travels introduced him to many people, places, and experiences. Muhammad's life changed when he married a widow many years older than he was. Muhammad became a merchant, the leader of a camel caravan, and a respected member of his community. He was reported to have been an intelligent and wise businessman.
    ::穆罕默德在基督诞生后571年,罗马帝国倒塌后大约100年,生于麦加571年,出生于麦加571年,罗马帝国倒塌后100年,年幼就成为孤儿,在十几岁时受雇于骆驼大篷车,他的一生和关于它的报道永远改变了中东。穆罕默德带着骆驼大篷车在整个地区旅行,他很幸运能够像他那样生活,因为该地区大多数孤儿没有很多机会。他的旅行使他认识了许多人、地方和经验。穆罕默德在嫁给一个比他年长的寡妇时改变了生活。穆罕默德成了商人,是骆驼大篷车的领袖,是他的社区中受尊敬的成员。据报道,他是一个聪明和明智的商人。

    The traditional groups that traded in Mecca held many different religious beliefs. Muhammad would often seek the solitude of the mountains to contemplate life. When Muhammad was about 40 years old, it is said that while he was meditating in a cave on the mountain, the angel Gabriel appeared. Gabriel gave Muhammad the message from Allah, which he recited from memory to his followers. According to tradition, Muhammad was illiterate and his supporters wrote down his words. These words were compiled into the holiest book of Islam called the Koran . Muhammad was the founder of the new religion, which he called   Islam  (meaning “submission to Allah”). The term  Muslim  (meaning “one who submits”) refers to a follower of Islam.
    ::在麦加交易的传统团体持有许多不同的宗教信仰,穆罕默德常常寻求山区的孤寂,以便思考生活。当穆罕默德大约40岁的时候,有人说,当他在山上的洞里冥想的时候,吉卜利尔出现了天使。加布里尔把真主的使命告诉穆罕默德,他从记忆中将之宣读给他的信徒们。根据传统,穆罕默德是文盲,他的支持者写下他的言辞。这些言辞被汇编在伊斯兰教最神圣的书《古兰经》中。穆罕默德是新宗教的创始人,他称之为伊斯兰教(意指“顺从真主 ” ) 。穆斯林(意指“顺从真主 ” ) , 指伊斯兰教的追随者。

    After Muhammad returned to Mecca and shared his visions, he began to speak out against the bad behavior of the citizens and their worshipping of many gods. He claimed that there was only one god--Allah, the same creator god of Abraham. The people of Mecca did not like his new messages of social responsibility. In 622 C.E., they forced Muhammad out of the city, and he fled to the nearby city of Medina and found refuge. This historic journey, known as the hejira, became the start of the Islamic calendar and is based on the lunar cycles.
    ::穆罕默德回到麦加,分享了他的愿景之后,他开始公开反对公民的恶劣行为,反对他们崇拜许多神灵,他声称只有一个神——真主,也是亚伯拉罕的创造神。麦加人民不喜欢他新的社会责任信息。公元前622年,他们将穆罕默德赶出城外,他逃到附近的麦地那市,找到了避难所。这段历史历程,即希吉拉,成为伊斯兰历程的开端,以月球周期为基础。

    Muhammad and those loyal to him defeated the army of Mecca and converted the city into Islam’s holiest place. They destroyed all of Mecca’s idols and temples except the Kaaba. Muhammad’s teaching united the many Arabian groups under one religion. Since the Koran was written in Arabic, it became the official language of Islam. The Kaaba and the mosque built at Mecca became the center of the Islamic world and a destination for Muslim pilgrims. Islam brought a new identity, a faith in one god, and a set of values to the Arab world.
    ::穆罕默德和忠于他的人击败了麦加军队,将圣城变成伊斯兰最神圣的地方。他们摧毁了麦加的所有神像和寺庙,但卡巴除外。穆罕默德的教义将许多阿拉伯团体团结在一个宗教之下。 自从《古兰经》用阿拉伯语写成以来,它成了伊斯兰教的官方语言。 在麦加建造的卡巴和清真寺成为伊斯兰世界的中心,成为穆斯林朝圣者的目的地。 伊斯兰教带来了一个新的身份,对一个神的信仰,以及阿拉伯世界的一套价值观。 

     

    lesson content

    This graphic illustrates the traditional succession of the three main monotheistic religions of the Middle East: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
    ::这一图表说明了中东三大一神教传统继承:犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教。

    The principles of Islam and Muhammad’s teachings are a continuation of Judaism and Christianity. All three traditions assert a faith in a divine creator, with important messages coming through prophets or holy messengers. All three religions acknowledge Abraham as a founding patriarch. Muslims believe that Moses and Jesus were major prophets and that Muhammad was the greatest and final prophet. All three religions have stories about creation, Adam and Eve, the flood, and other similar stories that have been adapted to the traditions and characters of each religion.
    ::伊斯兰教和穆罕默德教义的原则是犹太教和基督教的延续。 这三个传统都信奉神圣的造物主的信仰,其重要信息通过先知或圣信使传递。 这三个宗教都承认亚伯拉罕是创始父权。 穆斯林相信摩西和耶稣是主要的先知,穆罕默德是最伟大和最后的先知。 所有三个宗教都有关于创造的故事,亚当和夏娃,洪水,以及适应每个宗教传统和特征的其他类似故事。

    The religions that emerged out of the Middle East absorbed many of the existing cultural traits, traditions, or habits of the people into their religious practices. Early Islam adapted many Arab cultural traits, styles of dress, foods, and the pilgrimage and folded them into its principles. Early Christianity and Judaism also adopted cultural traits, holidays, styles of dress, and cultural traditions.
    ::中东出现的宗教吸收了人民现有的许多文化特征、传统或习惯,将其吸收到宗教实践中。 早期伊斯兰改造了许多阿拉伯文化特征、服装、食品和朝圣风格,并将其融入其原则中。 早期基督教和犹太教也采纳了文化特征、节假日、服装和文化传统。

    Spatial Diffusion
    ::空间传播

    The spread of Islam was accomplished through trade and conquest. Mecca was a center of trade. When camel caravans left Mecca, they carried Muhammad’s teachings with them. Islam diffused from Mecca and spread throughout the Middle East and into Central Asia and North Africa. The geographic principle of spatial diffusion can be applied to any phenomenon, idea, disease, or concept that spreads through a population across space and through time. The spatial diffusion of Islam outward from Mecca was significant and predictable.
    ::伊斯兰的传播是通过贸易和征服实现的。麦加是一个贸易中心。 当骆驼大篷车离开麦加时,他们携带着穆罕默德的教义。 伊斯兰教从麦加扩散,并遍及中东、中亚和北非。 空间传播的地理原则可以适用于穿越空间和时间的人群中传播的任何现象、思想、疾病或概念。 伊斯兰教从麦加向外的空间传播意义重大且可以预测。

    There are two main types of spatial diffusion: (1) expansion diffusion and (2) relocation diffusion. Expansion diffusion has two main subtypes: (1) contagious diffusion and (2) hierarchical diffusion. A religion can spread from individual to individual through contagious diffusion when a religion starts at one point and expands outwardly in a pattern similar to the spreading of a disease.
    ::空间传播主要有两种类型伤心1) 扩展传播和(2) 迁移传播,扩展传播有两种主要的子类型伤心1) 传染传播和(2) 等级传播,当宗教从某一点开始以类似于疾病传播的模式向外扩展时,宗教可以通过传染传播从个人向个人传播。

    Another way a religion can spread through expansion diffusion is hierarchically,  such as when rulers of a region convert to the religion and decree it as the official religion of their realm. The religion filters down the political chain of command and eventually reaches the masses. The second type of diffusion, relocation diffusion, takes place when the religion relocates to a new place from a central point. When Islam jumped from the Middle East to Indonesia, it diffused through relocation. Relocation diffusion also occurred when Islam spread to the United States.
    ::另一种宗教通过扩大传播传播的方式是等级分化的,例如当一个地区的统治者皈依该宗教并将其定为其领域的正式宗教时,该宗教会渗透到政治指挥链下,并最终到达群众手中。第二种传播、迁移传播是当该宗教从一个中心点迁移到一个新地方时发生的。当伊斯兰教从中东跳到印度尼西亚时,它会通过迁移传播。当伊斯兰教传播到美国时,也会出现异地传播。

     

    lesson content

    This map illustrates the ten countries with the highest Muslim populations. Data courtesy of Pew Research Center, Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Muslim Population.
    ::这张地图显示了穆斯林人口最多的十个国家。 数据来自皮尤研究中心(Pew 研究中心 ) , 《 全球穆斯林人口图:世界穆斯林人口的规模和分布报告 》 。

    Early on, the unifying principles of Islam found their way into the regional groups of Arabia and into the minds of their leaders. By 700 CE, Islam had spread to the east, to the Mogul Empire of Pakistan and northern India. In India, Emperor Shah Jehan, who built the famous architectural marvel of the Taj Mahal as a mausoleum for his wife, was a Muslim. The expansion of Islam fueled the Arab Empire of the Middle East. The capital city of the Arab Empire was first established at Medina and then moved to Damascus and later to Baghdad.
    ::早在早期,伊斯兰的统一原则就进入了阿拉伯的区域集团及其领导人的头脑中,到700世纪,伊斯兰教已蔓延到东部、巴基斯坦的莫古尔帝国和印度北部,在印度,沙阿·杰汉皇帝建造了塔吉·马哈尔作为妻子的陵墓的著名建筑奇迹,他是穆斯林,伊斯兰教的扩张为中东阿拉伯帝国火上浇油,阿拉伯帝国的首都首先在麦地那建立,然后搬到大马士革,后来又搬到巴格达。

    While Europe was enduring the Dark Ages, Islam was experiencing a renaissance, expanding its knowledge of mathematics, architecture, and the sciences. The Arab institutions of higher learning kept the Greek classics alive and established universities in Toledo (Spain), Cairo, and Baghdad. As of 2010, Islam has attracted as many as 1.5 billion followers, second only to Christianity, which has about 2 billion followers. Hinduism is third, with about 900 million followers. Buddhism is considered the world’s fourth largest religion.
    ::欧洲正在经历黑暗时代,伊斯兰经历了复兴,扩大了数学、建筑和科学知识。 阿拉伯高等院校让希腊经典古典作品得以延续,并在托莱多(西班牙 ) 、 开罗和巴格达建立了大学。 截至2010年,伊斯兰教吸引了多达15亿信徒,仅次于基督教,基督教约有20亿信徒。 印度教占第三位,约有9亿信徒。 佛教被视为世界第四大宗教。

     

    lesson content

    Muslims in Umayyad, Damascus, praying toward Mecca.
    ::在大马士革的Umayyad, 穆斯林向麦加祈祷。

    The Five Pillars of Islam
    ::伊斯兰的五大支柱

    The Five Pillars of Islam is the structural foundation of Islam. Prayer is an important part of the religion. A Muslim must offer prayers five times a day: before sunrise, at midday, at midafternoon, after sunset, and in the early evening. During prayer, Muslims face toward the compass direction of Mecca. Before clocks and time were established, a mosque leader would climb a minaret (a tall tower next to the mosque) and call the faithful to prayer at the required times of day. Muslims gather together for common prayer on Friday, which is a time to unite the community of believers. Mosques sprang up after Muhammad died, and they became the center of community activities in the Islamic world.
    ::伊斯兰教的五大支柱是伊斯兰的结构性基础。祈祷是宗教的一个重要部分。穆斯林必须每天做五次祈祷:在日出之前、中午、下午、日落之后和清晨。在祈祷期间,穆斯林面朝麦加的指南针方向。在时间和时间建立之前,清真寺领导人将爬上一座月球(清真寺旁边的一座高塔),在规定的时间呼吁信徒们祈祷。穆斯林在星期五聚集一堂,共同祈祷,这是团结信徒们的时刻。穆罕默德死后,清真寺开始涌现,成为伊斯兰世界社区活动的中心。

    The Five Pillars of Islam :
    ::伊斯兰教的五个支柱:

    1. Express the basic creed ( Shahadah ).  Profess that there is no god but Allah and his messenger and prophet is Muhammad.
      ::真主及其使者和先知都是穆罕默德,除真主外,绝无应受崇拜的。
    2. Perform the prayers ( Salat ).  Pray five times a day.
      ::你们应当谨守拜功,每日谨守五次。
    3. Pay alms or give to charity ( Zakat ).  Share what you have with people who are less fortunate.
      ::你们当施舍,或施舍,你们可以施舍。你们可以施舍吝啬的民众。
    4. Fast ( Sawm ).  During the month of Ramadan, abstain from personal needs, drinking, and eating from dawn to dusk (as one’s health permits).
      ::快速( Sawm ) 。 在斋月期间,不要满足个人需要、喝酒、从早到晚吃东西(作为个人健康许可)。
    5. Make the pilgrimage to Mecca ( Hajj ).  Conduct at least one pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca (if within one’s capacity).
      ::前往麦加(Hajj)朝圣。 前往圣城麦加至少一次朝圣(如果以自己的能力)。

    The Death of Muhammad
    ::穆罕默德之死

    Muhammad died at the age of 62. He never claimed to be a god or anything other than a mere mortal. His tomb is located in Medina, the City of the Prophet. No provision was made to continue Muhammad’s work after he died. One division thought his successor should be a blood relative. This division led to the   Shia (or Shi’ite) branch of Islam, which makes up about 15 percent of Muslims. Others felt that the successor should be a worthy follower and did not need to be a blood relative. This branch became known as Sunni, which makes up about 84 percent of Muslims. Various smaller branches of Islam also exist, including Sufi, which approaches the Islamic faith from a more mystical and spiritual perspective.
    ::穆罕默德在62岁时逝世,他从未自称是神或凡人以外的任何物,他的坟墓位于先知市麦地那,没有为穆罕默德死后继续工作做出任何规定。一个分裂认为他的继任者应该是血亲。这个分裂导致了伊斯兰教的什叶派(或什叶派),占穆斯林的15%左右。其他人认为继任者应该是一个值得的追随者,而不必成为血亲。这个分裂被称为逊尼派,占穆斯林的84%。伊斯兰教中也存在一些较小的分支,包括苏菲,它从更神秘和精神的角度对待伊斯兰信仰。

     

    lesson content

    This chart illustrates the main divisions of Islam.
    ::本图说明伊斯兰教的主要派别。

    Sunni Muslims look to the family and community for direction. Sunni leaders are elected by the whole community. Shia Muslims look to their imams for the official source of direction. Imams hold the religious and political leadership in the Shia faith. Through the right of divine appointment, Imams are considered by many in the Shia division to hold absolute spiritual authority. Imams often have the final word regarding religious doctrine.
    ::逊尼派穆斯林向家庭和社区寻求方向;逊尼派领导人由全社区选举产生;什叶派穆斯林以其伊玛目为官方方向来源;伊玛目在什叶派信仰中拥有宗教和政治领导权;通过神圣的任命权,什叶派中许多人认为伊玛目拥有绝对的精神权威;伊玛目在宗教教义上往往拥有最后的发言权。

    Shia Muslims consider Muhammad’s son-in-law and cousin Ali to be the origin of the direct line of succession for Imams. Ali is considered in Islam to have been the first person to accept and follow the words of Muhammad. There are many subgroups or branches in each of the Islamic divisions.
    ::什叶派穆斯林认为穆罕默德的女婿和表妹阿里是伊玛目直接继承的源头。 在伊斯兰教中,阿里被认为是第一个接受和遵循穆罕默德的话的人。 伊斯兰教的每个分支都有许多分支或分支。

    To understand the Middle East, it is important to understand the Sunni and Shia divisions of Islam. The Shia and Sunni divisions of Islam have sometimes had different beliefs, resulting in conflicts. In the early 16th century, the Persian Empire, which is now Iran, declared the Shia branch its official religion. Its surrounding neighbors were mostly Sunni. This divergence is part of the reason for the current civil unrest in Iraq.
    ::要理解中东,必须理解伊斯兰的逊尼派和什叶派分裂。 伊斯兰教的什叶派和逊尼派分裂有时有不同的信仰,导致冲突。 在16世纪初,现在的伊朗波斯帝国宣布什叶派为官方宗教,其周围的邻居大多是逊尼派。 这种分歧是伊拉克目前内乱的部分原因。

    The two divisions of Islam fight for political power in Iraq. The majority of the Arab population in Iraq, about 60 percent in 2010, follows the Shia branch of Islam, but the leadership under Saddam Hussein until 2003 was Sunni. Tradition holds that Ali is buried in the Iraqi city of Najaf, which is considered by Shia Muslims to be one of the holiest sites in Islam. Just north of Najaf is the city of Karbala, which is also considered to be a holy place for Shia Muslims because it is the burial place of the Prophet Muhammad’s grandson, Husayn. The Shia majority in Iraq who are Arab share their faith with the Shia majority in Iran who are ethnically Persian.
    ::伊斯兰的两大派别在伊拉克争夺政治权力。 2010年,伊拉克的阿拉伯人口占多数,大约60%,紧跟伊斯兰的什叶派,但萨达姆·侯赛因(Saddam Hussein)统治下的领导人直到2003年还是逊尼派。 传统认为阿里被埋葬在伊拉克的纳杰夫市,什叶派穆斯林认为纳杰夫是伊斯兰最神圣的场所之一。 纳杰夫以北的卡尔巴拉市也是什叶派穆斯林的圣地,因为它是先知穆罕默德的孙子胡萨延的葬地。 伊拉克的什叶派多数阿拉伯人与伊朗的什叶派多数派信奉他们信仰的波斯裔什叶派。

    Secular State versus Religious State
    ::世俗国对宗教国

    Islam has a code of law called the Sharia criminal code, which is similar to Old Testament law. The Sharia dictates capital punishment for certain crimes. For example, if a person is caught stealing, his or her arm would be severed. For more serious offenses, he or she would be beheaded or stoned to death. Some countries use the Sharia as the law of their country. Countries are called religious states (Islamic states in this case) when religious codes take precedence over civil law.
    ::伊斯兰教有一套称为伊斯兰教刑法的法典,该法典与旧约法相似,伊斯兰教法对某些罪行判处死刑,例如,如果某人被抓到偷窃,他或她的手臂将被割断;对于更严重的罪行,他或她将被斩首或用石头砸死;有些国家将伊斯兰教教法作为其本国的法律;当宗教法典优先于民法时,国家被称为宗教国家(此处指伊斯兰国家)。

    States in which people democratically vote on civil law based on the common agreement are called secular states. Whereas secular states attempt to separate religious issues and civil law, religious states attempt to combine the two. Iran is a good example of an Islamic religious state, and Turkey is a good example of a secular state. When the United States invaded Iraq in 2003 and Saddam Hussein was removed from leadership, the country entered a transitional period in which they had to decide if the country would develop into an Islamic state with the Sharia or move to a democratically elected government with civil law. The debate on these issues continually surfaces in many of the countries in North Africa and Southwest Asia whenever transition occurs.
    ::在根据共同协议对民法进行民主投票的国家中,人们被称作世俗国家;世俗国家试图将宗教问题与民法分开,而宗教国家则试图将两者结合起来;伊朗是伊斯兰宗教国家的好例子,土耳其是世俗国家的好例子。 当美国于2003年入侵伊拉克,萨达姆·侯赛因被解除领导职务时,该国进入了一个过渡时期,他们必须决定这个国家是否将发展成伊斯兰国,还是转变为民主选举产生的具有民法的政府。 每当过渡发生时,有关这些问题的辩论在北非和西南亚的许多国家不断出现。

    The cultural forces of democratic reforms and Islamic fundamentalism have been pushing and pulling on the Islamic world. Democratic reformers push for a more open society with equality for women, social freedoms for the people, and democratically elected leaders in government. Islamic fundamentalists pull back toward a stricter following of Islamic teachings. They oppose what they consider the decadent and vulgar ways of Western society and wish to restrict the influence of liberal, nonreligious teaching.
    ::民主改革和伊斯兰原教旨主义的文化力量一直在推动和拉动伊斯兰世界。 民主改革者推动建立一个更加开放的社会,实现妇女平等、人民社会自由和民选政府领导人的社会。 伊斯兰原教旨主义者退而后退,更严格地遵循伊斯兰教义。 他们反对他们认为西方社会陈腐和粗俗的方式,希望限制自由、非宗教教义的影响。

    A rift between militant Islamic fundamentalists and moderate Islamic reformers is evident throughout the Muslim world. Militant leaders strive to uphold the Sharia criminal code as law. Moderate reformers work toward a civil law based on democratic consensus. This rift adds to the conflicts that have been occurring in this realm. Islamic fundamentalists push for a more traditional and conservative society and express opposition to the United States’ intervention in the realm. The Muslim world will continue to confront such arguments over the future direction of Islam in a globalized economy.
    ::激进的伊斯兰原教旨主义者和温和的伊斯兰改革者之间的分歧在整个穆斯林世界显而易见。 激进的伊斯兰原教旨主义者和温和的伊斯兰改革者之间的分歧在穆斯林世界中显而易见。 军事领导人努力将伊斯兰教刑法作为法律来维护。 温和的改革者在民主共识的基础上致力于民法。 这种分歧加剧了这个领域的冲突。 伊斯兰原教旨主义者主张建立一个更传统和保守的社会,并反对美国干预这个领域。 穆斯林世界将继续面对关于全球化经济中伊斯兰教未来方向的这种论点。

      Key Takeaways
    ::密钥外出

    • Islam has its origins with Muhammad. Muhammad received his revelations through the angel Gabriel and passed them to his followers, who wrote down his words into what became the Koran.
      ::伊斯兰教起源于穆罕默德,穆罕默德通过天使加布里埃尔接受了他所降示的启示,并将之传给他的信徒,信徒们将他的话写在《古兰经》中。
    • Islam is the youngest of the three major monotheistic religions of the realm: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. All three trace their origins back to the patriarch Abraham. Other monotheistic religions, such as the Baha’i faith and Zoroastrianism, are also evident in Southwest Asia.
      ::伊斯兰教是该地区三大一神论宗教 — — 犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教 — — 中最年轻的宗教。 这三个宗教的起源都追溯到父权亚伯拉罕。 其他一神论宗教,如巴哈教和索罗亚斯德教,在西南亚也很明显。
    • Spatial diffusion can be applied to any phenomenon, idea, disease, or concept that spreads through a population across space and through time. Islam has diffused through both expansion diffusion and relocation diffusion to become the second most followed religion in the world.
      ::空间扩散可以适用于在空间和时间上跨越人口群体传播的任何现象、思想、疾病或概念。 伊斯兰教通过扩张传播和迁移传播传播而传播,成为世界上第二个最遵循宗教的宗教。
    • Since the death of Muhammad, Islam has divided into a number of different factions. The two most prevalent divisions of Islam are Sunni (followed by about 84 percent of Muslims) and Shia (followed by about 15 percent of Muslims). Other minor divisions of Islam, such as Sufi, also exist.
      ::自穆罕默德逝世以来,伊斯兰教已分为若干不同派别。 伊斯兰教最普遍的两大派别是逊尼派(穆斯林的穆斯林占84%左右)和什叶派(穆斯林的穆斯林占15%左右 ) 。 伊斯兰的其他小派别,如苏菲派(Sufi)也存在。
    • Religious states are structured around laws based on religious regulations that are usually determined by religious leaders. Secular states are structured around civil law, which is decided on by democratic consensus.
      ::宗教国家是围绕通常由宗教领袖决定的基于宗教规章的法律建立的,世俗国家是围绕民法建立的,民法是由民主共识决定的。

    Vocabulary Terms
    ::词汇术语术语

      Chapter 7.2 The Prophet Muhammad and Islam
    ::第7.2章 先知穆罕默德和伊斯兰教

    caliph  
    ::积积积

    The chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad
    ::穆斯林主要民事和宗教统治者,被视为穆罕默德的继承者

    Islam  
    ::伊斯兰伊斯兰伊斯兰伊斯兰伊斯兰

    A monotheistic religion based on the belief that there is one God, Allah, and that Muhammad was Allah's prophet. Islam is based in the ancient city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the birthplace of Muhammad. Jerusalem is sacred because it is thought it is where Muhammad went to heaven. 
    ::一种一神论的宗教,其信念是:真主与真主同在,穆罕默德是真主先知。伊斯兰教以穆罕默德的出生地——沙特阿拉伯麦加为古城。耶路撒冷是神圣的,因为它被认为是穆罕默德上天堂的地方。

    Muhammad  
    ::穆罕默德·穆罕默德

    The founder and a prophet of Islam, lived part of life in the city of Mecca
    ::伊斯兰教的创始人和先知曾生活在麦加市生活的一部分

    Muslim  
    ::穆斯林穆斯林穆斯林穆斯林

    A follower of the religion of Islam
    ::伊斯兰教的追随者

    The 5 pillars of Islam  
    ::伊斯兰教的五大支柱

    The five basic acts in Islam, considered mandatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life
    ::伊斯兰教的五项基本行为,被信徒认为是强制性的,是穆斯林生活的基础。

    1. FAITH 
      ::菲萨
    2. PRAYER 
      ::祈祷
    3. FAST 
      ::飞飞
    4. CHARITY 
      ::疾病
    5. PILGRIMAGE to Mecca 
      ::前往麦加的移民

    Shi'ite  
    ::什叶派

    One of the two main branches if Islam
    ::伊斯兰教如果是伊斯兰教的话,就属于两大分支之一。

    Sunni  
    ::逊逊逊逊派

    One of the two main branches of Islam, comprised of about 83% of all Muslims
    ::伊斯兰教两大主要分支之一,占穆斯林总数的大约83%

    Applying Knowledge
    ::应用知识

    Discussion and Study Questions
    ::讨论和研究问题

    1. What was Muhammad’s early life like? Do you think his background influenced his teachings?
      ::穆罕默德的早期生活是怎样的? 你认为他的背景会影响他的教义吗?
    2. Who were Sarah and Hagar? How were their sons influential to the people of the Middle East?
      ::谁是莎拉和哈加?
    3. Name the individual who is considered a patriarch to the three major monotheistic religions of the Middle East.
      ::指被视为中东三大一神教的男尊女卑者。
    4. What event triggered the start of the Islamic calendar? On what is this calendar based?
      ::是什么事件触发了伊斯兰日历的开始? 这个日历基于什么 ?
    5. List the Five Pillars of Islam. On which day of the week does the Islamic community gather for prayer?
      ::列出伊斯兰教的五大支柱。伊斯兰社区在一周的哪一天聚在一起祈祷?
    6. Name the two main divisions of Islam. What percentage of Islam’s disciples follow each of the divisions?
      ::说出伊斯兰教两大教派的名称。 伊斯兰教门徒中有多少百分率跟随每个教派?
    7. What are the differences between the two main divisions of Islam?
      ::伊斯兰教两大主要派别之间有什么区别?
    8. What are the two main types of spatial diffusion? Provide an example of each.
      ::空间传播的两个主要类型是什么?请举例说明其中的两种。
    9. What is the difference between a religious state and a secular state? Which of these types of state does the United States fit into?
      ::宗教国家与世俗国家有什么区别? 美国适合哪类国家?
    10. How has the conflict between Islamic fundamentalists and Islamic reformers manifested itself in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Turkestan realm in recent years?
      ::近年来,伊斯兰原教旨主义者和伊斯兰改革者之间的冲突如何在北非、西南亚和突厥斯坦地区显现?

    Real-World Geography Exercise
    ::现实世界地理演习

    Using , locate the places below. Calculate the distance and how long it would take to travel in an airplane from the  to each one of these places. Be prepared to share your answers.
    ::使用 , 定位下面的位置 。 计算从其中每个位置乘飞机旅行的距离和时间。 准备分享您的答案 。

    • Baghdad
      ::巴格达巴格达
    • Cairo
      ::开罗
    • Damascus *
      ::大马士革 *
    • Jerusalem
      ::耶路撒冷 耶路撒冷
    • Karbala *
      ::卡尔巴拉*
    • Mecca *
      ::麦加*
    • Medina
      ::梅迪纳usa. kgm
    • Najaf
      ::纳杰夫
    • Toledo (Spain) *
      ::托莱多(西班牙) *

    * No international flights--find the nearest city with an airport.
    ::* 没有国际航班以机场为基地,最近的城市没有国际航班。

    Mapping Exercise
    ::绘图绘制作业

      ESRI GEO Inquiry
    ::ESRI GEGO调查

    : Students will be able to compare and contrast the locations of sacred sites related to Christianity, Judaism, Sikhism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam. Students will be able to identify and explain where Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Sikhism originated.

    Videos for Geography Enrichment
    ::地理丰富视频

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Helpful Websites for the Study of Geography
    ::地理研究有用网站

    is an encyclopedia funded by the Canadian government covering all branches of knowledge.  Their scholarly collection includes interactive materials.
    ::该百科全书由加拿大政府资助,涵盖所有知识分支,其学术收藏包括交互式材料。

    provides information on the people, history, government, economy, energy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for the world's entities.
    ::向世界各实体提供关于人民、历史、政府、经济、能源、地理、通信、运输、军事和跨国问题的资料。

    is a US government website where you can find federal legislation, past and present, as well as information about the US legal system.
    ::是一个美国政府的网站,您可以在此找到过去和现在的联邦立法以及关于美国法律制度的信息。

    is a government agency website that provides current news, resources, topics of interest, information about drugs, careers in the DEA, and a tip hotline.
    ::是一个政府机构网站,提供最新消息、资源、感兴趣的话题、毒品信息、在缉毒局的职业以及一条小费热线。

    is the largest library in the world and provides manuscripts, files, information, pictures, and videos.
    ::图书馆是世界上最大的图书馆,提供手稿、文件、信息、图片和录像。

      is a US government agency website that allows users to search for and retrieve satellite images of Earth. 
    ::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,用户可以搜索和检索地球的卫星图像。

    is a US government website that provides historical documents, photos, records, publications, and educator resources.
    ::这是一个美国政府网站,提供历史文件、照片、记录、出版物和教育资源。

    is a US government agency website that provides weather-related information and ocean research.
    ::是一个提供气象信息和海洋研究的美国政府机构网站。

      is a website by the United States Geological Survey and other federal, state, and local agencies that delivers topographic information for the United States.
    ::这是美国地质调查局和其他联邦、州和地方机构为美国提供地形信息的网站。

      is a massive central data source and a handy way to graphically compare nations.  
    ::是一个庞大的中央数据源,是用图形比较国家的一种方便方式。

    is a website that measures most locations in the world for air pollution in real time.
    ::是一个实时测量世界上大多数空气污染地点的网站。

      is a unique statistical database, which allows you to research and compare a multitude of different data on US states. 
    ::这是一个独特的统计数据库, 使你能够研究和比较关于美国各州的多种不同数据。

    is an international organization founded in 1945 and made up of 193 member states. The UN maintains international peace and security, protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development, and upholds international law.
    ::联合国是一个国际组织,成立于1945年,由193个成员国组成。 联合国维护国际和平与安全,保护人权,提供人道主义援助,促进可持续发展,维护国际法。

     is a US government agency that provides a population clock, data, surveys, statistics, a library with information and infographics, news about the economy, and much more. 
    ::这是一个美国政府机构,它提供人口钟、数据、调查、统计、一个拥有信息和信息资料的图书馆、关于经济的新闻,以及更多。

    is a US government agency website that provides scientific information about the natural hazards that threaten lives, the natural resources we rely on, the health of our ecosystems and environment, and the impacts of climate and land-use change.
    ::这是一个美国政府机构的网站,提供科学信息,说明威胁生命的自然危害、我们赖以生存的自然资源、生态系统和环境的健康以及气候和土地使用变化的影响。

    is a US government website that provides the latest presidential news, information about the budget, policy, defense, and many more topics.
    ::提供最新总统新闻、预算、政策、国防等资讯, 以及更多议题。

    is under the United Nations and provides leadership on matters critical to health, shapes the research agenda on health, and monitors the health situation and assessing health trends around the world. Their website provides information on the state of health around the world, outbreaks, current health news, and more.
    ::网站提供世界各地卫生状况、疫情爆发、最新卫生新闻等信息。

    is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. The website provides information on the history of the multilateral trading system, featured videos, news and events, trade topics, and more.
    ::该网站提供关于多边贸易体系历史的信息、视频、新闻和事件、贸易专题等等。